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糖尿病患者口腔種植修復的研究進展

2025-02-05 00:00:00吳晨晨王欣芝
現(xiàn)代養(yǎng)生·下半月 2025年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:種植糖尿病

【摘要】" 近年來,全球糖尿病患病率呈升高趨勢,糖尿病所致缺牙使糖尿病患者口腔種植修復需求不斷增加。然而糖尿病的高血糖狀態(tài)可導致微血管病變,增加種植體周圍疾病的發(fā)生風險,影響種植骨結(jié)合及種植成功率。因此,總結(jié)糖尿病對口腔種植的影響及提高糖尿病患者種植治療成功率的措施,可為糖尿病患者口腔種植提供臨床參考,為未來糖尿病種植研究提供新思路與新方法。

【關(guān)鍵詞】" 糖尿?。环N植;種植體周圍炎

中圖分類號" R783.4" "文獻標識碼" A" " 文章編號" 1671-0223(2025)02--06

Advances in oral implant restorations for patients with diabetes mellitus Wu Chenchen,Wang Xinzhi. Stomatology Hospital,School of Stomatology,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province,Hangzhou 310000,China

【Abstract】" In recent years,the prevalence of diabetes has increased globally, and diabetes-induced edentulism has increased the demand for oral implant restorations for diabetic patients.However,the hyperglycemic state of diabetes mellitus can lead to microangiopathy,increase the risk of peri-implant disease,and affect implant osseointegration and implant success.Therefore,summarizing the effects of diabetes mellitus on oral implantation and measures to improve the success rate of implant treatment in diabetic patients can provide clinical reference for oral-implantation in diabetic patients,and provide new ideas and methods for future research on diabetic implantation.

【Key words】" "Diabetes mellitus; Dental implant; Peri-implantitis

口腔種植修復是一種具有良好固位性、舒適度及咬合功能的修復方式,已成為牙缺失修復的首選治療方法[1]。種植體的表面特性、形態(tài)設(shè)計和種植手術(shù)方案的改進使口腔種植成為一種安全且高度可預測的手術(shù)。然而隨著種植體植入患者數(shù)量的增加,相應(yīng)的并發(fā)癥也隨之出現(xiàn)。糖尿病是一種常見且日益嚴重的健康問題,被認為是種植牙植入相對危險因素,分為1型糖尿病、2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)、妊娠期糖尿病及其他糖尿病[2]。國際糖尿病聯(lián)合會最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示[3],2021年,全球20~79歲成年人糖尿病患病人數(shù)約為5.37億,以T2DM為主,到2045 年,這一數(shù)字預計將增加46%,達到7.83億,成為發(fā)病率最高的慢性非傳染性疾病[3-4]。糖尿病作為口腔種植修復治療的相對禁忌證,是一種因胰島素分泌不足或功能缺陷引起的復雜的全身慢性代謝性疾病,其高血糖狀態(tài)會導致微血管和大血管病變,是牙周炎發(fā)生、種植體植入后骨整合延遲、種植體周圍炎癥發(fā)生和種植體存活率低的潛在危險因素[5-6]。糖尿病患者牙周炎發(fā)生率幾乎是其他人群的3倍,而牙周炎又會引起缺牙,導致糖尿病患者種植需求增加[7-9]。一項Meta分析指出,糖尿病患者的牙齒脫落比健康個體多約2顆[10]。因此,研究糖尿病與口腔種植的關(guān)系及提高糖尿病患者種植成功率的措施具有重要意義。本文就糖尿病對口腔種植的影響、提高糖尿病患者種植治療成功率的措施進行綜述。

