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語法填空解題技法大全

2009-02-07 08:43陳曉紅
廣東教育·高中 2009年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:連詞謂語形容詞

陳曉紅

語法填空既然是通過語篇在語境中考查考生語法知識的運用能力,那么,我們在解題前,應(yīng)快速瀏覽短文,把握全文大意。在讀懂短文的基礎(chǔ)上,再結(jié)合短文所提供的特定的語言環(huán)境去逐句分析,逐題解答。下面我們按設(shè)題類型分為三種情況,探討具體的解題技巧。

一、純空格試題的解題技巧

首先,分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),根據(jù)句子所缺句子成分確定填哪類詞。然后,再根據(jù)句子的意思,確定具體填什么詞;或根據(jù)兩句間的邏輯關(guān)系確定用具體哪個連詞。確定填哪類詞有以下7個技巧:

技巧1:缺主語或賓語,一定是填代詞或名詞(多考代詞)。

[例1]I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and____38____gets there almost in a second. (2007年茂名一模)

解析:and連接前后兩個句子,and后面的句子缺主語,應(yīng)填名詞或代詞;結(jié)合前一分句,不難推知,“馬上可到達(dá)那里”的是the message,替代the message用代詞it。

技巧2:名詞前面,若沒有限定詞(冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞、不定代詞),很可能是填限定詞。

[例2]It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (960—1279) was very anxious to help________33____ rice crop grow up quickly.(2008年廣東高考)

解析:名詞rice crop前還沒有限定詞,應(yīng)當(dāng)填限定詞;根據(jù)句意,這個急性子人當(dāng)然是急于使“他的”禾苗長得快,故填形容詞性物主代詞his。

[例3]...the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to____35____small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage. (2007年廣東高考)

解析:因單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞town前還沒有限定詞,應(yīng)填限定詞;根據(jù)句意,是指將車?yán)诫x那里大約有20公里遠(yuǎn)的一個小鎮(zhèn)上去修理,表示“一個”,用不定冠詞,故填a。

技巧3:名詞或代詞在句中不作主語、表語或動詞的賓語時,其前面,一定是填介詞。

[例4]... who should have the honour of receiving me________33____a guest in their house. (2007年廣東高考)

解析:因a guest在句中不作主語、表語、動詞的賓語,前面一定是填介詞,使其成為該介詞的賓語;又由句意可知,他們“把我當(dāng)作客人”來接待,表示“當(dāng)作”,用介詞as。

技巧4:若兩個或幾個單詞或短語之間沒有連詞,可能是填連詞。

[例5]...two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso____34____Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars.

解析:因Pablo Picasso (畢加索)與Candido Portinari (坎迪多·波爾蒂納里)這兩個名詞之間沒有連詞,一定是填連詞;兩者是并列關(guān)系,應(yīng)填and。

[例6]...all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me________36 ____almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. (2008年深圳一模)

解析:因melted me和gave me兩個動賓短語之間沒有連詞,一定是填連詞;兩者是并列關(guān)系,故填and。

技巧5:若兩句(一個主謂關(guān)系算一個句子)之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號或句號,一定是填并列連詞或從屬連詞。

[例7] I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days____32____I was to return to Guangzhou. (2008年廣州一模)

解析:因I wanted to...是一個句子,I was to return...也是一個句子,這兩個句子之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號或句號,一定是填連詞;根據(jù)句意和兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,可知“參觀這個城市的盡可能多的地方”應(yīng)是在“返回廣州”之前,故填before。

[例8] He was very tired after doing this for a whole day,________37____he felt very happy... (2008年廣東高考)

解析:因He was very tired...是一個句子,he felt very happy...也是一個句子,這兩個句子之間沒有連詞,也沒有分號或句號,一定是填連詞;根據(jù)句意和兩句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,可知“干了一整天活累極了”與“感到非常高興”是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故填but。

技巧6:若結(jié)構(gòu)較完整,空格后的謂語動詞是原形,特別是與上下文時態(tài)不一致或主謂不一致時,很可能是填情態(tài)動詞或表示強調(diào)或倒裝的助動詞(do, does, did等)。

[例9]What is acceptable in one country ________36________be considered extremely rude in another. (2007珠三角五校聯(lián)考)

解析:句中What is acceptable in one country是主語從句,空格后的be considered是謂語;因其中的be是原形,故空格處必定是填情態(tài)動詞或助動詞does(由語境可知是一般現(xiàn)在時,主語是第三人稱單數(shù));由句意及作者的語氣可知,需填表示“可能”的情態(tài)動詞may。

[例10] He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he ____________bring home a regular salary.

