林建云 張鐵松 劉睿清 陸濤 陳泉東 趙麗萍
·臨床研究·
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征32例聽力變化影響因素分析
林建云 張鐵松 劉睿清 陸濤 陳泉東 趙麗萍
目的分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)各指標(biāo)與聽力變化之間的關(guān)系。方法隨機(jī)選取行多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)的OSAHS患兒62例,呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hypopnea index, AHI)大于等于5的32例為試驗(yàn)組,小于5的30例為對(duì)照組,同時(shí)行聲導(dǎo)抗、瞬態(tài)誘發(fā)性耳聲發(fā)射、畸變產(chǎn)物耳聲發(fā)射及聽性腦干反應(yīng)、鼻咽側(cè)位X線片、纖維鼻咽鏡檢查。結(jié)果兩組間聽性腦干反應(yīng)V波閾值試驗(yàn)組左耳(31.85±14.07) dB nHL,右耳(33.50±12.68) dB nHL;對(duì)照組左耳(20.76±7.50) dB nHL,右耳(23.09±6.39) dB nHL,兩組間左耳(P=0.003)、右耳(P=0.002)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。經(jīng)非條件Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:變量AHI和聲導(dǎo)抗聲順值是OSAHS患兒聽力下降的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論缺氧是OSAHS患兒聽力變化的決定因素,對(duì)OSAHS患兒應(yīng)盡早治療。(中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志,2010,10:229-231)
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征; 呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù); 聽力下降; 兒童
兒童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)在兒童中不少見,患兒睡眠時(shí)長期反復(fù)發(fā)作低氧血癥、高碳酸血癥,最終可導(dǎo)致心、肺、腦等多系統(tǒng)功能的損害,影響其生長發(fā)育。已有不少學(xué)者應(yīng)用聽性腦干反應(yīng)或瞬態(tài)誘發(fā)性耳聲發(fā)射、畸變產(chǎn)物耳聲發(fā)射等聽功能指標(biāo)研究OSAHS患兒聽覺功能情況。我科擬研究腺樣體和各聽力指標(biāo)與OSAHS患兒聽力改變的關(guān)系,為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并防治患兒聽力損害提供依據(jù)。
1.1 資料 2008年8月至2008年12月因夜間睡眠打鼾在我科行多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)(polysomnography, PSG)的患兒62例,年齡3~6.5歲,平均(4.6±1.0)歲。所有患兒均無耳科疾病史、長期噪聲接觸史、耳毒性藥物應(yīng)用史及顱腦疾病史。根據(jù)PSG監(jiān)測(cè)時(shí)呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hypopnea index, AHI)將入選患兒分為兩組[1],32例AHI≥5為試驗(yàn)組,30例AHIlt;5為對(duì)照組。所有患兒在家屬知情同意的情況下進(jìn)行檢查。試驗(yàn)組患兒PSG基本資料見表1。
表1 呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)大于等于5的32例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征患兒多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)基本情況
注:AHI為呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù);LSaO2為最低血氧飽和度
1.2 方法 采用聲導(dǎo)抗監(jiān)測(cè)儀(ZODIAC 901,Madsen公司,丹麥)進(jìn)行聲導(dǎo)抗檢測(cè)。 瞬態(tài)誘發(fā)性耳聲發(fā)射、畸變產(chǎn)物耳聲發(fā)射采用診斷型耳聲發(fā)射儀[Capella(KWO-128856),Madsen公司,丹麥]檢測(cè)。聽性腦干反應(yīng)采用聽性腦干誘發(fā)儀(GNotomethcs,Madsen公司,丹麥)在隔聲屏蔽室中進(jìn)行。監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo):波Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ的潛伏期;Ⅰ-Ⅲ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ、Ⅲ-Ⅴ波間期;V波聽反應(yīng)閾。