1" 糖尿病對口腔種植的影響

1.1" 糖尿病對種植體周圍疾病的影響

糖尿病會導致血清、細胞和組織中晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物過度積累。晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物與其受體結(jié)合可激活核因子κB,誘導產(chǎn)生活性氧、腫瘤壞死因子-α及白細胞介素-6等炎性細胞因子[11-14],引起組織損傷和種植體周圍疾病,影響種植體穩(wěn)定性。有研究顯示[15],高血糖患者的晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物水平顯著升高,且探診出血、探診深度、邊緣骨吸收值等均較差。探診出血、探診深度、邊緣骨吸收值等臨床及影像學參數(shù)可作為種植體周圍炎的評估手段,因此晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物被認為是患有種植體周圍炎的糖尿病患者炎癥的潛在標志物[16]。盡管近年來種植牙治療取得了巨大的進步,提高了患者的生活質(zhì)量和滿意度,但種植體周圍疾病引起的并發(fā)癥仍存在[17-18]。

種植體周圍疾病包括種植體周圍黏膜炎和種植體周圍炎[19]。種植體周圍黏膜炎僅累及種植體周圍軟組織,其特征是探診時出血[20]。種植體周圍黏膜炎被認為是種植體周圍炎的先兆,若能及時干預治療,可有效控制炎癥,避免其侵襲到骨組織;若炎癥持續(xù)發(fā)展,可引發(fā)種植體周圍炎[21-22],損害種植體周圍硬組織,導致種植體周圍進行性骨質(zhì)流失[23]。Abduljabbar等[24]研究顯示,與對照組相比,糖尿病前期和T2DM患者的種植體周圍探診出血、探診深度和邊緣骨吸收值更差;與糖尿病前期患者相比,控制不佳的T2DM患者種植體周圍探診出血、探診深度和邊緣骨吸收值更差。多項研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,與非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者的邊緣骨吸收值和探診深度增加[25-29],邊緣骨吸收值隨著糖化血紅蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)水平的升高而增加[30-31],糖尿病患者種植體周圍炎癥的風險增加[32-34]。但也有研究指出伴有明顯糖尿病的患者種植體周圍炎風險并沒有增加[35-38]。Alberti等[39]為研究糖尿病對種植體失敗和種植體周圍疾病的影響,納入204例患者共929個種植體,種植后平均隨訪時間為5.7±3.38年。結(jié)果顯示,種植體周圍炎發(fā)生率為11.3%,其中糖尿病患者種植體周圍炎發(fā)生率為5.3%,糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者種植10年成功率分別為96.51%和94.74%,比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。因此,認為糖尿病與種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。Renvert等[40]對270名受試者進行長期跟蹤調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),有T2DM病史與種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生之間無明顯相關(guān)性。

不同研究對糖尿病與種植體周圍炎發(fā)生之間的關(guān)系得出不同結(jié)論,可能的原因是未明確研究對象的血糖控制程度且缺乏長期性。Promsudthi等[41]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與血糖控制良好的糖尿病患者相比,血糖控制不佳的糖尿病患者種植體周圍疾病發(fā)生風險增加。Aguilar-Salvatierra等[42]將糖尿病患者分為血糖控制良好(HbA1c 6%~8%)、中度控制(HbA1c 8%~10%)和控制不佳(HbA1c>10%)三組,在種植體植入后2年開始評估,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著HbA1c的升高種植體周圍炎癥患者數(shù)量增加,表明糖尿病是種植體周圍炎發(fā)生的危險因素。

1.2" 糖尿病對種植骨結(jié)合的影響

骨結(jié)合是種植牙的生物學基礎(chǔ),指牙槽骨與種植體結(jié)合的過程。成骨細胞在種植體表面的黏附和分化是骨與種植體相互作用的第一階段,對骨結(jié)合的形成至關(guān)重要[43]。

