劉世一

Unit1

1. I study by working with a group. 我通過小組練習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)。

by+v-ing構(gòu)成方式狀語，表示“以某種方式、手段做某事”，by后也可接名詞。例如：

He teaches himself the violin by practicing the whole night.

他通過整夜的練習(xí)自學(xué)小提琴。

She got there by taking a bus (=by bus). 她乘公共汽車到的那里。

I study English by watching English movies.

我通過看英語電影學(xué)習(xí)英語。

I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 通過他的外表我就知道他不是英國(guó)人。

2.Its too hard to understand the voices. 很難聽明白那些話。

本句是too…to…句型，含有否定意義，意為“太……以致不……”，其中too是副詞，用來修飾形容詞，to是動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)。句中it是形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：

The apple is too high to reach.

那蘋果太高了，夠不著。

The boy is too young to understand the story.

他年齡太小，不能理解這個(gè)故事。

在使用這個(gè)句型時(shí)，以下三點(diǎn)值得注意：

(1)當(dāng)句中的主語與不定式有邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式后不能接賓語。

Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand.

湯姆講得太快了，我們聽不懂。

(2)當(dāng)句中的主語與不定式有邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而不定式又是不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要加相應(yīng)的介詞。

The house is too small for the family to live in.

房子太小，以致于家里人住不下。

(3)中考對(duì)這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)的考查常以句型轉(zhuǎn)換形式出現(xiàn)，如與so…that…和…enough to…結(jié)構(gòu)互為轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：

The little boy walked too fast for his parents to catch up with.

這個(gè)小男孩走得太快了，他父母跟不上。

→The little boy walked so fast that his parents couldnt catch up with him.

The box is too small to hold these books.

這個(gè)箱子太小了裝不下這些書。

→The box is not big enough to hold these books.

3. He also thinks that watching English movies isnt a bad way because he can watch the actors say the words.

他還認(rèn)為看英語電影是一種好方法，因?yàn)樗梢钥吹窖輪T在說什么。

(1)本句為主從復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句作think的賓語，because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，修飾賓語從句。

(2)watching English movies是動(dòng)名詞短語作賓語從句的主語。非謂語動(dòng)詞短語作主語時(shí)，視為第三人稱單數(shù)，無論非謂語動(dòng)詞后的賓語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞都要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。通常可以用形式主語it代替非謂語動(dòng)詞短語，將真正的主語放在句子后面。例如：

Reading more English story books is a good way for English study.

多讀一些英語故事對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)有好處。

To finish the work on time is very difficult.

=It is very difficult to finish the work on time.按時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作非常困難。

(3)在watch the actors say the words中，謂語動(dòng)詞watch后跟的是帶有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式短語的復(fù)合賓語，動(dòng)詞不定式say前面省去了to。英語中，當(dāng)感官動(dòng)詞watch, see, listen to, hear, look at, feel, notice 等后接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，通常省去不定式符號(hào)to。例如：

The man saw a thief run out of a shop. 那人看見一個(gè)小偷從一家商店跑了出來。

I often hear the girl sing a song in the next room.我常常聽到那個(gè)女孩在隔壁唱歌。

4. What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation?我們來大聲朗讀練習(xí)發(fā)音怎么樣？

what about 意為“……怎么樣？”與how about 意思相同且用法相同，用于征求對(duì)方意見，看法，建議對(duì)方做某事。后面接名詞、代詞或v-ing形式等。

What (How) about a trip to London? 到倫敦去旅游一趟如何？

What (How) about you, Helen? Do you like that book? 你怎么樣，海倫？你喜歡那本書嗎？

What (How) about playing football with me? 和我一起踢足球怎么樣？

5. We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese. 因?yàn)楫?dāng)我們談?wù)撃呈录?dòng)起來時(shí)，最后就講起中文來了。

(1)get excited about=be excited about 為固定短語,意為“對(duì)……感到興奮”。介詞about后通常接名詞、代詞或v-ing 形式。例如：

Arent you excited about it?

