張燕玲,薛小平
(西北工業(yè)大學(xué)生命學(xué)院,陜西 西安 710072)
研究表明,廣泛存在于自然界中的天然多酚類物質(zhì)具有優(yōu)越的抗氧化、抗炎癥和抗癌等生物活性[1],其中山萘酚(Kaempferol)屬黃酮類黃酮醇亞屬,分子式為C15H10O6,分子量為286.23,黃色晶體,熔點(diǎn)276~278 ℃,微溶于水,溶于二甲基亞砜、乙醇及乙醚。其結(jié)構(gòu)式如下:
作者在此就近年來黃酮醇山萘酚的抗氧化、抗炎癥、抗癌等細(xì)胞保護(hù)功能及作用機(jī)理進(jìn)行了綜述。
山萘酚具有抑制AGE(Advanced glycation endproducts)形成和消除自由基功能,在預(yù)防細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂類及DNA氧化損傷等方面具有較強(qiáng)抗氧化作用[2]?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)研究證明,山萘酚可降低小腦粒細(xì)胞中的氧化壓力[3]、抑制dRib糖誘導(dǎo)的成骨細(xì)胞和胰島β-細(xì)胞的氧化損傷[4,5]。氧化壓力所形成的氧化低密度脂蛋白(Oxidized low-density lipoproteins,oxLDL)可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡,引起動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等疾病。山萘酚具有抗脂氧化和細(xì)胞保護(hù)功能從而抑制oxLDL引發(fā)的血管平滑肌凋亡[6],此外還有助于抑制MCP-1(Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1)生成,而MCP-1在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑(Atherosclerotic plaque)形成起始階段具有重要作用,因此,山萘酚可抑制oxLDL的形成以及抑制巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)oxLDL 的攝入,從而預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化[7]。
在對(duì)細(xì)胞因子導(dǎo)致的細(xì)胞粘著因子VCAM-1(Vascular cell adhension molecule-1)、ICAM-1(Intercellular adhension molecule-1)和E-selectin(Endothelial cell selectin)表達(dá)的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些粘著因子在動(dòng)脈硬化早期起關(guān)鍵作用并參與炎癥反應(yīng),使動(dòng)脈高度硬化損傷,而以5~50 μmol·L-1山萘酚作用于血管上皮細(xì)胞即表現(xiàn)出明顯的抗炎癥作用,效果強(qiáng)于其結(jié)構(gòu)類似物槲皮素(Quercetin)[8];研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),人類口服低劑量山萘酚較槲皮素更易于吸收[9]。
山萘酚還有助于保護(hù)大腦,預(yù)防缺血性中風(fēng)導(dǎo)致的腦損傷以及其它慢性炎癥疾病。體外試驗(yàn)表明,山萘酚抗炎癥反應(yīng)與其抗氧化作用密不可分[2],山萘酚抑制一氧化氮生成,下調(diào)炎癥反應(yīng)中iNOS(Inducible nitric oxide synthase)、TNF-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α)、NF-κB(Nuclear factor-κB)、STAT-1(Signal transducer and activator of transcription-1)等因子的表達(dá)[10]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),山萘酚通過激活前凋亡因子、抗腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和生長等作用,能夠誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡并降低各種癌癥如肺癌、大腸癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌和胰腺癌等的發(fā)病率[11~15]。美國貝勒大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院在對(duì)胰腺癌細(xì)胞系MIA PaCa-2和Panc-1的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),以70 μmol·L-1山萘酚劑量作用4 d,癌細(xì)胞增殖分別被抑制了79%和45.7%。相比抗癌藥物氟尿嘧啶(Fluorouracil),山萘酚的細(xì)胞毒性更低,并表現(xiàn)出明顯的抑制胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡的作用,提示山萘酚具有降低胰腺癌發(fā)病率的功效[15]。其潛在的作用機(jī)理為提高癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)部氧化壓力、促使DNA降解[16]以及降低癌細(xì)胞對(duì)抗癌藥物的抗性從而有助于降低癌癥發(fā)病率[17]。此外,大量的研究證明,山萘酚和槲皮素協(xié)同作用較單一藥物具有更為顯著的抗癌療效[18]。
近年來研究表明,山萘酚具有降解脂肪和加快機(jī)體新陳代謝速率的作用。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,山萘酚能誘導(dǎo)T3甲狀腺激素(Thyroid hormone)合成和增加cAMP生成從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞能量消耗和提高細(xì)胞基礎(chǔ)代謝率[19];體內(nèi)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,攝入山萘酚能夠抑制肥胖[20]。此外,飲食中攝入適量山萘酚有助于維持健康血壓水平和降低心血管疾病發(fā)病率。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Ⅱ型血管緊縮素(Angiotensin)為一種促血管收縮因子,大量存在不利于心血管健康,而山萘酚可抑制I型血管緊縮素向Ⅱ型血管緊縮素的轉(zhuǎn)變,說明該化合物有利于新型心血管藥物——ACE抑制劑的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用[21]。
另有實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,山萘酚在糖尿病動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)出較好的降血糖、增加葡萄糖攝入、仿胰島素、刺激肌糖原合成等功能[22],以及使3T3-L1脂肪細(xì)胞失去脂肪新生活性[23],其作用靶點(diǎn)腺苷酸激酶(AMPK)成為近年來研究的熱點(diǎn)[24]。
綜上所述,體外和體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究顯示,黃酮醇山萘酚具有促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞凋亡、抵抗細(xì)胞毒性、抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖[25]、保護(hù)細(xì)胞免受氧化壓力損傷[5]等功能。山萘酚的細(xì)胞保護(hù)功能可能與其調(diào)節(jié)一些關(guān)鍵的影響細(xì)胞活性和增殖的信號(hào)蛋白有關(guān),如cAMP[26]、Akt激酶[27]、抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2[28]、凋亡信號(hào)蛋白Caspase-3[29]等。
隨著對(duì)山萘酚的特征及其作用機(jī)理的深入研究,逐步發(fā)現(xiàn)山萘酚在預(yù)防動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和糖尿病、抗衰老、抗微生物感染等方面具有特殊功效[1]。隨著科學(xué)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,山萘酚的藥理毒性及其對(duì)生物有機(jī)體的作用機(jī)理將被完全闡明,并最終正確有效地服務(wù)人類和社會(huì)。
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