糖尿病患者除了因種植體周圍炎導致牙槽骨吸收外,其代謝受損、骨愈合機制障礙以及微血管病變引起的血管供應(yīng)減少和有毒代謝物的存在均會干擾細胞的正常功能。這些因素共同作用降低成骨細胞的活性,抑制其分化過程,同時增強破骨細胞的分化,從而影響骨組織的形成和吸收速度[44]。糖尿病患者骨吸收代謝紊亂會直接影響骨愈合及種植體周圍骨組織的重建。有研究表明,高血糖會影響骨再生并使骨愈合延遲,導致種植體修復失敗[45-46]。Song等[47]以大鼠為研究對象將其分為對照組、T2DM組和血糖波動組,將種植體植入大鼠股骨內(nèi),評估高血糖對骨結(jié)合的影響,并在體外研究了不同條件(正常、對照、高糖和血糖波動)下大鼠成骨細胞的變化,證實了高血糖狀態(tài)及血糖波動可抑制成骨細胞的活性,從而抑制骨結(jié)合。Al Zahrani等[48]進行了一項為期7年的前瞻性研究,比較T2DM控制良好患者與控制不佳患者種植牙周圍牙槽骨流失情況,結(jié)果表明與控制良好的T2DM患者相比,控制不佳的T2DM患者牙槽骨流失率更高。Gómez-Moreno等[49]進行了一項為期3年的研究,分析不同血糖水平的T2DM患者種植體周圍組織的變化,結(jié)果顯示種植體邊緣骨質(zhì)流失隨著HbA1c水平的升高而增加。也有研究表明[50],與非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者可能會發(fā)生種植骨結(jié)合不良,使種植體周圍骨質(zhì)流失增多,影響種植體存活率。張新華等[51]將糖尿病種植患者作為試驗組,非糖尿病種植患者作為對照組,對比分析術(shù)中及術(shù)后4周患者種植體穩(wěn)定性和邊緣骨吸收情況,術(shù)后4周時試驗組患者種植體穩(wěn)定數(shù)值顯著低于對照組,邊緣骨吸收值顯著高于對照組。Oates等[52]將納入的T2DM患者按HbA1c水平分為控制良好(HbA1c 6.1%~8%)、中度控制(HbA1c 8.1%~10%)、控制不佳(HbA1c≥10%)及健康對照組(HbA1c≤6%),調(diào)查T2DM對骨結(jié)合的影響,結(jié)果顯示,糖尿病控制不佳的患者在最初2~6周種植體穩(wěn)定性較低,在接下來的幾周內(nèi)種植體穩(wěn)定數(shù)值開始升高,但達到基線所需時間是健康對照組的2倍。

以上研究表明,糖尿病可增加牙槽骨流失的發(fā)生風險,影響新骨生成、種植骨結(jié)合及種植體穩(wěn)定性[53],對種植牙治療效果產(chǎn)生不利影響。

1.3" 糖尿病對種植成功率的影響

現(xiàn)階段對糖尿病患者種植成功率的研究結(jié)果仍存在差異。盡管隨著時間的推移,種植成功率逐漸升高,但種植失敗的潛在風險仍不可忽視。有研究顯示[54-56],糖尿病對種植成功率具有顯著的負面影響。French等[57]對4247名患者共植入10871個種植體,平均每例患者植入2.56個種植體并進行長達22年的隨訪研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病患者種植牙失敗的風險比非糖尿病患者高2倍。但有研究顯示,糖尿病對種植成功率不存在負面影響[58-59]。一項研究對糖尿病前期患者與血糖正常的個體(對照組)進行為期12個月的隨訪,結(jié)果顯示糖尿病前期患者和對照組植入種植牙的成功率相當[60]。Ormianer等[61]研究中度控制的T2DM患者種植成功率及種植體周圍骨質(zhì)流失的變化,平均隨訪時間為8.7年,最短為4.9年。結(jié)果顯示種植體成功率和骨質(zhì)流失程度與非糖尿病人群報告的結(jié)果相比,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。

