羅春梅

英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，學(xué)習(xí)者感到困難的一時(shí)語(yǔ)法，二是習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。而語(yǔ)法包含諸多方面，如：名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、單句和從句等等。如何將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)準(zhǔn)確又輕松的變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)就是其中的難點(diǎn)。

1. 英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用的場(chǎng)合

1.1 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要。如：Paper is made from wood. The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. He was wounded in the fight.

1.2 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。如：Calwlator can't be used in the maths exam. Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away. He was awarded first prize in that contest.

1.3 為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ蕉褂帽粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，或由于修飾的需要，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，使句子得以更好的安排。 如：The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. Electricity is used to run machines.

2. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成

2.1 be+done 可以是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，也可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu)形式。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，done可以帶by短語(yǔ)，而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中done相當(dāng)于adj. 不帶 by短語(yǔ)。如：The question is settled. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 。Such questions are settled by us. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)) 。The job was well done. (系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 。The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

2.2 許多verbs(broken，interested，shut，worried)，既可以用做adj.也可以在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)中做過(guò)去分詞。句中如果有by，通常是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如：I was worried abeutyou all night. (表狀態(tài)) 。I was worried by mosquitoes all night. (表動(dòng)作) 。The glass was broken by Jack. (表動(dòng)作) 。The glass is broken. (表狀態(tài)) 。I was frightened by his ghost story. She was frightened at the sight of a snake.

3. 不同形式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

3.1 含有直賓和間賓的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)時(shí)，可將其中一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)一般是主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)的主語(yǔ)。如：He showed me his pictures. I was shown his pictures by him. His pictures were shown to me by him. He sent me a birthday present. I was sent a birthday present by him. A birthday present was sent to me by him.

3.2 含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，賓補(bǔ)不變

3.2.1 將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，賓補(bǔ)不變。 如：They call her XiaoLi. She is called XiaoLi. He left the door open. The door war left open by him.

3.2.2 make，let，have，hear，watch，see，feel，notice. help既動(dòng)詞后變做賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不加to，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)，必須加to . 如：My brother often made me do this and that when I was young. I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young. I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night. She was heard to move about in her room uptairs last night.

3.3 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。是由情態(tài)V+be+p.p.構(gòu)成 。如：They can not find him. He can not be found. You must pay me for this. I must be paid for this. He can repair your watch. Your watch can be repaired.

3.4 短語(yǔ)V的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般來(lái)講，只有及物V才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，因?yàn)橹挥衯t才能有動(dòng)作的承受者； 但有許多由不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞及其他詞類構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，相當(dāng)與及物動(dòng)詞，可以有賓語(yǔ)。因而可以有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但應(yīng)注意短語(yǔ)V是一個(gè)不可分割的整體。變被動(dòng)時(shí)，不可丟掉構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)的prep或adv.這樣的短語(yǔ)有：look after，listen to，look at，pay attention to，take care of，look forward to，make ues of，etc. 如：They had put out the fire before the fire——brigade arrived. The fire had been put out before the fire-brigade arrived. They will set up a new public school here. A new public school will be set up here.

3.5 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。如：The goods sells well. The door can't open.

3.6 有些詞如want，need，require和 be worth后面，v-ing形式為主動(dòng)，意義為被動(dòng)。如：The room needs/wants/requires cleaning. The book is worth reading.

3.7 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)是從句，變成被動(dòng)時(shí)使用形式替代詞it。如：We know that Britain is an island country. It's known that Britain is an island country.

3.8 賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞，相互代詞及虛詞it時(shí)，不用被動(dòng)，只用主動(dòng)。如：I will do it myself.

The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.

3.9 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是以下時(shí)，無(wú)被動(dòng)。 happen，belong to，suit，fit(適合)，have，let，join，fall，last(延長(zhǎng))，cost(花費(fèi)) break out(爆發(fā))appear，burst out(迸發(fā))，hold(容納)，lack(缺乏)，agree with(同意).

3.10 英語(yǔ)里形似主動(dòng)但表被動(dòng)意義

3.10.1 感官動(dòng)詞：sound，taste，smell，fell，look，seem等主語(yǔ)是物時(shí)；如：The flowers smell sweet.

3.10.2 一些vi主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義open，close，shut，read，write，translate，wash，clean，lock，sell，wear，cut，cook，eat，weigh，drink，pay，draw，etc.

3.10.3 不定式to blame，to let(出租)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。

3.10.4 表(sth)需要的need ，want，require等后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。

3.10 5be worth后的動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。

收稿日期：2009-03-11