Research progress on patient?reported outcome measures for patients with neck and shoulder dysfunction after cervical lymph node dissection
Keywords"" "neck lymphatic dissection; neck and shoulder function; patient?reported outcome; evaluation tools; review
摘要" 對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能障礙患者報(bào)告結(jié)局測(cè)量工具進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為我國(guó)臨床護(hù)理人員選擇和開(kāi)發(fā)頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能障礙患者報(bào)告結(jié)局測(cè)量工具提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞" 頸淋巴清掃術(shù);頸肩功能;患者報(bào)告結(jié)局;評(píng)估工具;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.17.016
頭頸腫瘤(head and neck cancer,HNC)是全球范圍內(nèi)的第七大惡性腫瘤[1],嚴(yán)重威脅居民健康和生命[2],其治療的核心方法是頸淋巴結(jié)清掃(neck dissection,ND),旨在治療或預(yù)防頭頸腫瘤病人頸淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[3]。病人頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后多發(fā)頸部或肩部疼痛、活動(dòng)度降低、力量減弱、僵硬及頸部感覺(jué)喪失等頸肩功能障礙[4?9],嚴(yán)重影響日常生活能力和生活質(zhì)量。由于這種負(fù)面影響顯著而持久,部分頭頸腫瘤病人即使治愈,頸肩功能障礙仍然存在,臨床實(shí)踐中以頸肩功能情況作為康復(fù)終點(diǎn)被認(rèn)為是片面的[10],患者報(bào)告結(jié)局(patient?reported outcomes,PROs)成為重要的臨床終點(diǎn)指標(biāo)[11]。現(xiàn)對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能障礙患者報(bào)告結(jié)局測(cè)量工具(patient?reported outcome measures,PROMs)進(jìn)行綜述,以期為完善我國(guó)頸淋巴結(jié)術(shù)后病人臨床結(jié)局評(píng)估并構(gòu)建適合我國(guó)頭頸腫瘤病人的PROMs提供參考。
1" PROMs概述
PROs指沒(méi)有醫(yī)護(hù)人員的解釋?zhuān)∪耸褂肞ROMs從自身角度評(píng)估疾病和(或)治療對(duì)其癥狀、功能和健康相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量的影響[12],PROMs測(cè)量可以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并了解病人健康困擾,對(duì)提高病人生活質(zhì)量具有重要意義[13?14]。PROMs可以篩查病人術(shù)后是否存在頸肩功能障礙及其對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的影響,是康復(fù)鍛煉方案制定及效果評(píng)價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)。
2" 常用的PROMs
盡管評(píng)估工具中有許多針對(duì)特定疾病的PROMs,但是針對(duì)頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能障礙的PROMs較少,根據(jù)評(píng)估工具主要針對(duì)的疾病部位可以分為以下3類(lèi)。
2.1 針對(duì)肩部功能評(píng)估的PROMs
2.1.1 肩關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)價(jià)量表(Constant?Murley Score,CMS)
1987年,Constant等[15]編制了針對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)治療效果評(píng)估的CMS量表,用于頸肩疾病及頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)術(shù)后肩功能測(cè)定,顯示出較好的心理測(cè)量特性[16?17]。量表總分100分,包括主觀評(píng)估和客觀評(píng)估2部分,其中疼痛(15分)和日常生活活動(dòng)(20分)由病人主觀評(píng)價(jià),關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(40分)和肌力(25分)由醫(yī)生使用關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度(ROM)測(cè)量尺及徒手客觀測(cè)量。