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濃縮生長因子在皮膚和整形美容中的應(yīng)用進展

2024-12-31 00:00:00梁榮洲楊思奮
中國美容醫(yī)學 2024年11期

[摘要]濃縮生長因子(Concentrated growth factor,CGF)是新一代血小板衍生物,其富含生長因子和CD34+細胞,在整形、皮膚美容、口腔、骨科等領(lǐng)域已得到廣泛應(yīng)用。該文概述了CGF的生物學效應(yīng),通過對CGF應(yīng)用于面部年輕化、眶周年輕化、黃褐斑、痤瘡瘢痕、脫發(fā)、創(chuàng)面愈合等方面展開綜述,以期為皮膚和整形美容領(lǐng)域提供參考,并對其臨床應(yīng)用前景進行展望。

[關(guān)鍵詞]血小板衍生物;濃縮生長因子;生物學效應(yīng);皮膚美容;整形美容

[中圖分類號]R622" " [文獻標志碼]A" " [文章編號]1008-6455(2024)11-0175-05

Application Progress of Concentrated Growth Factor in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery

LIANG Rongzhou, YANG Sifen

( Department of Medical Cosmetology, the Sixth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan 523000, Guangdong, China )

Abstract: Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is a new generation of platelet derivatives, which is rich in growth factors and CD34+ cells, and has been widely used in plastic surgery, skin beauty, dentistry, orthopedics and other fields. In this paper, the biological effects of CGF are summarized, and the application of CGF in facial rejuvenation, periorbital rejuvenation, Melanosis, acne scar, alopecia, wound healing are summarized, in order to provide reference for the fields of dermatology and plastic surgery, and its clinical application prospect is prospected.

Key words: platelet derivatives; concentrated growth factor; bbiological effects;cosmetic dermatology; plastic surgery

CGF是在少量血漿中富集大量生長因子和CD34+干細胞的新一代血小板衍生物[1]。CGF于2006年由Sacco開發(fā)[2],是指利用特制的變速離心機(Silfradent,意大利),按既定程序不間斷變速離心,依靠物理性加速和減速充分激活血小板中的α顆粒,產(chǎn)生含高濃度生長因子和CD34+細胞的自體濃縮血小板制品。這種離心方法使血小板相互充分碰撞后釋放出更多的生長因子,纖維蛋白拉伸強度及黏合度也高于傳統(tǒng)的第一、二代血小板衍生物富血小板血漿(Platelet rich plasma,PRP),提高了血小板衍生物促進組織細胞遷移、增殖和分化能力,同時還增強了其組織修復及再生能力,表現(xiàn)出良好的促進骨組織、軟組織及皮膚組織的再生效應(yīng),已在口腔牙齦修復[3-5]、成骨再生[6-7]等方面逐步得到應(yīng)用。本文重點綜述了CGF在皮膚和整形美容中的作用和研究進展,并對其未來應(yīng)用前景進行展望。

1" CGF組分在美容方面的生物學效應(yīng)

研究表明,第一代血小板衍生物PRP含有多種生長因子、細胞因子、趨化因子、細胞黏附分子等[8]。生長因子包括血小板生長因子(Platelet growth factor,PGF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(Transforming growth factor,TGF-β)、血小板源性生長因子(Platelet derived growth factor,PDGF)、胰島素樣生長因子(Insulin like growth factor,IGF)、成纖維細胞生長因子(Fibroblast growth factor,F(xiàn)GF)、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、表皮生長因子(Epidermal growth factor,EGF)等[9],然而在制備過程中添加的抗凝血劑可能影響到其生物學作用,限制了PRP的更多應(yīng)用。PRF是通過恒速離心血液制備的第二代濃縮血小板產(chǎn)品。與PRP相比,在制備過程中無需添加抗凝劑,然而,單一離心速度會導致PRF中血小板生長因子的含量相對較低[10-12]。而第三代血小板衍生物CGF與PRP、PRF相比除了含有更高濃度的上述成分外,還含有CD34+細胞[2]。CD34+抗原是造血干細胞(Hematopoietic stem cells,HSC)/造血祖細胞(Hematopoietic progenitor cells,HPC)較為理想的抗原。CGF富集有血液中的CD34+細胞,能有效分選出重要的HSC/HPC,能為注射部位補充各種血細胞成分,同時能夠激活血管內(nèi)皮細胞,在黏附分子和趨化因子的作用下發(fā)生遷移,有利于內(nèi)皮修復和血管重建以及血液供應(yīng)的改善。不同生長因子之間相互協(xié)同、配合發(fā)揮生物學效應(yīng),對皮膚、脂肪、纖維結(jié)締組織、血管、神經(jīng)、骨、軟骨等多種組織再生都有明確效果。