你難道對(duì)那件事不感到興奮嗎？

The boys got excited about going to Shanghai. 男孩們對(duì)去上海感到很興奮。

The students are excited about the results of the exams. 學(xué)生們對(duì)考試結(jié)果感到非常興奮。

(2)end up sth. /doing sth. 意為“結(jié)果為……”，“以……結(jié)束”，通常指意料之外的結(jié)果。例如：

He ended up in prison.

他最終鋃鐺入獄。

They were going to go swimming, but ended up staying at home and watching TV. 他們?cè)?jì)劃去游泳，但結(jié)果卻是呆在家里看電視。

6．I dont know how to use commas. 我不知道怎么使用逗號(hào)。

句中how to use commas是帶有疑問詞的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語，不定式的邏輯主語通常是句子的主語。在中考中，往往將其與賓語從句進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換來對(duì)這一知識(shí)進(jìn)行考查。例如：

He didnt know what he should do.

→He didnt know what to do.

他不知道應(yīng)該做什么。

Jim told Lin Tao how he would spend the day.

→Jim told Lin Tao how to spend the day. 吉姆告訴林濤他是怎樣度過這一天的。

The students should know what to do or what not to do in school.

我們?cè)谑褂眠@一結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)有兩點(diǎn)需要注意：

(1)在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果是疑問代詞what， which, whom時(shí)，是作其后不定式短語中動(dòng)詞的賓語，因此動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是及物動(dòng)詞，若是不及物動(dòng)詞，需加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：

I dont know what to say.

我不知該說什么。

He wants to know whom to work with.

他想知道將和誰在一起工作。

(2)在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果是疑問副詞when, where, how時(shí)，是作其后不定式短語的狀語，因此它們后面可接不及物動(dòng)詞，若接及物動(dòng)詞，須有自己的賓語。例如：

Please tell me where to go.

請(qǐng)告訴我去哪里。

Do you know how to do the exercise?

你知道怎樣做這個(gè)練習(xí)嗎？

7．I dont have a partner to practice English with.

我沒有練習(xí)英語的同伴。

句中to practice English with是接介詞的不定式短語作定語。這一語言現(xiàn)象有兩種情況：

(1)當(dāng)被修飾的中心詞與作定語用的不定式在意義上是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并且不定式是“動(dòng)詞+介詞”這類短語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，動(dòng)詞后的介詞不能去掉。例如：

Mr. Johnson was a difficult person to wait on.約翰遜先生是一個(gè)很難侍候的人。

He is a man not to be looked down upon. 他是一個(gè)不可小看的人。

(2)當(dāng)被修飾的中心詞與作定語用的不定式在意義上是動(dòng)狀關(guān)系，即中心詞是不定式（及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞均可）動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后一般要用一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~來表示這種關(guān)系。例如：

They want to buy some sickles to cut rice with.

人們想買幾把鐮刀用來割谷。

Its getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live in. 天快黑了，我們得找個(gè)旅館住下。

8． First of all, it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class. 首先，當(dāng)老師和同學(xué)們交談時(shí)，我不容易聽得懂。

本句是“it be+adj.+to do sth.”句型。it是形式主語，代替后面真正的主語動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：

It is not easy to learn English well. 學(xué)好英語不容易。

It is necessary to master at least a foreign language.

有必要至少掌握一門外語。

當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語需要表示出來時(shí)，有以下兩種情況：

(1)形容詞通常用來表示事物的形狀或特征時(shí)，用“it+be+adj.+for sb. to do sth.”句型。常見的這類形容詞有difficult, hard, easy, heavy, dangerous, expensive,useful, impossible等。例如：

It is impossible for her to buy the car with cash.要她用現(xiàn)金買那輛汽車是不可能的。

Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in the fall. 秋天樹葉從樹上落下是件常事。

(2)形容詞通常用來表示人的行為或品德時(shí)，用“it+be+adj.+of sb. to do sth.”句型，常見的這類形容詞有honest, wise, clever, brave, foolish, kind, good, careful, stupid, silly, nice, right, wrong, polite, rude等。例如：

It was brave of her to save the children.