目前,該量表已被翻譯為土耳其語(yǔ)、丹麥語(yǔ)等版本[18?20],Yao等[21]將該量表漢化,內(nèi)部一致性Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.739,重測(cè)信度為0.827,與視覺(jué)模擬量表評(píng)分(VAS)的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.97,與健康調(diào)查簡(jiǎn)表(SF?36)的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.135,已有研究將該量表應(yīng)用于頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人肩功能的評(píng)估[22?24]。該量表突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是采用主觀和客觀相結(jié)合的方法評(píng)估肩功能,評(píng)估結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確性高,但存在耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)、需要專(zhuān)業(yè)人員和儀器測(cè)量等問(wèn)題,從而限制了其在臨床和研究中的使用人群和場(chǎng)所。
2.1.2 肩關(guān)節(jié)疼痛和功能障礙指數(shù)問(wèn)卷(Shoulder Pain and Disability Index,SPADI)
1991年,Roach等[25]編制了與肩部病理相關(guān)的疼痛及功能障礙評(píng)估量表SPADI,有研究證實(shí)該量表在頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能的評(píng)估中具有良好的心理測(cè)量特性[26]。量表由13個(gè)條目組成,分為疼痛(5個(gè)條目)和功能障礙(8個(gè)條目)2個(gè)維度,功能障礙項(xiàng)目包括一些日?;顒?dòng),例如洗頭、穿衣和拿取物品等。使用VAS對(duì)每個(gè)條目進(jìn)行評(píng)分。每個(gè)維度分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為100分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示疼痛和肩功能障礙越嚴(yán)重。完成SPADI評(píng)估大約需要7 min。目前,該量表已被翻譯為希臘語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)、丹麥等版本[27?32],Yao等[33?34]將SPADI漢化,其2個(gè)維度的平均內(nèi)部一致性分別為0.89,0.91,重測(cè)信度分別為0.91,0.87;與VAS的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.40,0.85,與SF?36的相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.36,0.61,Yao等[33?34]的研究還驗(yàn)證了SPADI與CMS的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.69,量表信效度較好。該量表適用于任何病因引起的肩部疼痛及功能障礙病人的評(píng)估,易于理解、評(píng)分簡(jiǎn)單,但是量表更關(guān)注疼痛及疼痛對(duì)活動(dòng)受限的影響,2個(gè)維度的相關(guān)性強(qiáng),造成重復(fù)評(píng)價(jià)。由于肩痛只是頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后并發(fā)癥之一,且疼痛變化與是否保留脊髓副神經(jīng)有很大關(guān)系,所以頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后采用SPADI評(píng)估病人頸肩功能情況不夠全面。
2.1.3 肩部殘疾問(wèn)卷(Shoulder Disability Questionnaire,SDQ)
該量表于1994年開(kāi)發(fā),1998年修訂[35],2000年再次修訂[36],主要用于肩部軟組織疾病相關(guān)疼痛及功能障礙的自我評(píng)估,有研究將該量表用于頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后相關(guān)肩功能障礙的評(píng)估[37],且被證實(shí)具有較好的心理測(cè)量特性[26]。量表包含16個(gè)條目,與上肢活動(dòng)疼痛相關(guān)的條目13個(gè),涉及睡眠、需要揉肩及肩痛引發(fā)煩躁的條目3個(gè)。評(píng)分以“是”“否”或“不適用”回答,對(duì)應(yīng)為1、0分及不計(jì)分,最后得分為總分/適用項(xiàng)目的總數(shù)×100,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示殘疾程度越高。完成SDQ評(píng)估需要的時(shí)間很短(lt;5 min),量表內(nèi)部一致性Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.76~0.91,與SPADI的相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.78[26, 38]。目前,該量表已被翻譯為韓語(yǔ)版本[39],國(guó)內(nèi)尚未檢索到漢化版本。SDQ主要反映涉及《國(guó)際功能、殘疾和健康分類(lèi)》(ICF) 領(lǐng)域的功能,能夠區(qū)分自評(píng)臨床穩(wěn)定和改善的受試者及初級(jí)衛(wèi)生保健人群肩部不適的差異,且與SPADI類(lèi)似,該工具主要關(guān)注疼痛以及疼痛對(duì)活動(dòng)受限的影響,而不是活動(dòng)受限本身。
