1.have, have got
英美說“有”句法不同。如:
Have you any sisters?(英)
Have you got any sisters?(英,口語)
Do you have any sisters?(美)
但指“經(jīng)常性、反復(fù)進行”時,只能用have。如:
Ive got a toothache. 我牙疼。(一時性)
I often have a toothache. 我經(jīng)常牙疼。(經(jīng)常性)
have與由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化的名詞組成短語時,不能用have got代替,只能用have。如:have a dance, have a dream, have a drink, have a fight, have a joke, have a look, have a rest, have a swim。
一些習(xí)慣用語和句型中的have不能用have got代替。如:
have a bath, have a holiday, have a lesson, have breakfast/lunch/supper以及have a talk with…, have a word with…等。
2.have, there be
(1)have表“所屬”關(guān)系的“有”;there be指某處“有”。如:
The man has a brother in Beijing. 此人有個弟弟在北京。
There are many books on the desk. 桌子上有很多書。
The desk has four legs. 書桌有四條腿。
There are many people in the room. 房間里有很多人。
(2)在have含“所有”的意義較弱的情況下,可與there be互換。如:
We have much rain this year.=There is much rain this year.
今年下了不少雨。
There is a map on the wall.=We have a map on the wall.
墻上有張地圖。
The wall has a hole in it.=Theres a hole in the wall. 墻上有個洞。
A year has 365 days.=There are 365 days in a year. 一年有365天
3.good, well
good是形容詞,用作表語和定語; 它表示戲劇、電影、書籍等某種東西的內(nèi)容好;表示人品好、人的善良和對其他人的和睦、親切。如:
I have a good book. 我有一本好書。
What a good play it is!多好的一部戲呀!
She is a good student. 她是個好學(xué)生。
Its very good of you to help me. 你來幫助我太好了。
well是形容詞和副詞。作形容詞時只作表語,指處于滿意的狀態(tài)或指身體健康狀況良好。如:
All is well with us. 我們一切都很順利。
I think he will get well. 我想他會好的。
I am quite well today. 我今天身體很好。
well作副詞,修飾動詞。如:
Kate doesnt sing well, but she dances well.
凱特唱歌唱得不好,但她跳舞跳得很好。
4.class, lesson
class表示“(一節(jié)課兩節(jié)課的)課”,指以四十(五十……)分鐘為單位的課堂教學(xué)活動,也可指“(學(xué)校的)班級”或“全體學(xué)生”。如:
They have no classes on Sundays. 他們星期天不上課。
Class Four is a big class. 四班是一個大班。
lesson的意思是“課文”、“功課”或“(一節(jié)課兩節(jié)課的)課”,著重指教學(xué)內(nèi)容而言。作“課”解時可和class換用。如:
We have two English lessons/classes every day.
我們每天上兩節(jié)英語課。
He has no lessons/classes on Sundays. 他星期天不上課。
She gives lessons in English. 她用英語講課!
Please read Lesson Five. 請讀第五課。
This book has 15 lessons. 這本書有十五課。
He often helps me with my lessons. 他常幫助我做功課。
注意:作“功課”解時,要用復(fù)數(shù)。
5.interesting, interested
interesting是“令人感興趣的”之意,表示事物本身能使人產(chǎn)生興趣。如:
The book is very interesting. 這本書很有趣。
Its an interesting story. 這是很有趣的故事。
interested常表示某人對某事物感興趣,多用be interested in sth.句型。如:
She is interested in the story. 她對這個故事很感興趣。
說明:源于同一動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞被用作形容詞時,一般都有這種區(qū)別,現(xiàn)在分詞作形容詞用時,表示事物本身具有“令人……”“使人……”之意,過去分詞作形容詞用時,表示主語對某事“感到……”。常見的還有exciting, excited; bored, boring; moving, moved等。修飾interesting用very,修飾interested用much, very much和very均可。
6.it, one
it所代替的是前面提到過的同一事物,而one所代替的是同類事物中的“一個”。如:
I need a bike but I have no money to buy one. 我需要一輛自行車,可沒錢買。(one指的是任何一輛自行車,此處不能用it去代替,注意bike前用不定冠詞a。)
I need the bike but I have no money to buy it. 我需要這輛自行車,可沒錢買。(it特指上文的the bike,而不是別的自行車,此句中的it不能用one去代替,注意bike前用定冠詞the。)
one只能代替可數(shù)名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是ones,而it既可以代替可數(shù)名詞,也可以代替不可數(shù)名詞。如:
This story is a true one. 這個故事是真實的。(句中的one代替可數(shù)名詞story。)
The white dresses go with the hat better than the blue ones.
