王　平

任務(wù)型閱讀（TaskMbased reading）是從2008年起江蘇高考所采用的新題型。該題型旨在考查學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力；用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處理信息和分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力以及考查學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力。2009年仍然沿用了該題型。

現(xiàn)附上試題：（保留原題號(hào)）

第四部分：任務(wù)型閱讀(共10小題；每小題l分，滿分10分)

請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意：每個(gè)空格只填1個(gè)單詞。請(qǐng)將答案寫(xiě)在答題卡上相應(yīng)題號(hào)的橫線上。

Communication Principles

How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate. “Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he (or she) is the center”. Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them. But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication. A student, for instance, may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment: “I know my teacher doesnt like the fact that I dont agree with his opinions and thats why he gave me such a poor grade in that class.” The teacher might say the opposite. Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other persons view is wrong.

The concept of self originates in communication. Through verbal and nonverbal symbols, a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others. You establish selfMimage, the sort of person you believe you are, by how others think of you. Positive, negative, and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are. Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process. Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people. In a more obvious way, communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share. So, the communication begins with the self, as defined largely by others, and involves others, as defined largely by the self.

Communication occurs almost every minute of your life. If you are not communicatingwith yourself (thinking, planning, reacting to the world around you), you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior. Even if the other person did not intend a message for you. You gather observations and draw specific conclusions. A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message. A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you. A third person smiles (perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently) and you believe that he is attracted to you. We are continually picking up meanings from others behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.

More often than not, you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that. You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement. You may have made a joke out of your rude statement. Nonetheless, your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind. You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others. Communication cannot be reversed (倒退), nor can it be repeated. When you tried to recreate the atmosphere, the conversation, and the setting，nothing seemed right. Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results.

答案與解析

71. 答案為self-centred / subjective，其源頭句為But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication.其中的 the centrality of our selves為self-centred的有效信息，亦可用subjective（主觀的）

72. 答案為involves根據(jù)該句So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self.中的and involves others可知。

73. 答案為determine / define / know / understand 。根據(jù)文中Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are.可知有效信息為determining，再根據(jù)語(yǔ)境help sb do sth得出答案。

74. 答案為expectations / hopes / desires / wishes，根據(jù)句子communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share.中的what the other person needs and expects可知使用expect的名詞形式或該詞的同義詞。

75. 答案為occurs / happens / exists / arises，根據(jù)第三段的主題句 Communication occurs almost every minute of your life.便知。

76. 答案為reading / understanding / knowing，根據(jù)Even if the other person did not intend a message for you. You gather observations and draw specific conclusions.中的you gather observations and draw specific conclusions便可概括。

77. 答案為behaviors / acts / action(s) / activities，該答案源頭句為We are continually picking up meanings from others behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.其中的有效信息即為behaviors，亦可使用其同義詞。

78. 答案為conveying / expressing ，根據(jù)and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them.可概括出我們?yōu)閯e人提供有價(jià)值的交流行為即為“傳遞、表達(dá)”我們的意思。

79. 答案為erase / remove / delete/change，該句 You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others.可直接提供答案，亦可使用其同義詞。

80. 答案為cant / cannot，根據(jù)同一欄中的上一個(gè)句子以及對(duì)最后一句話的理解便知。

從試題可以看出今年的任務(wù)型閱讀有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

第一，新題型完全符合《英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》所提出的要求。高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)應(yīng)該著重培養(yǎng)用英語(yǔ)獲取和處理信息的能力（例如第72，75，77，79題）；用英語(yǔ)分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力以及批判性思維能力（例如第76，78，80題）。傳統(tǒng)的閱讀理解試題側(cè)重的是對(duì)考生語(yǔ)言輸入能力的考查，沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行主觀表述，考生在讀完文章之后語(yǔ)言輸出能力的考查并沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，忽略了考生閱讀過(guò)程中的主觀性，限制了考生對(duì)文章信息的主觀理解和分析，而任務(wù)型閱讀徹底改變了這一弊端，注重考查了學(xué)生語(yǔ)言輸出能力。

第二，任務(wù)型閱讀符合教學(xué)大綱的要求。大綱要求英語(yǔ)教材的內(nèi)容要貼近學(xué)生的生活和現(xiàn)代社會(huì)生活，滲透思想情感教育（即“寓思想教育于語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中”或“樹(shù)立符合素質(zhì)教育精神的英語(yǔ)教育觀）。新題型是一篇說(shuō)明文，說(shuō)明了交流的原則。該話題對(duì)學(xué)生的人生觀的形成以及走向社會(huì)后如何與人交流大有益處。所選材料適合中學(xué)生閱讀，符合時(shí)代精神。

第三，新題型體現(xiàn)了新教材的內(nèi)容，尤其是在詞匯方面。但詞匯量較大，對(duì)學(xué)生的閱讀會(huì)有一些障礙。

第四，新題型的信息量較大，但題目設(shè)計(jì)合理。該文章詞數(shù)為553個(gè)，比去年多了一百多詞。整篇文章層次清晰。整個(gè)表格的內(nèi)容是完全按照文章的脈絡(luò)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)的，學(xué)生好找。所填單詞包括名詞，動(dòng)詞，分詞等。

針對(duì)任務(wù)型閱讀的特點(diǎn)和對(duì)2009年題目的分析，學(xué)生將如何做該題？現(xiàn)提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議：

首先，在做題之前先快速閱讀完全文，掌握其大意。特別注意文章首句，把握好文章的主題。然后瀏覽一下圖表，弄清文章的脈絡(luò)，分析文章的段落。因?yàn)橐话闱闆r下表格的結(jié)構(gòu)基本上就是文章的脈絡(luò)。

其次，在答題時(shí)要注意一些技巧。一般情況下所填的詞可以通過(guò)四種方法得出：文章中的原詞（如高考題的72，75，77，79題，可以直接在文章中找到）；根據(jù)詞性轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)（如高考題的71，73，74，80題）；用替換詞；(如高考題的76)；對(duì)文章、段落或句子的歸納和理解（如高考題的71，78題）。同時(shí)在做題時(shí)，要注意做題的順序。例如今年高考題中，做題時(shí)先做76，77，78題，然后推斷出75題。

最后，在做完題之后，還要把文章讀一遍，檢查所填的詞是否符合文章的內(nèi)容。同時(shí)還要檢查每個(gè)詞的詞性，拼寫(xiě)，大小寫(xiě)，名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)等。

當(dāng)然，要做好新題型，還在于平時(shí)詞匯的積累，語(yǔ)法的理解，段落大意和單句的理解等。