2" CGF在皮膚及整形美容中的應(yīng)用

2.1 面部年輕化:眾所周知,在衰老過程中,皮膚的表皮和真皮變化伴隨著細胞外基質(zhì)成分(Extracellular matrix,ECM)的降解[13]。同時,隨著膠原纖維和彈性蛋白停止合成、蛋白聚糖的降解,導致皮膚彈性的喪失。多種具有特定特征的PGF位于血小板α顆粒中,通過膠原蛋白重構(gòu)作用于衰老的皮膚,刺激皮膚表層增厚,同時促進細胞再生[14]。在臨床工作中為了提高CGF的吸收率,往往將其與水光針技術(shù)結(jié)合,直接定點、定量導入到皮膚真皮層。近年來,一些臨床研究也證實CGF能改善面部衰老狀態(tài)。陳明星等[15]的RCT對比了單純強脈沖光、單純CGF組、強脈沖光聯(lián)合CGF組治療面部皮膚衰老的效果,結(jié)論是強脈沖光聯(lián)合CGF治療皮膚老化有顯著療效優(yōu)于單純強脈沖光和單純CGF。李媛姣子等[16]的試驗納入33例就醫(yī)者,單次CGF注射3個月后,面部皮膚質(zhì)地、顏色、彈性均有所改善。VISIA檢查結(jié)果顯示,手術(shù)區(qū)紅色區(qū)域、毛孔、斑點減少。王昕等[17]研究評價了CGF改善眶周皺紋的作用。女性30例,接受CGF注射液治療3次后,所有就醫(yī)者眶周皮膚皺紋均改善。組織學檢查結(jié)果顯示,CGF增加了表皮連接處的厚度,膠原、成纖維細胞、血管和皮下脂肪組織的含量。

2.2 黃褐斑:黃褐斑易診難治,治療周期長,目前尚無特效治療方案。CGF中含有30多種生物活性物質(zhì),如PGF、TGF-β1、TGF-β2和EGF。目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)TGF-β1通過延遲細胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶來抑制黑色素合成[18]。配對盒同源異型基因(Paired box homeotic gene,PAX)參與紫外線誘導的黑色素生成,而TGF-β能抑制PAX的表達[19]。TGF-β1還降低酪氨酸酶、酪氨酸酶相關(guān)蛋白和小眼畸形轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Melanocyte inducing transcription factor,MITF)啟動子的活性。此外,EGF通過抑制前列腺素E2的表達和酪氨酸酶的活性,降低黑色素的產(chǎn)生[20]。Sthalekar B等[21]的研究納入40名Fitzpatrick皮膚IV~V型的受試者,共給予3次GFC單藥治療,間隔1個月(第0天、第30天和第60天),并在第90天對受試者進行隨訪,結(jié)果與基線相比,mMASI[22]評分下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2.3 痤瘡瘢痕:痤瘡炎癥引起皮膚彈性纖維和膠原纖維破壞還會造成永久性的瘢痕。萎縮性瘢痕是最常見的類型,可細分為冰錐樣、車廂樣和滾輪樣[23-24]。近年來,將自體濃縮血小板技術(shù)與其他技術(shù)結(jié)合運用在痤瘡瘢痕的修復漸成趨勢。孫佳琳等[25]將CGF與PAG聯(lián)合治療面部凹陷性痤瘡,24例患者分為單純CGF治療組、單純PAG治療組和CGF聯(lián)合PAG治療組,在治療后1、2、3個月進行瘢痕量表評分,結(jié)果顯示CGF聯(lián)合PAG治療組改善瘢痕效果更明顯,較單一成分注射效果好,能使患者瘢痕分級降低、焦慮程度減輕及治療滿意度增加,且無明顯不良反應(yīng)。點陣CO2激光治療瘢痕的原理是在瘢痕皮膚表面形成多個微小損傷區(qū),啟動表皮干細胞、膠原蛋白等再生機制,而CGF內(nèi)含有大量生長因子,包括TGF-β、PDGF、IGF、EGF、VEGF等[9,26-27],TGF-β可刺激Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ型膠原及其他多種細胞大分子(纖維蛋白、黏蛋白、彈性蛋白等)的產(chǎn)生,同時TGF-β還可以通過刺激特異蛋白酶抑制劑的合成來抑制多種蛋白酶的產(chǎn)生,從而抑制膠原蛋白的分解[28]。EGF還是成纖維細胞和血管內(nèi)皮細胞的有絲分裂原,能促進基質(zhì)內(nèi)膠原蛋白、彈性蛋白、纖維蛋白等的合成,加快創(chuàng)傷愈合[29-31]。EGF對創(chuàng)面皮膚有明顯的促進作用,皮膚生長面積與EGF濃度呈拋物線關(guān)系。