白色套裝比藍色套裝更配這頂帽子。
(句中的ones代替上文的dresses。)
Look, there is a book on the floor. Please pick it up.
你瞧,地板上有一本書,請把它撿起來。
(句中的it代替上文的可數(shù)名詞a book。)
May I borrow some money? I will give it back to you next week.
我可以借一些錢嗎?下周我會把錢還給你。
(句中的it代替上文的不可數(shù)名詞money。)
it通常不加修飾語,而one可以加上不同的修飾語。如:
This shirt is too big. Can you show me a smaller one?
這件襯衣太大了。能給我拿小一點的襯衣看一看嗎?
7.like, love, enjoy
like意為“喜歡”、“愛好”。是普通用語,指對某人某事贊許或發(fā)生興趣,并積極參加活動,不帶感情色彩,語氣較弱而冷靜,后接名詞、代詞、動名詞或不定式作賓語。如:
We all like English. (名詞作賓語)我們都喜歡英語。
I like doing morning exercises every day.(動名詞作賓語)
我喜歡每天做早操。
I like to play sports every day. (不定式作賓語)我喜歡每天運動。
love意為“愛好”、“愛”,在情感上比like強烈,表示深深的愛。如:
We love our country. 我們熱愛祖國。
I love my parents. They love me, too. 我愛我的父母,他們也愛我。
love作“喜歡”講時,可以接動名詞或動詞不定式作賓語。如:
I love to bike. 我喜歡騎自行車。
My brother loves playing/to play basketball. 我弟弟喜歡打籃球。
enjoy意為“喜愛”、“欣賞”、“享受”。指對某樣?xùn)|西或者某件事感覺愉快。廣泛應(yīng)用于從外界事物中得到喜悅,領(lǐng)略到樂趣。后接名詞、代詞等作賓語。不能接動詞不定式。如:
We all enjoy the film very much. 我們都很欣賞那部電影。
I enjoy reading books. 我愛讀書。
8.no, not
在否定可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時,no=not a;在否定可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或否定不可數(shù)名詞時,no=not any。如:
I have no friend.=I dont have a friend. 我沒有朋友。
There are no books on the table.=There are not any books on the table. 桌子上沒有書。
There is no water in the cup.=There isnt any water in the cup.
茶杯里沒有水。
no, not a, not any所表示的意義幾乎一樣,但它們在語氣和意味上還存在著細微的差異,如:“我沒有書”這句話,通常有以下幾種譯法:
I have no book.(泛泛而談)
I dont have a book.(語氣強,一個也沒有)
I have no books.(泛泛而談)
I dont have any books.(口語)
I havent got any books.(口語)
說明:no不能用于a, the, all, every等限制詞之前,而not卻可以。
9.health, healthy
health是名詞,常用于“be in good (poor) health”“很(不)健康”短語。healthy是形容詞,意思是“健康的,健壯的”。如:
Fresh air and exercise are good for health.
新鮮空氣和運動有益于健康。
He was then in poor health. 當(dāng)時他身體不好。
The children look very healthy. 孩子們看起來很健康。
10.dinner, meal
dinner意為“正餐”,指一天吃得比較好的或豐盛的一頓飯,一般在中午或晚上吃。如:
What time do you have dinner? 你們幾點鐘吃正餐?
She didnt invite him to have dinner with them.
她沒有邀請他和她們一起吃飯。
這時的dinner用作抽象名詞,一般不帶冠詞,但如果其前有修飾語時,往往要帶不定冠詞。如:
Dont call him while he is at dinner. 他吃飯時不要給他打電話。
We ate a good dinner. 我們吃了一頓美餐。
dinner還可作“宴會”解,這時用作可數(shù)名詞。
They gave a dinner at the New World Hotel.
他們在新世界飯店舉行了宴會。
meal意為“飯,便飯”,是一日三餐(包括breakfast, lunch, supper)的通稱,用作可數(shù)名詞,而breakfast, lunch, supper同dinner一樣是不可數(shù)名詞。如果其前面有修飾語時則要加不定冠詞。如:
We have three meals a day. 我們一天吃三頓飯。
What would you like for breakfast? 早餐您喜歡吃點什么?
Have a good lunch. 吃一頓豐盛的午餐。