鼻咽側(cè)位X線片測(cè)量腺樣體直徑/鼻咽腔內(nèi)徑比值大于等于0.71即為病理性肥大[2-4]。鼻腔黏膜表面1%丁卡因麻醉及0.5%麻黃堿收縮后,纖維鼻咽鏡從前鼻孔通過鼻腔,在下鼻甲后端平面計(jì)算機(jī)采圖,計(jì)算腺樣體體積占鼻咽腔比例[5-6]。用24導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測(cè)儀(光電公司,日本)連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)患兒夜間睡眠7 h以上,記錄呼吸暫停、低通氣、最低血氧飽和度、腦電圖、胸腹呼吸、口鼻氣流等指標(biāo)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS11.5統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行非條件Logistic回歸分析,對(duì)照組與試驗(yàn)組間ABR V波閾值行t檢驗(yàn),以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
試驗(yàn)組聲導(dǎo)抗檢測(cè)顯示:左耳A型11例,B或C型21例;右耳A型9例,B或C型23例。對(duì)照組:左耳A型19例,B或C型11例;右耳A型22例,B或C型8例。兩組間左耳(r=5.199,P=0.023)、右耳(r=12.658,P=0.000)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組間聽性腦干反應(yīng)V波閾值:試驗(yàn)組左耳(31.85±14.07)dB nHL,右耳(33.50±12.68)dB nHL;對(duì)照組左耳(20.76±7.50)dB nHL,右耳(23.09±6.39)dB nHL,兩組間左耳(P=0.003)、右耳(P=0.002)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。兩組波間期值情況見表2。聽力影響因素分析見表3。
表2 呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)大于等于5(試驗(yàn)組)和小于5(對(duì)照組)兩組間聽性腦干反應(yīng)波間期值比較(ms)
選擇Backward:LR法建立模型,當(dāng)進(jìn)入水準(zhǔn)α=0.05,剔除水準(zhǔn)β=0.10時(shí),最終進(jìn)入模型的變量為:X1和X6。兩個(gè)變量的偏回歸系數(shù)值均為正(OR值均大于1),表明:OSAHS患兒聽力下降與缺氧及聲順值有關(guān),是其危險(xiǎn)因素。左耳聽力閾值影響因素的Logistic回歸方程:y=-4.938+2.79X1+1.666X6,自變量X1的P=0.017,OR=16.277,自變量X6的P=0.06,OR=5.289。右耳聽力閾值影響因素的Logistic回歸方程:y=-31.674+22.777X1+2.499X6,自變量X1的P=0.002,OR=7 403.337,自變量X6的P=0.068,OR=12.173。
表3 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征患兒聽力變化相關(guān)擬選因素及量化
注:AHI為呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù);ABR為聽性腦干的反應(yīng)
兒童OSAHS的發(fā)病率在3%~4%,長期的睡眠呼吸障礙可對(duì)患兒的生長發(fā)育、心肺功能、學(xué)習(xí)能力及行為方式產(chǎn)生影響[7-10]。國內(nèi)外研究[11-12]發(fā)現(xiàn)OSAHS患兒聽力有改變。本研究中OSAHS患兒聽性腦干反應(yīng)V波閾值較對(duì)照組提高,與劉大波等[13]的研究結(jié)果相同。在蝸性疾患中,Ⅴ波反應(yīng)閾會(huì)提高,故Ⅴ波反應(yīng)閾的提高可能反映耳蝸功能及聽神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通路受損。其原因可能與缺氧導(dǎo)致患兒中耳、耳蝸結(jié)構(gòu)改變有關(guān)。
Mazurek等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血缺氧與毛細(xì)胞丟失程度之間存在量效關(guān)系,缺血缺氧越嚴(yán)重,毛細(xì)胞丟失越嚴(yán)重,缺血組又比缺氧組嚴(yán)重,以內(nèi)毛細(xì)胞丟失為甚。由此可見缺氧的確可致耳蝸結(jié)構(gòu)改變,毛細(xì)胞丟失,從而影響聽力。
本研究從聽力變化各因素出發(fā),經(jīng)回歸分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)聲導(dǎo)抗鼓室圖及AHI異常與否,是OSAHS患兒聽力變化的決定因素。 AHIgt;5時(shí)說明患兒睡眠中有間斷性缺氧,聽力下降的程度與AHI成正相關(guān)。兒童OSAHS多因腺樣體和(或)扁桃體肥大導(dǎo)致上氣道狹窄,有效通氣面積減少所致。鼻咽部腺樣體增生,影響鼻咽腔通氣引流,可堵塞咽鼓管咽口,從而導(dǎo)致中耳換氣引流受阻,中耳壓力改變,鼓室圖異常。對(duì)OSAHS患兒行聲導(dǎo)抗檢查可間接了解患兒是否有聽力損失的傾向。 最低血氧飽和度未進(jìn)入模型,可能與AHI已進(jìn)入模型有關(guān)。