2.4 雄激素性脫發(fā):雄激素性脫發(fā)(Androgenic alopecia,AGA)的特點是毛囊的逐漸小型化,毛發(fā)生長期持續(xù)時間逐漸減少,休止期持續(xù)時間增加,而生長期的持續(xù)時間決定了頭發(fā)的長度,最終導致禿頭的外觀。血小板在離心過程中激活,釋放的包括轉(zhuǎn)TGF-α、EGF、堿性成纖維細胞生長因子、VEGF、PDGF和IGF-1[26-27],這些因子被發(fā)現(xiàn)對毛細胞生長周期有重要影響。具體作用機制如下,TGF-β通過調(diào)控毛囊發(fā)育的信號途徑進而調(diào)節(jié)毛囊發(fā)育、細胞外基質(zhì)的形成[32];同時還能調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)皮細胞的趨化性和血管的生成[33],進而豐富頭皮的血供。FGF能夠促進毛囊前體形成[34],通過β-鏈蛋白誘導毛囊從休止期進入生長期并且維持生長[35]。VEGF大量表達于真皮毛乳頭細胞中,誘導頭皮真皮層血管形成,改善毛囊周圍微循環(huán)[33],同時還可以促進毛囊上皮細胞增殖,對維持毛囊生長期至關(guān)重要[36-37]。IGF-1調(diào)節(jié)毛囊發(fā)育過程中細胞的增殖和遷移,同時具有抗凋亡作用,延遲毛發(fā)進入退行期及休止期時間,延長生長期時間[38-39]。EGF可以促進毛囊外毛根鞘細胞的增殖,間接促進毛發(fā)的生長[40]。Steward EN等[41]報道了一種結(jié)合微針、PRP和CGF的新治療方法,治療20例男性AGA患者,在脫發(fā)區(qū)注射PRP,然后用微針在同一區(qū)域滾動,最后應(yīng)用CGF凝膠,它可以通過這些微孔被吸收。隨訪24周后的結(jié)果表明,血小板產(chǎn)物中的生長因子可刺激新毛囊的產(chǎn)生,促進血管再生,從而促進頭發(fā)的生長。在另一項單中心、雙盲、安慰劑對照的臨床試驗中[42],研究者比較了米諾地爾聯(lián)合CGF與米諾地爾單獨治療對16例男性患者的治療效果,24周后CGF與米諾地爾聯(lián)合使用對促進頭發(fā)生長、增加毛發(fā)密度以及提高終末毛發(fā)比例的效果較好。

2.5 慢性創(chuàng)面:CGF在頜面骨缺損、牙齦修復中的應(yīng)用已證實能促進軟組織修復[43-46]。近年來,部分臨床研究及病例報道亦顯示,CGF可促進糖尿病或壓瘡所致的慢性潰瘍及難治性創(chuàng)面的愈合。Kao CH等[47]用CGF凝膠或膜處理18例慢性皮膚創(chuàng)傷患者。創(chuàng)面空腔內(nèi)填充凝膠,使軟組織再生。淺表傷口和新形成的肉芽組織覆蓋CGF膜,16例患者最終獲得滿意的治療效果。Amato B等[48]在一項多中心臨床對照研究中證實,CGF不僅加快了下肢慢性皮膚潰瘍的愈合,而且顯著減輕了患者的痛苦。隨著CGF越來越多的應(yīng)用于促進組織再生,已有學者開始探討其作用機制。由于血管再生是所有組織再生的基礎(chǔ),Calabriso N等[49]研究了CGF的血管生成特征。發(fā)現(xiàn)CGF血凝塊在M199培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)14 d,除去CGF血凝塊后,通過離心培養(yǎng)基獲得沉淀,并用于細胞培養(yǎng)。結(jié)果顯示存在CGF來源的細胞,CD34和內(nèi)皮標記物表達陽性。除VEGF和TGF-β外,在CGF培養(yǎng)基中還首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了對血管生成至關(guān)重要的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP-9和MMP-2)。這些結(jié)果表明,CGF可以通過其細胞因子和細胞成分促進內(nèi)皮血管生成。

3" 小結(jié)和展望

CGF來源于自體本身,無毒性和免疫原性,不會存在免疫排斥反應(yīng),制備相對簡單,其優(yōu)點在于其特殊的制備提取技術(shù),能濃縮較高濃度的細胞生長因子。CGF的制備工藝、生化特性、凝結(jié)物組成、纖維蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)、細胞因子趨化作用、白細胞活化作用、用于軟組織和骨再生的可能性,這些因素使得CGF成為一種發(fā)展迅速的生物材料,其應(yīng)用前景廣闊。

盡管如此,CGF的應(yīng)用還存在以下問題亟待解決:①CGF的具體成分及其占比尚無統(tǒng)一結(jié)論;②CGF在體內(nèi)的分解過程缺乏相關(guān)研究;③CGF中各種生長因子的相互作用機制、對細胞增殖作用的最佳濃度、作用時間尚未完全闡明;④CGF在臨床應(yīng)用的長期療效及安全性問題尚缺乏大樣本統(tǒng)計結(jié)果。鑒于其獨特的優(yōu)勢及良好的應(yīng)用前景,相關(guān)高質(zhì)量的臨床隨機對照研究亟待開展,包括標準化制備方案和治療方案。隨著基礎(chǔ)研究的不斷深入和臨床試驗結(jié)果的不斷豐富,CGF必將在醫(yī)學美容和組織再生領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮重要作用。

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[收稿日期]2023-06-06

本文引用格式:梁榮洲,楊思奮.濃縮生長因子在皮膚和整形美容中的應(yīng)用進展[J].中國美容醫(yī)學,2024,33(11):175-178.

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