楊會(huì)平

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞歷來(lái)都是高考英語(yǔ)試題的考查點(diǎn)，也是學(xué)生的難點(diǎn)。筆者通過(guò)研究歷年的高考試題，尤其是2008年的高考題，并結(jié)合自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾點(diǎn)是困擾學(xué)生的難點(diǎn)，須加強(qiáng)理解和訓(xùn)練。

難點(diǎn)一、 being done的含義

1. being done作分詞用時(shí)表示“進(jìn)行被動(dòng)”的意義，在句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：

The room being painted is my bedroom.正在被粉刷的房間是我的臥室。

I cant see clearly the subtitle being shown on the screen.我看不清銀幕上正在放映的小標(biāo)題。

He heard someone being beaten in the room upstairs.他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)樓上的房間里有人正在挨打。

Being watched over, the prisoner couldnt escape.因?yàn)楸豢词?，所以這個(gè)犯人逃不脫。

2. being done作動(dòng)名詞用，只表“被動(dòng)”而沒(méi)有“進(jìn)行”的意義，在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如：

You always hear about planes being delayed because of technical faults. 你總聽(tīng)說(shuō)因技術(shù)故障飛機(jī)被延誤的情況。（planes being delayed是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),作about的賓語(yǔ)）

How can we prevent the environment from being polluted?我們?cè)鯓硬拍芊乐弓h(huán)境被污染呢？ （being polluted作from 的賓語(yǔ)）

He escaped being punished because he was absent that day.那天他沒(méi)有被懲罰，因?yàn)樗辉凇?（being punished 作escaped 的賓語(yǔ)）

難點(diǎn)二、 having been done與done的異同

1. having been done表示“完成被動(dòng)”的意義,是分詞的完成被動(dòng)式，在句中只能作狀語(yǔ)，此時(shí)也可用done代替。例如：

（2007山東33） The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ___________at the end of last March.

A. has been launched

B. having been launched

C. being launched

D. to be launched

此題考查獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，表示發(fā)生過(guò)的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，即“完成被動(dòng)”的意義，后一部分在句中作評(píng)注性狀語(yǔ)，故答案為B。上例中的having been launched 也可使用launched。此句也可改為并列句：

... and the most recent was launhed at the end of last March. 最近的未載人飛船于去年三月末被發(fā)射。

2. having been done 作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，是動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式。例如：

（2006江西29） After he became conscious, he remembered____________ and _____________ on the head with a rod.

A. to attack； hit

B. to be attacked； to be hit

C. attacking； be hit

D. having been attacked； hit

此題需要選擇動(dòng)名詞作remember的賓語(yǔ)，表示“記得做過(guò)的事”，故選D。此時(shí)，having been attacked 可用being attacked 代替。

3. done 表示“被動(dòng)或完成被動(dòng)”的意義，在句中作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：

（2007 上海36） The Town Hall ___________in the l800s was the most distinguished building at that time.

A. to be completed

B. having been completed

C. completed

D. being completed

此題需選后置定語(yǔ)，故首先排除B，因?yàn)閔aving been done在表示“完成被動(dòng)”的意義時(shí)，是分詞的完成被動(dòng)式，在句中只能作狀語(yǔ)，此時(shí)方能與done換用。根據(jù)句中時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，應(yīng)選C，表“完成被動(dòng)”義。譯為：建于十九世紀(jì)的市政大廳是當(dāng)時(shí)最杰出的建筑物。

(2006福建33) __________________ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.

A. Blaming B. Blamed

C. To blame D. To be blamed

句意：因?yàn)槠茐牧藢W(xué)校電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)，Alice 受到了責(zé)備。表示“完成被動(dòng)”義，故選B。

難點(diǎn)三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)的一致性

（2008重慶29）______________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an e-mail instead.

A. Fail B. Failed

C. To fail D. Having failed

句意：因?yàn)椋ㄎ覀儯┪茨芡ㄟ^(guò)電話與他們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系，所以我們發(fā)了一個(gè)電子郵件。句子主語(yǔ)是“我們”,“未能……”的動(dòng)作是“我們”做的，表“完成主動(dòng)”義，故排除 B（B是“完成被動(dòng)”義），故只有D項(xiàng)正確。

（2005全國(guó)卷Ⅱ18） While watching television, __________________-.

A. the doorbell rung

B. the doorbell rings

C. we heard the doorbell ring

D. we heard the doorbell rings

分詞watching television的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該是“人”做的而不可能是doorbell做的，故排除A、B項(xiàng)，根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)選C。

難點(diǎn)四、 only to do與 only doing

1. only to do作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示“未預(yù)料的或不好的結(jié)果”。例如：

（2004福建27） The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______________the film stars had left.

A. to tell B. to be told

C. telling D. told

此題表示“未預(yù)料的結(jié)果——結(jié)果卻被告知……”，故選B。

2. only doing 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作相隨進(jìn)行。例如：

（2008遼寧27） He was busy writing a story, only ______________ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A. to stop B. stopping

C. to have stopped D. having stopped

此題答案為B，表示伴隨的動(dòng)作。

難點(diǎn)五、 非謂語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的判斷

1. （2004上海春44） Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ______________the girl and took her away,________________ into the woods.

A. seizing; disappeared

B. seized; disappeared

C. seizing; disappearing

D. seized; disappearing

解析：第一空seized是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與took并列，第二空disappearing 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。

2. （2005全國(guó)卷32） The storm left, _____________ a lot of damage to this area.