她救起那些孩子們，很勇敢。

It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked. 他沒有把門鎖上，實(shí)在是太粗心了。

9. Later on, I realized that it doesnt matter if you dont understand every word. 后來，我意識(shí)到是否理解每個(gè)詞無關(guān)緊要。

句中it doesnt matter…是動(dòng)詞matter的常用句型。matter用作動(dòng)詞主要用于否定句、疑問句或條件句中，意為“要緊”、“關(guān)系重要”，多用it作主語。偶爾也用于肯定句中。例如：

It will not matter if you come home late. 你回家晚了也沒關(guān)系。

It doesnt matter who wins in the match. 誰在比賽中獲勝?zèng)]關(guān)系。

It doesnt matter whether Danny goes there or not.丹去不去那兒無關(guān)緊要。

根據(jù)情況其后可接介詞to，表示對(duì)某人有關(guān)系，或接介詞about，用來表示做某事是否有關(guān)系。例如：

What does it matter to you?

這對(duì)你有什么關(guān)系？

It doesnt matter about closing the window. 關(guān)上窗子沒有關(guān)系。

10. She had trouble making complete sentences. 她在造完整的句子方面有些困難。

本句是“have+n.+(in) doing…”句型，意為“做……有……”，have后常接fun, difficulty, trouble, problems等詞語。介詞in指“在某一方面”，?？梢允÷?。例如：

Were going to have fun learning and speaking English this term. 這個(gè)學(xué)期我們學(xué)說英語將會(huì)很有樂趣。

The students had trouble (in) climbing the hill.

同學(xué)們?cè)诘巧綍r(shí)遇到了一些問題。

We had some problems getting to the top of the mountain.

到達(dá)山頂我們費(fèi)了些勁。

We have difficulty talking and playing with him.

我們很難和他一起聊天和玩。

Unit 2

11. I used to be afraid of the dark. 我過去怕黑。

Did you use to play the piano? 你過去常常彈鋼琴嗎？

本句為used to結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問句形式。used to是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只有過去式，沒有其他任何時(shí)態(tài)，表示過去存在但現(xiàn)在已不存在的情況或習(xí)慣，to是不定式符號(hào)，后面跟動(dòng)詞原形。例如：

We used to work in the same workshop.

我們?cè)谕粋€(gè)車間工作。

There used to be many people smoking in the office, but now nobody is allowed to.

過去在辦公室里常常有許多人抽煙，而現(xiàn)在不讓人抽了。

used to的疑問和否定形式可以用助動(dòng)詞did,也可直接用used構(gòu)成。例如：

Did it use to rain here in summer?

=Used it to rain here in summer?

這兒以前夏季時(shí)常下雨嗎？

We did not use to see each other.

=We usednt to see each other.

我們以前不經(jīng)常見面。

12. But now Im more interested in… 但我現(xiàn)在對(duì)……更感興趣。

be interested in“對(duì)……感興趣”， 表示“有興趣做某事”be interested to do sth.句型。兩個(gè)句型中的be動(dòng)詞可用become或get代替，側(cè)重于由不感興趣到感興趣。例如：

Im interested in this TV play．

我對(duì)這部電視劇感興趣。

The old American became interested in Beijing Opera.這位美國(guó)老人對(duì)京劇產(chǎn)生了興趣。

I am not interested in doing business with that company.

我不喜歡和那家公司做買賣。

He was interested to watch their faces and their costumes.他饒有興趣地注視著他們的面孔和衣服。

13. Im terrified of the dark.

我非常害怕黑夜。

terrified是動(dòng)詞terrify的過去分詞形式，在句中相當(dāng)于形容詞，含有very afraid的意思?？蓸?gòu)成短語be terrified of…“對(duì)……非常害怕”， be terrified at “因……而害怕、驚恐”。例如：

Some children were terrified of a long roll of thunder.

有些小孩子害怕隆隆的雷聲。

The child was terrified of being left alone in the house. 那孩子害怕把他一個(gè)人留在家里。

She was terrified at the deafening explosion. 她被那震耳欲聾的爆炸聲嚇了一跳。

The old lady was terrified at the thought of crossing such a busy road.

老婦人想到要穿過這樣一條繁忙的馬路便感到害怕。

14. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on.