上述不同研究糖尿病患者種植成功率不同,其原因可能是在研究過程中存在諸多無法控制的變量,導致結(jié)果產(chǎn)生差異。

2" 提高糖尿病患者種植治療成功率的措施

血糖控制是糖尿病種植患者常見的干預措施。HbA1c是評估過去2~3個月內(nèi)血糖控制程度的客觀指標,糖尿病種植患者須將HbA1c納入風險評估。目前有證據(jù)顯示[62],種植體植入前后血糖水平控制良好可以改善種植骨結(jié)合,降低種植體周圍炎發(fā)生風險,提高種植治療成功率。在臨床上,胰島素給藥仍是糖尿病管理的主要方法[63]。胰島素可以調(diào)節(jié)糖代謝,控制血糖平衡[64]。糖尿病種植患者使用胰島素治療可以改善種植體植入后的骨再生[65]。有研究比較了血糖控制良好與血糖控制不佳患者的種植成功率,得出糖尿病控制良好組種植成功率高于控制不佳組,且種植體周圍并發(fā)癥更少[66]。Tan等[67]對不同HbA1c水平的患者種植體存活率及臨床和生化參數(shù)進行系統(tǒng)評價,得出結(jié)論,HbA1c低于8%的患者前3年種植體存活率較高(92.6%~100%);HbA1c高于8%的患者種植體存活率(86.3%~100%)受到影響,邊緣骨流失及種植體周圍炎風險更高;血糖控制較好的患者與健康對照者種植體存活率相似(93.2%~96.4%)。Bencze等[68]研究表明,與健康對照者和控制良好的T2DM患者相比,控制不佳的T2DM(HbA1c>8%)或糖尿病前期患者可能面臨更高的種植體周圍疾病風險及更嚴重的種植體周圍狀況。因此,建議糖尿病患者實現(xiàn)良好的血糖控制、提高糖尿病種植患者復查頻率并實施個性化宣教,以確保糖尿病患者種植體周圍健康。

糖尿病患者感染控制也是種植成功的重要環(huán)節(jié)。有研究指出[69],糖尿病患者種植術(shù)后使用含漱液可減少種植體周圍黏膜炎的發(fā)生,降低種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生風險。此外,還可以通過激光治療[70]、手動或超聲刮治等控制感染,但此類研究較少,缺乏相關(guān)依據(jù)證明其長期療效[71]。

為了提高糖尿病患者種植成功率,新的治療手段及方法開始研究,期望能在糖尿病種植患者中得到成效。納米羥基磷灰石(nano-hydroxyapatite,n-HA)具有良好的生物活性及降解性能,且無細胞毒性及免疫抗性,其化學成分和晶體結(jié)構(gòu)與人體骨骼和牙齒的礦物成分非常相似[72]。研究證實,n-HA能參與體內(nèi)代謝,誘導、刺激局部骨細胞的增殖和分化[73],具有加速骨愈合的作用[74-75]。n-HA作為種植體涂層材料顯示出較好的應(yīng)用前景,它可以誘導與骨骼的化學反應(yīng),改善骨組織與種植體表面涂層的整合[76-77],增強種植骨結(jié)合[78]。有研究[79]通過采用軟模板法制備了n-HA,用作種植體表面涂層材料,并以n-HA為涂層、隨機選取種植體植入兔股骨中,于3周后進行觀察。結(jié)果顯示種植體表面完全被桿狀HA粒子(寬10~15nm,長100~200nm)所覆蓋,n-HA涂層和非涂層植入物顯示出相似的骨組織與種植體接觸方式,但有n-HA涂層的種植體周圍組織質(zhì)量明顯提高,導致礦化程度增加。其可能原因是鈣和磷酸鹽從表面釋放到周圍的新骨中,致使礦化度增加[80]。由此可見,n-HA材料可以促進骨修復,具有良好的生物相容性。

3" 小結(jié)

近年來糖尿病患者的種植成為研究熱點,包括糖尿病對種植的影響、糖尿病患者種植體周圍炎的治療、提高糖尿病種植成功率的措施等。糖尿病是種植體周圍炎產(chǎn)生的高風險因素之一,也可影響種植體植入后骨結(jié)合。雖然目前的種植技術(shù)已相對成熟,但對特殊疾病患者,如糖尿病患者,其種植后還存在一定的失敗率。目前,臨床使用多種方式提高糖尿病患者種植成功率,如胰島素的使用、激光治療、n-HA材料的使用等,但具體療效還缺乏長期性的研究,尤其是HA納米顆粒的使用。雖然許多研究者試圖使用具有n-HA涂層的種植體來改善口腔種植的骨結(jié)合,但n-HA的使用也可能顯示出未知的不良影響,如由于納米涂層導致的不穩(wěn)定性,這也將成為今后研究的重點。

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[2024-08-07收稿]

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