解析:這是一個由but連接的并列句,由前一分句的謂語動詞had是一般過去時可知,后一分句的謂語動詞bring也應(yīng)用一般過去時??墒?,bring卻用的是原形,既與語境的時態(tài)不符,也與主語he不一致,該句不是倒裝句,因此,此處必定是填情態(tài)動詞或表示強調(diào)的助動詞did。由句意和作者的語氣推測,應(yīng)當(dāng)填對謂語動詞表示強調(diào)的助動詞did(的確)。

技巧7:由特殊的句式結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷空格應(yīng)填的詞。

(1)由it is...that...強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式,判斷填it還是that。

[例11] ...and____40________was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG (味精)!(2007年廣州一模)

解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,本句為強調(diào)句,應(yīng)填it。

(2)由倒裝句式判斷,是填構(gòu)成倒裝的條件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等,還是填do, does, did等。

[例12] ________________with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.

解析:由can you expect to...可知,這是倒裝句,根據(jù)構(gòu)成倒裝的條件可知,應(yīng)填副詞only,因為“only +狀語(with hard work)”放在句首,句子要用倒裝。

(3)由it作形式主語或形式賓語的的句式判斷,空格處是否填it。

[例13] ...as ____32___took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists...(2008年佛山二模)

解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是it takes sb. some time to do sth.句型,本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主語,空格處填形式主語it。

[例14]Dating sites also make____36____easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. (2008年惠州二模)

解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,to avoid...是真正的賓語,easy是賓補,空格處應(yīng)填作形式賓語的it。

(4)so /such...that...句型。

[例15] This made the goat so jealous ____34____it began plotting against(謀劃對付)the donkey.(2007年惠州二模)

解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是so...that...句型,應(yīng)填that。

(5)more...than... (與其說……不如說……,比……更……)句型。

[例16]Cynthias story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares_____40____ how much he pays. (2007深圳寶安期末)

解析:由句式結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是more...than...句型,故填that。句意是與經(jīng)理所給的報酬相比,雇員更銘記于心的是他的關(guān)心。

二、給出了動詞的試題的解題技巧

首先,判斷要填的動詞是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞。然后按以下兩點進(jìn)行思考。

技巧8:若句中沒有別的謂語動詞,或者雖然已有謂語動詞,但需填的動詞與之是并列關(guān)系時,所給動詞就是謂語動詞;若是謂語動詞,就要考慮時態(tài)語態(tài)。

[例17]His fear of failure___36____(keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. (2008年深圳一模)

解析:因主語His fear of failure后沒有別的謂語動詞,需填的動詞應(yīng)為謂語動詞;因主語與keep是主動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用主動語態(tài);由從句謂語動詞played可知,要用一般過去時,故填kept。

[例18] That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, ____40____(close) my book and walked away. (2008年廣州一模)

解析:雖然句中已有謂語動詞declined,但由and walked可知,所填詞與declined和walked是并列關(guān)系,所以也用一般過去式closed。

[例19] In Logan, three people ____8____(take)to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. (2007梅州二模)

解析:因主語three people與take是被動關(guān)系,即三個人被送進(jìn)醫(yī)院,故用被動語態(tài);由were treated可知,要用一般過去時,故填were taken。

技巧9:若句中已有謂語動詞,又不是并列謂語時,所給動詞就是非謂語動詞。若是非謂語動詞就要確定用—ing形式、—ed形式,還是用不定式形式,確定的方法主要有:

(1)作主語或賓語,通常用—ing形式表示習(xí)慣或一般情況,用不定式表示具體的情況。

[例20]...but it is not enough only ____35___(memorize) rules from a grammar book. (2007年佛山一模)

解析:因it是形式主語,后面用不定式作真正的主語,故填to memorize。

[例21]________________(speak)out your inner feeling wont make you feel ashamed, on the contrary...

解析:句中已有謂語wont make,所以speak應(yīng)為非謂語動詞;謂語前面應(yīng)為主語,作主語,表示一般情況,要用動名詞短語,故填Speaking。

(2)作目的狀語或者在形容詞后作狀語,一般用不定式。

[例22]________________(complete)the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.

解析:因句中已有謂語will have to work,所以complete應(yīng)為非謂語動詞;因“(為了)按計劃完成這項工程”是“我們每天不得不額外多工作兩小時”的目的,作目的狀語,用動詞不定式,故填To complete。

[例23]Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strong-willed,are very likely _____33_____

(succeed).(2008年佛山一模)

解析:因在形容詞likely后作狀語,要用動詞不定式,故填to succeed。

(3)作伴隨狀語,常用分詞,與邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞,是被動關(guān)系,用過去分詞。

[例24]He saw the stone, ___37____(say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.”(2008年東莞一模)

解析:句中已有謂語saw,所給動詞與saw不是并列關(guān)系,應(yīng)當(dāng)是非謂語動詞;又因He與say是主動關(guān)系,故填saying作伴隨狀語。

[例25] The headmaster went into the lab,________ (follow)by the foreign guests.