2.1.4 簡(jiǎn)易肩部測(cè)試(Simple Shoulder Test,SST)
該量表用于已診斷為肩部疾病病人的肩部功能改善情況及病情嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估[40]。量表包含12個(gè)條目,由主觀條目和實(shí)際活動(dòng)兩部分組成,以“是”“否”回答,“是”計(jì)1分,“否”計(jì)0分,最高分為12分,分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為滿(mǎn)分100分。完成SST評(píng)估大約需要3 min。量表內(nèi)部一致性Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.85,組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)(ICC)為0.97,0.99[38]。SST與SPADI和手臂、肩膀和手部殘疾問(wèn)卷(The Disability of Arm,Shoulder and Hand,DASH)的相關(guān)系數(shù)均高于0.70[41],尚未檢索到其應(yīng)用于頭頸腫瘤病人中相關(guān)的心理測(cè)量特性數(shù)據(jù)。目前,該量表已被翻譯為荷蘭語(yǔ)、西班牙、阿拉伯語(yǔ)等版本[42?46],尚未檢索到漢化版本。Kirkley等[40]認(rèn)為,量表測(cè)量結(jié)果為二分類(lèi)變量,不能準(zhǔn)確反映結(jié)果變化,亦不能區(qū)分病人頸肩功能障礙的嚴(yán)重程度。
2.2 針對(duì)上肢功能評(píng)估的PROMs
2.2.1 DASH
1996年,Hudak等[47]編制了針對(duì)上肢任何關(guān)節(jié)、不同原因出現(xiàn)的癥狀及功能的評(píng)估量表,有研究證實(shí)DASH是評(píng)估頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)前和術(shù)后肩功能的有效工具[48],Goldstein等[49]的研究表明該量表與SPADI相關(guān)系數(shù)超過(guò)0.70,且能夠區(qū)分手術(shù)是否有神經(jīng)損傷以及神經(jīng)損傷后恢復(fù)和未恢復(fù)的病人。量表包含30個(gè)條目,其中6個(gè)條目評(píng)估癥狀(3個(gè)條目評(píng)估疼痛、1個(gè)條目評(píng)估刺痛/麻木、1個(gè)條目評(píng)估虛弱、1個(gè)條目評(píng)估僵硬),24個(gè)條目評(píng)估功能(21個(gè)條目評(píng)估身體功能、3個(gè)條目評(píng)估社交/角色功能)。采用Likert 5級(jí)評(píng)分法,1分表示沒(méi)有困難,5分表示非常困難,最終得分轉(zhuǎn)換為100分,得分越低表示肩功能越好。完成DASH評(píng)估大約需要13 min。目前,該量表已被翻譯為菲律賓語(yǔ)、荷蘭語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)等版本[50?56]。漢化版有繁體中文版本[57?58]和簡(jiǎn)體中文版本[59],簡(jiǎn)體中文版量表的組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)、Cronbach′s α系數(shù)分別為0.94,0.96,國(guó)內(nèi)尚未檢索到該量表用于頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人的相關(guān)研究。DASH能夠區(qū)分手術(shù)是否損傷神經(jīng)以及神經(jīng)損傷是否恢復(fù),但是該量表測(cè)量的是上臂整個(gè)區(qū)域情況,包括手臂、肩和手,而不是針對(duì)特定肩部的量表,因此它比大多數(shù)量表包含的條目多,除了條目針對(duì)性差、影響病人作答體驗(yàn)外,還需要花費(fèi)較多時(shí)間完成填寫(xiě)。
2.2.2 ASES
