鐘美云

◆介詞by的基本用法：

1.表示方法、方式，意為“以……為手段”、“靠……”、“乘……”等。如：

He succeeded by working hard.

他由于工作努力而獲得了成功。

I often go to school by bike.

我經(jīng)常騎自行車上學(xué)。

The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing.

猴子用尾巴吊在樹上笑著。

2.表示靜態(tài)的位置，意為“靠近……”、“在……旁邊”。如：

His house stands by the river.

他的家在河邊。

Come and sit by me.

過來坐在我的旁邊。

3.表示動(dòng)態(tài)的位置，意為“從……旁邊經(jīng)過”、“路過……”。如：

He passed by me without greeting me.

他從我身邊走過，但沒和我打招呼。

We went by the post office when we went to his house. 我們?nèi)ニ視r(shí)路過郵局。

4.表示時(shí)間、時(shí)限，意為“不遲于；在……之前”、“到……時(shí)為止”。如：

They will be back by six.

他們將于6點(diǎn)鐘以前回來。

We had learned all the important grammars by the end of last term. 到上學(xué)期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)完了所有的重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目。

A UN report said that the world population would have passed six billion by the end of the twentieth century. 一份聯(lián)合國(guó)的報(bào)告曾說，到20世紀(jì)末世界人口將會(huì)超過六十億了。

5.和take, hold等動(dòng)詞連用，表示接觸身體/物體的某一部位。如：

We hold the elephant by his teeth. 我們握住了那只大象的牙齒。

Dont take the baby by her arm. She is too young. 別拽那個(gè)小孩的胳膊，她太小了。

6.表示“逐個(gè)”、“逐批”之意，常見于以下短語中：

one by one 一個(gè)一個(gè)地;

little by little一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地;

step by step 一步一步地;

day by day 日復(fù)一日地

7.用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，后接動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，表示“被……”、“由……”。如：

The machine was invented by Edison.

這機(jī)器是愛迪生發(fā)明的。

English is spoken by many people. 許多人講英語。

8.表示判斷的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，意思是“依照，根據(jù)”。如：

By my watch it is eight oclock. (按)我的表是八點(diǎn)。

9.由by還可以構(gòu)成以下短語：

(1) (all) by oneself 意為“獨(dú)自地”、“單獨(dú)地”。如：

I cant leave the baby by herself. 我不能將這個(gè)嬰兒?jiǎn)为?dú)留下。

Can you lift this box by yourself?

你一個(gè)人能扛起這只箱子嗎？

(2) by the way “順便說一聲”、“順便問一下”，常用作插入語。如：

By the way, have you heard from Mary? 順便問一下，你最近收到瑪麗的信了嗎？

(3) by chance/by accident意為“偶然地”。如：

She found out the truth by chance/by accident. 她偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了事情的真相。

(4) learn by heart 意為“背會(huì)、記住”。如：

“Learn the new words by heart,” said the teacher. 老師說：“把這些生詞背下來?！?/p>

(5) by mistake意為“誤會(huì)、弄錯(cuò)”。如：

I took his umbrella by mistake.

我錯(cuò)拿了他的傘。

(6) by far用于修飾比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)，以加強(qiáng)語氣。如：

He is by far the tallest in our class. 在我們班他個(gè)子最高。

◆V-ing形式的基本用法：

1．作主語。如：

Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在太陽下看書對(duì)眼睛有害。

Running is good exercise.

跑步是有益的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

2．作動(dòng)詞賓語。如：

He often practices playing basketball. 他經(jīng)常練習(xí)打籃球。

When will you finish reading this book? 你何時(shí)讀完這本書？

◆英語中有些動(dòng)詞的后面只能跟V-ing形式作賓語。這樣的動(dòng)詞有：consider(考慮)， enjoy, finish, keep, practice, mind, suggest等。

3．作介詞賓語。如：

The teacher left without saying anything to us. 老師什么都沒說就離開了。

4．作表語。如：

My ambition is being a doctor. 我的志向是成為醫(yī)生。

Her job was washing clothes. 她的工作是洗衣服。

5．作定語。如：

He may be in the reading- room. 他可能在閱覽室。

6．作補(bǔ)語。如：

I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.

我管這叫“拆東墻補(bǔ)西墻”。跟蹤練習(xí)：

A)選擇最佳答案。

1． He learns French ____

keeping a French notebook.

A. in B. with C. by D. to

2. ——____ do you go to

work every day?

——By bus.

A. What B. How C. When D. Which

B)完成句子。

3．學(xué)習(xí)一種語言的最好方法是每天說它。

____ ____ ____ every day

is the best way of learning it.

4． 不吃飯人就不能活。

People cant live ____ ____.

5． 你父母介意你在外面停留那么久嗎？

Do your parents mind your ____

____ ____ ____?

6． 我通過看英語雜志學(xué)習(xí)生詞。

I learn new words ____ ____

English magazines.

Keys:A)1.C 2.B B)3.Speakinga language 4.without eating 5.staying out so long6.by reading