解析:句中已有謂語went,而follow又不是與之并列的,故為非謂語動詞;又因the headmaster與follow是被動關(guān)系,故用過去分詞作伴隨狀語。

(4)不論非謂語動詞在句中作何種成分,若判斷得出其需要用分詞時,分詞與邏輯主語是主動關(guān)系的,用—ing形式,是被動關(guān)系的,用—ed形式。

[例26]There will be a meeting,_____40____(start)later this year to review the film.(2008年廣州二模)

解析:因a meeting與start是主動關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語,補充說明a meeting,故填starting。

[例27]Lessons ___39___(learn)in sports can help us in our dealing with other people.(廣東考試說明)

解析:因句中已有謂語can help,所以learn應(yīng)為非謂語動詞;又因lesson與learn是被動關(guān)系,要用過去分詞短語作定語,故填learned。

三、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換題的解題技巧

根據(jù)該詞在句中所作句子成分確定用哪種形式。具體方法有:

技巧10:作表語、定語或補語,通常用形容詞形式。

[例28]The youngster immediately fell ____ (silence)as tears flew down from his big blue eyes.

解析:因在系動詞felt后作表語,用形容詞,故填silent。

[例29] In a ________(danger)part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to...

解析:在冠詞與名詞之間,要用形容詞作定語,故填dangerous。

[例30] Teachers must try their best to make most of their students ________(interest)in the subject

解析:因所填詞在句中作賓語most of their students的補足語,用形容詞;表示“感興趣的”,填interested。

技巧11:作主語,或在及物動詞或介詞后作賓語,用名詞形式。

[例31] When Chinas ancient scientific and technological ________(achieve)are mentioned, the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions.

解析:在時間狀語從句中,要求填的詞作主語,Chinas ancient scientific and technological是主語的定語;作主語要用名詞,又由are可知,主語是復(fù)數(shù),故填achievements。

[例32] These people have made great____ 39 ___(contribute) to China with their work. (2007年茂名二模)

解析:在句中作及物動詞have made的賓語,要用名詞形式;表示“作貢獻(xiàn)”,contribution前面沒有不定冠詞時,習(xí)慣上用復(fù)數(shù),故填contributions。

[例33] ...instructors expect students to be familiar with _____32____(inform) in the reading... (2008年三校聯(lián)考)

解析:因with是介詞,在介詞后作賓語,要用名詞,故填information。

技巧12:在形容詞性物主代詞后,或者在“冠詞(+形容詞)”后,用名詞形式。

[例34] ...the remains date from this period because of their ____38____(similar) to those found elsewhere. (2008年廣州二模)

解析:在形容詞性物代詞(their)后應(yīng)當(dāng)用名詞,故填similarities。

[例35] With the large numbers of students,the

________________(operate)of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.

解析:在冠詞后,要用名詞,故填operation。

技巧13:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞,或整個句子,作狀語,用副詞形式。

[例36] As I looked _____32____(close)at this girl, I fount that... (2008年深圳一模)

解析:修飾動詞looked,作狀語,用副詞,故填closely。

[例37] There must be something ____40____ (serious) wrong with our society. (2008潮州期末)

解析:要求填的詞修飾形容詞wrong,作狀語,用副詞,故填seriously。

[例38]Singles are flocking(涌向) to the Internet ___33____(main)because their busy lifestyles leave them little time... (2008年惠州三模)

解析:修飾because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句,修飾整個句子,作狀語,用副詞,故填mainly。

技巧14:有可能是詞義轉(zhuǎn)換題,詞類或詞性不一定要變,主要是考查具有與詞根意義相反的派生詞,需根據(jù)句子意思及前后邏輯關(guān)系,在詞根前加un—, im—等,在詞根后加—less等。

[例39] People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ____________________(use).

解析:作表語要用形容詞;又由句意可知,作者是表達(dá)“沒有什么知識是無用的”,故填useless。

[例40] Your mistake caused a lot of ____________(necessary)work in the office.

解析:在名詞前作定語,仍用形容詞形式;但根據(jù)句意可知,錯誤是引起不必要的麻煩事,故填unnecessary。

技巧15:括號中所給詞為動詞時,也不一定是考動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)或非謂語動詞,而是考詞類轉(zhuǎn)換;若是形容詞或副詞,有可能是考查其比較等級。

[例41]...there was a lot of information about the citys well-known tourist____34___(attract)... (2008年廣州一模)

解析:盡管attract是動詞,但這是考查詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的;在句中作介詞about的賓語,用名詞,故填attraction。

[例42]The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could...He jumped even ___36___(hard)and finally made himself out. (2008年期末)

解析:聯(lián)系前句,又有even(更加)的提示,可知這里用比較級,故填harder。

[例43]Storms which produced at least 13 tornadoes swept along New Mexicos border with Texas on Friday, destroying homes and other buildings and injuring at least 16 people, several critically, authorities said.

The ______33____(bad)damage was reported in the towns of Logan and Clovis, which are about 80 miles apart, police said. (2007梅州二模)

解析:結(jié)合前段內(nèi)容,特別是the的提示,可知要用bad的最高級worst,表示“最嚴(yán)重的”。

責(zé)任編校____蔣小青

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