該量表是評(píng)估與病人上肢相關(guān)的疼痛和功能的一種通用工具[60?61],于1994年獲得ASES研究委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。量表包含11個(gè)條目,分為疼痛(1個(gè)條目)和功能(10個(gè)條目)2個(gè)維度,10個(gè)功能條目關(guān)于特定的日常生活活動(dòng)、1個(gè)關(guān)于工作的問(wèn)題及1個(gè)關(guān)于娛樂(lè)的問(wèn)題。疼痛評(píng)分使用VAS,0分為沒(méi)有疼痛,10分為非常疼痛;功能評(píng)分按照0分(無(wú)法做到)到3分(沒(méi)有困難就可以做到)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,總分根據(jù)疼痛和功能維度的權(quán)重進(jìn)行計(jì)算,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示疼痛和功能障礙程度越低。完成ASES評(píng)估大約需要4 min。量表內(nèi)部一致性Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.61~0.96[38],ASES的ICC為0.84~0.96[38, 62],與CMS、SST、SPADI和DASH的相關(guān)系數(shù)均高于0.70,證明了量表結(jié)構(gòu)的有效性,尚未檢索到其應(yīng)用于頭頸腫瘤病人中相關(guān)的心理測(cè)量特性數(shù)據(jù)。目前,該量表已被翻譯為德語(yǔ)、希臘語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)等多種版本[63?70],2021年國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者將該量表漢化[71],未檢索到該量表用于頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人的相關(guān)研究。ASES評(píng)估病人肩部和肘部困難,因此與頸部清掃無(wú)關(guān)的肘部問(wèn)題病人無(wú)法作答或作答困難。
2.3 針對(duì)頸肩功能及生活質(zhì)量評(píng)估的PROMs
2002年,Taylor等[72]編制了針對(duì)頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量的特異性自我報(bào)告量表頸淋巴結(jié)清掃損傷指數(shù)量表(Neck Dissection Injury Index,NDII),共10個(gè)條目,評(píng)估病人頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后是否出現(xiàn)頸部和肩部的疼痛和僵硬、是否影響病人自理、參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)、工作或娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)能力,采用Likert 5級(jí)評(píng)分法,每個(gè)問(wèn)題評(píng)分從1分(非常多)到5分(完全沒(méi)有),得分最終轉(zhuǎn)化為100分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示生活質(zhì)量越好。完成評(píng)估大約需要5 min。量表重測(cè)相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.91(Plt;0.001),內(nèi)部一致性Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.95,重測(cè)信度為0.94,信效度較好。目前,該量表已在國(guó)外廣泛應(yīng)用,被翻譯成丹麥語(yǔ)[73]、意大利語(yǔ)[74],均具有較好的信效度,國(guó)內(nèi)尚未檢索到漢化版本。Goldstein等[37]對(duì)頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能障礙7份評(píng)估問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行回顧,認(rèn)為NDII是唯一專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)手術(shù)治療的頭頸腫瘤病人開(kāi)發(fā)和驗(yàn)證的量表,能夠區(qū)分擇區(qū)性頸清掃術(shù)(SND)和改良頸清掃術(shù)(MRND)之間不同程度的頸肩功能損傷。除此之外,與上述肩功能及上肢功能評(píng)估量表相比,NDII評(píng)估內(nèi)容更全面,不僅關(guān)注頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人頸肩總體不適,而且包括病人總體活動(dòng)水平及社會(huì)參與領(lǐng)域相關(guān)項(xiàng)目(例如工作以及參與社交和娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)的能力)的評(píng)估。
3" 國(guó)外PROMs研究現(xiàn)狀