纖維鼻咽鏡及鼻咽側(cè)位X線片所測(cè)數(shù)值未進(jìn)入回歸分析模型,分析原因可能二者僅反映腺樣體大小所占比例,不能完全提示中耳、內(nèi)耳情況,病例中也有腺樣體肥大而鼓室圖正常者10例。其次耳聲發(fā)射反映耳蝸外毛細(xì)胞的功能狀態(tài),理論上OSAHS患兒缺氧內(nèi)耳損傷,耳聲發(fā)射指標(biāo)可進(jìn)入模型。但缺氧損傷是個(gè)緩慢過程,病例中重度OSAHS患兒占9%,因此可能與重度OSAHS患兒比例較少有關(guān)。此外,耳聲發(fā)射雖通過但是否信噪比值下降有待探討。
雖然本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺氧是OSAHS患兒聽力改變與否的決定因素,但Jiang等[15]研究顯示圍產(chǎn)期發(fā)生缺血缺氧的新生兒在出生后第3天聽性腦干反應(yīng)V波潛伏期及Ⅰ-Ⅴ間期逐漸恢復(fù)正常,到出生后30 d時(shí)大多數(shù)患兒二者數(shù)值已與正常對(duì)照組無差別,患兒的聽力改變?yōu)樵缙?,多?shù)可以恢復(fù),與腦病的嚴(yán)重程度無明顯相關(guān)。OSAHS患兒是否也存在術(shù)后聽力恢復(fù)的可能還需進(jìn)一步研究。
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(本文編輯 楊美琴)
Analysisofinfluencingfactorsofhearinginpatientswithobstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome
LINJian-yun,ZHANGTie-song,LIURui-qing,LUTao,CHENQuan-dong,ZHAOLi-ping.
DepartmentofOtorhinolaryngology,KunmingChildren’sHospital,Kunming650034,China
LIN Jian-yun, Email:jylin66@hotmail.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the correlations between the indexes of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in patients with OSAHS and the hearing loss.MethodsSixty-two OSAHS patients who had under-gone polysomnography were selected randomly and divided into the control group [apnea hypopnea index (AHI)lt;5] and the case group (AHI≥5). The tympanometry, transiently evoked otoacoustic emission, distortion production acoustic emission and auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were measured respectively. Nasopharyngeal lateral X-ray tomography and fiberonasopharyngoscopy was taken to evaluate the size of adenoids.ResultsThe thresholds of auditory brainstem response wave V were as follows: (31.85±14.07) dB nHL in the left ear and (33.50±12.68) dB nHL in the right ear in the case group; (20.76±7.50) dB nHL in the left ear and (23.09±6.39) dB nHL in the right ear in the control group. There were no significant differences in ABR wave V of the left ear (P=0.003) and the right ear (P=0.002) between the two groups. The risk factors of hearing loss in OSAHS patients were AHI and tympanogram via non-condition Logistic regression analysis.ConclusionsHypoxia was the key factor of hearing loss in patients with OSAHS. Effective interventions should be carried out as soon as possible.(Chin J Ophthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol,2010,10:229-231)
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Apnea hypopnea index; Hearing loss; Child
云南省昆明市兒童醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科 昆明 650034
林建云( Email:jylin66@hotmail.com)
2010-01-04)