我開著臥室的燈睡覺。

句中with my bedroom light on是介詞with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作伴隨狀語。with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由兩部分構(gòu)成，第一部分介詞的賓語，由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，第二部分是賓語補(bǔ)足語，由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式或分詞充當(dāng)，分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞，也可以是過去分詞。該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多數(shù)充當(dāng)狀語，表示行為方式，伴隨情況、時(shí)間、原因或條件。例如：

We can see a big house with trees around it. 我們看見一棟高大的房子，四周樹木環(huán)繞。

He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut. 關(guān)好寢室門他就上床去睡覺了。

With the meal over, we all went home. 吃過飯我們都回家了。

With the boy to lead the way, we will find the house easily tomorrow.

有那個(gè)男孩帶路，明天我會(huì)很容易地找到這幢房子。

15. Before I started high school, I used to spend a lot of time playing games with my friends, but I just dont have the time anymore.

我上高中前，花了許多時(shí)間和朋友們一起玩，可現(xiàn)在我不再有時(shí)間玩了。

(1)句中的spend使用的句型是spend time (in) doing sth.，意為“花費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢做某事”，其中介詞in可以省去。spend另一個(gè)常用句型是spend time on sth.“在某事或物上花費(fèi)時(shí)間或錢”。試比較：

I spent my holidays (in) traveling in Scotland.

我到蘇格蘭旅行度假了。

He spent a lot of money on books. 他花了很多錢來買書。

(2)not…anymore意為“不再……”、“再也不……”，anymore可分為any more。not…anymore同義詞語是no more, not…any longer/no longer，區(qū)別是：not…anymore常用于日常對(duì)話，側(cè)重于程度或在數(shù)量上不再增加。常可以寫成no more。不過no more多用于書面語，多修飾瞬間動(dòng)詞。

I wont go to his house any more/anymore.

我再也不到他家去了。

Time lost will not return anymore.

=Time lost will return no more.

=Lost time will no more return.

失去的時(shí)間一去不返了。

no longer，側(cè)重于時(shí)間上不再延長(zhǎng)，表示時(shí)間上的“不再”，常含有今昔對(duì)比之意，比較正式，動(dòng)詞常用作一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，有時(shí)用作過去時(shí)。no longer的變化形式是not…any longer，多用于口語。

She could no longer go to school.

She couldnt go to school any longer. 她再也不能上學(xué)了。

I must not disturb you any longer. 我決不能再打擾你了。

16. My life has changed a lot in the last few years. 在過去的幾年里，我的生活改變了許多。

in the last few weeks/months/years表示“在過去的幾周/月/年里”，常用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中。“in the past+時(shí)間段”也有這一用法，意思相同。例如：

I have made a great progress in the last few weeks. 在過去的幾周里，我進(jìn)步很快。

He has learned lots of English words in the last few months.在過去的幾個(gè)月里，他學(xué)習(xí)了很多的英語單詞。

I have taught in this school for ten years.

我在這所學(xué)校教書已10年了。

=I have taught in this school since ten years ago.自從10年前我就在這所學(xué)校教書。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.

在過去的幾年里我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

17. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. 于梅好像變了許多。

本句為It seems that…句型。seem表示“好像、似乎、看起來”，表示根據(jù)某種跡象看出主觀的、但不肯定的判斷，這種判斷往往接近事實(shí)。例如：

It seemed that he had missed the train. 看來他沒搭上火車。

It seems that he is happy today. 今天他似乎很高興。

It seems that…句型往往可轉(zhuǎn)換為Sb. seem to do sth.。例如：

It seems that he understands the meaning of the word.

=He seems to understand the meaning of the word.他似乎理解了這個(gè)單詞的意思。

It seems that she is sleeping.

=She seems to be sleeping.

她好像在睡覺。

It seems that…句型可拓展為It seems to sb. that…，意為“在某人看來……”。例如：

It seems to me that it will rain tonight. 我看今晚要下雨了。

It seems to me that there is something strange about the case.

在我看來這件案子有點(diǎn)奇怪。

It seems后面除了可接that從句外，還可以接as if引導(dǎo)的從句。例如：

It seems as if it is going to be fine. 好像天要放晴了。

It seemed as if the man over there had been drunk.

那邊的那個(gè)人好像喝醉酒了。