國(guó)外針對(duì)頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能評(píng)估的PROMs較多,根據(jù)評(píng)估部位不同,分為針對(duì)肩部功能、上肢功能、頸肩功能及生活質(zhì)量評(píng)估3類(lèi)。使用評(píng)估肩部功能的PROMs,病人可以報(bào)告出現(xiàn)的肩部相關(guān)癥狀及影響,如疼痛、活動(dòng)障礙等,通過(guò)SDQ病人還可以報(bào)告與肩部功能障礙相關(guān)的睡眠、是否需要揉肩及疼痛引發(fā)的煩躁等問(wèn)題,可以較好地反映病人術(shù)后肩部問(wèn)題及影響,但是此類(lèi)問(wèn)卷只關(guān)注了頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人出現(xiàn)的肩部癥狀,對(duì)于頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后常出現(xiàn)的頸部癥狀沒(méi)有評(píng)估,評(píng)估內(nèi)容欠全面是此類(lèi)問(wèn)卷主要的問(wèn)題。使用評(píng)估上肢功能的PROMs,病人可以報(bào)告與上肢功能障礙的相關(guān)問(wèn)題及影響,包括手、手臂、肘部及肩部等部位,但是由于涉及部位多,條目的針對(duì)性較差或有些問(wèn)題作答困難。NDII是針對(duì)頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能及生活質(zhì)量的PROMs,病人使用該工具可以報(bào)告術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的頸肩問(wèn)題及生活質(zhì)量影響,評(píng)估內(nèi)容全面、針對(duì)性好,是針對(duì)頸淋巴結(jié)清掃手術(shù)的特異性PROMs。
對(duì)應(yīng)用于頭頸腫瘤頸肩功能障礙評(píng)估的PROMs進(jìn)行回顧,發(fā)現(xiàn)CMS、SPADI、SDQ、DASH、NDII均顯示出較好的心理測(cè)量特性,未檢索到SST、ASES在頭頸腫瘤頸肩功能障礙病人中應(yīng)用的心理測(cè)量特性數(shù)據(jù),因此后2個(gè)工具在此類(lèi)病人中的應(yīng)用效果需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。
4" 我國(guó)PROMs研究現(xiàn)狀
用于頭頸腫瘤頸肩功能障礙評(píng)估的PROMs中,CMS、SPADI、DASH及ASES國(guó)內(nèi)已有漢化版本,用于頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后的PROMs僅有CMS和SPADI,這2個(gè)量表都是針對(duì)肩部功能的評(píng)估,由于頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人除了肩部功能障礙外,頸部也會(huì)出現(xiàn)僵硬、疼痛、活動(dòng)及力量減弱等不適,因此只關(guān)注肩部功能的PROMs評(píng)估內(nèi)容較為局限,不能全面反映此類(lèi)病人術(shù)后可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題及影響。除此之外,作為在國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用的頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后肩部功能評(píng)估PROMs,2個(gè)量表也分別存在一定不足:CMS包括客觀和主觀評(píng)估兩部分,作為PROMs的主觀內(nèi)容較為簡(jiǎn)單,只有疼痛和日常生活活動(dòng)內(nèi)容,無(wú)法全面評(píng)估病人肩功能障礙的主觀感受及影響,量表評(píng)估結(jié)果主要依賴(lài)于客觀評(píng)估;SPADI更關(guān)注病人術(shù)后肩功能疼痛及疼痛對(duì)病人影響,但是疼痛只是頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后病人肩功能障礙并發(fā)癥之一,評(píng)估內(nèi)容不夠全面。
5" 小結(jié)
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)尚缺乏針對(duì)頭頸腫瘤頸淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)后頸肩功能的特異性PROMs,通過(guò)對(duì)應(yīng)用于國(guó)內(nèi)外頸肩功能障礙評(píng)估的PROMs進(jìn)行回顧,發(fā)現(xiàn)NDII是唯一專(zhuān)門(mén)針對(duì)手術(shù)治療的頭頸腫瘤病人開(kāi)發(fā)的工具,可評(píng)估病人術(shù)后頸部和肩部可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題及對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的影響,具有良好心理測(cè)量屬性,國(guó)內(nèi)尚未檢索到NDII漢化版本。因此,臨床護(hù)理人員未來(lái)可將其漢化,做好經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等的跨文化調(diào)試,促進(jìn)我國(guó)頭頸腫瘤病人術(shù)后標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、精準(zhǔn)化、個(gè)性化管理,為后續(xù)相關(guān)描述性及干預(yù)性研究提供評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
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