A. caused B. to have caused

C. to cause D. having caused

分析：逗號(hào)后面無(wú)并列連詞，故空格處不能用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，故排除A。此處不是目的狀語(yǔ)，也不是未預(yù)料的結(jié)果，故排除B、C項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)為正確答案，在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，它表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，譯為“在導(dǎo)致了許多損失后……”，可以把having caused ...放于句首。

3. （2005全國(guó)卷Ⅱ20） “You cant

catch me！” Janet shouted，________________away.

A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

此題與上題一樣無(wú)并列連詞，首先排除謂語(yǔ)形式D項(xiàng)。應(yīng)選擇充當(dāng)伴隨狀語(yǔ)的B項(xiàng)。

4. （2006山東29） Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure ”award, a title___________to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.

A. being B. is given

C. given D. was given

解析： a title 充當(dāng)the “Chinas Green Figure” award的同位語(yǔ)，它不是一個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槎禾?hào)不隔開(kāi)兩個(gè)并列的句子，所以排除謂語(yǔ)形式D。a title (一個(gè)稱號(hào))后面是后置定語(yǔ)，a title與give為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故選C項(xiàng)。

難點(diǎn)六： have結(jié)構(gòu)的迷惑

1. have表示“進(jìn)行某種動(dòng)作”，有固定搭配。例如：have a good time, have a swim, have a rest, have breakfast, have sports等。

（2008四川14） We had an anxious couple of weeks_______________for the results of the experiment.

A. wait B. to be waiting

C. waited D. waiting

此題考查have an anxious couple of weeks (in) doing sth.與have a good / hard time (in) doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)相同，故選D。

2. have 作使役動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)有have sb. do / doing或have sth. done。例如：

Who would you like to have___________the letter?

A. typed B. to type

C. typing D. type

答案選D。屬于have sb. do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。

3. have 表示“有”時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)有have sth.∕sb. to do，譯為“有……要做”，to do 作后置定語(yǔ)，do與sb. ∕ sth.為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如：

She has a lot of children __________ , so she is busy all day.

A. to take care of B. taken care of

C. take care of D. taking care of

答案選A。譯為：她有許多孩子要照顧，所以整天都很忙。

難點(diǎn)七、 不定式的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)意義的情況。

1. sb. ∕sth. ＋ be ＋ adj. ＋ to do

do 與主語(yǔ)sb. ∕sth.有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，此句型表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)。例如：

The morning air is so good to breathe.

The problem is hard to solve.

She is easy to work with .

2. to do 作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)，do與被修飾詞為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。例如：

I have nothing to do right now.

He has a lot of work to do.

She has nothing to worry about.

3. sb. be to blame 某人應(yīng)受責(zé)備 / 負(fù)責(zé)。例如：

He is to blame for the broken window.

難點(diǎn)八、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別

動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)常用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只能用作狀語(yǔ)。例如：

1. ___________at the meeting encouraged all of us.

A. He being praised

B. His having been praised

C. He praising

D. For him to have been praised

此題選B，B項(xiàng)為動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語(yǔ)。

2._____________ ill, his mother had to stay at home to attend (to) him.

A. His being B. He being

C. To be D. Being

此題選B。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于Because he was ill。

【鞏固練習(xí)】

1. （2008江西28） We finished the run in less than half the time _______________ .

A. allowing B. to allow

C. allowed D. allows

2. (2006湖北34) Dont sit there _______________nothing. Come and help me with this table.

A. do B. to do

C. doing D. and doing

3. （2006安徽35） Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _______________ .

A. blamed B. blaming

C. to blame D. to be blamed

4. (2008陜西14) _______________around the cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having shown B. To be shown

C. Having been shown D. To show

5. (2008北京32) I feel greatly honoured_______________into their society.

A. to welcome B. welcoming

C. to be welcomed D. welcomed

6. (2007上海，13) She wants her paintings_______________ in the gallery, but we dont think they would be very popular.

A. display B. to display

C. displaying D. displayed

7. (2005上海33)_______________into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.

A. Put B. Putting

C. Having put D. Being put

8. （2008天津4） _______________ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.

A. To throw B. Thrown

C. Throwing D. Being thrown

9. (2008浙江13) Its one of the funniest things_______________ on the Internet so far thisyear.

A. finding B. being found

C. to find D. found

10. (2008陜西11) The message is very important, so it is supposed_______________ as soon as possible.

A. to be sent B. to send

C. being sent D. sending

11. （2007山西實(shí)驗(yàn)二次模擬） For many years people in that country have beenaccustomed_______________like animals.

A. to be treated B. to being treated

C. to treat D. treating

12. (2007北京西城抽樣) —What made little Tony so unhappy and cry in his room?

—_______________ to go hiking with his brother.

A. Having not been allowed

B. Not having allowed

C. Having not allowed

D. Not having been allowed

13. （2004上海春35） Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _______________ ?

A. to be buying B. to buy

C. for buying D. bought

14. (2005北京28) Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview._______________ the answers ready will be of great help.

A. To have B. Having had

C. Have D. Having

15. (2007銀川一中期中) Much new and high technology has been introduced from America, thus_______________ in great increase in

production of the company.

A. resulting B. resulted

C. results D. which results

參考答案: 1- 5 CCCCC6-10 DACDA 11-15 BDBDA