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態(tài)度隱喻

2011-08-15 00:54:45劉飛飛
關(guān)鍵詞:美洲獅連接性隱喻

劉飛飛

(山東大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,濟(jì)南 250100)

態(tài)度隱喻

劉飛飛

(山東大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院,濟(jì)南 250100)

評(píng)價(jià)理論是系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)的新發(fā)展,包括態(tài)度、介入、級(jí)差三個(gè)子系統(tǒng)。本文以態(tài)度子系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ),從詞匯隱喻、上下文語(yǔ)境、連接性附加語(yǔ)三方面討論了態(tài)度的間接實(shí)現(xiàn)方式——態(tài)度隱喻。態(tài)度隱喻關(guān)注在某種句式或上下文語(yǔ)境中,概念意義和語(yǔ)篇意義表達(dá)態(tài)度的功能,不涉及詞匯語(yǔ)法層內(nèi)部的跨范疇映射。

評(píng)價(jià)理論;態(tài)度;隱喻;態(tài)度隱喻

引言

隱喻作為一種修辭手段,歷來是修辭學(xué)界研究的重點(diǎn)。古希臘哲學(xué)家亞里士多德強(qiáng)調(diào)隱喻在詩(shī)歌創(chuàng)作以及在修辭學(xué)中的重要作用,從詞匯層面研究隱喻現(xiàn)象。隨著認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)的興起,隱喻研究發(fā)生了根本性變化。認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為,隱喻不僅是一種修辭手段,也是人們認(rèn)識(shí)世界的思維方式,人們賴以思維和行動(dòng)的一般概念系統(tǒng),從根本上講都是隱喻的(Lakoff George and Mark Johnson,1980)。以韓禮德為代表的系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)家研究隱喻在詞匯語(yǔ)法層的表現(xiàn)形式。語(yǔ)法隱喻指不同語(yǔ)法功能的詞組之間、詞組與小句之間、詞組與復(fù)句之間或小句與復(fù)句之間的級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)移。

馬丁和懷特(Martin,J.R.and White,2005)討論了用態(tài)度詞(attitudinal lexis)體現(xiàn)態(tài)度意義,并將這種形式稱為銘刻的態(tài)度(inscribed attitude),本文稱為態(tài)度一致式。他們指出,“即使沒有態(tài)度詞,無法直接感知,僅僅選擇概念意義也可以引發(fā)評(píng)價(jià)?!?Martin,J.R.and White,2005:62)并將這種評(píng)價(jià)稱為引發(fā)的態(tài)度。本文把通過概念意義和語(yǔ)篇意義引發(fā)的評(píng)價(jià)稱為態(tài)度隱喻。馬偉林(2009)在其博士論文中,把這種現(xiàn)象稱為隱性評(píng)價(jià)。

態(tài)度隱喻指沒有態(tài)度詞的情況下,評(píng)價(jià)主體根據(jù)一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)人類行為、文本/過程及現(xiàn)象做出的情感反應(yīng)和評(píng)判。態(tài)度隱喻不同于語(yǔ)法隱喻,它是由概念意義或者語(yǔ)篇意義引發(fā)的,不涉及各個(gè)語(yǔ)法域之間的跨范疇映射。

本文從詞匯隱喻、上下文語(yǔ)境、連接性附加語(yǔ)三方面討論態(tài)度隱喻在語(yǔ)篇中的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式。

1 詞匯隱喻

詞匯隱喻本身作為一種隱喻現(xiàn)象,在語(yǔ)篇中可以激發(fā)一種態(tài)度,是態(tài)度隱喻的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式之一。

(1)And how they fenced us in like sheep.

(Martin,J.R.and White,2005:65)

例(1)中,“they”指“當(dāng)權(quán)者”,“us”指“普通群眾”。單從詞匯方面看,作者并沒有明確指出當(dāng)權(quán)者對(duì)群眾的態(tài)度以及群眾對(duì)當(dāng)權(quán)者的態(tài)度。通過語(yǔ)義分析,“羊群(sheep)”指代“普通群眾(us)”,把“普通群眾”比作“羊群”暗示了他們有許多相似點(diǎn)?!鞍盐覀兿裱蛞粯訃?fenced)起來”(fenced us like sheep)說明“當(dāng)權(quán)者”把“群眾”作為“交易的商品,貨物”,并非把他們作為獨(dú)立的、自由的個(gè)體,從而體現(xiàn)了當(dāng)權(quán)者慘不人道,普通群眾孤苦無助的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。對(duì)當(dāng)權(quán)者的憎恨,以及對(duì)普通群眾的同情便躍然紙上。

(2)There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.Reward or punishment are meted out quite independence of human interference.At such times,justice acts like a living force.When we use a phrase like‘it serves him right’,we are,in part,admitting that a certain set of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord.

(亞歷山大(Alexander,L.G.),何其莘,2007)

例(2)中,“justice”指無生命的抽象概念,其含義本身沒有感情色彩?!發(fā)iving force”指“有生命的力量”,本身也沒有情感意義。把“justice”比作“l(fā)iving force”,把“無生命的”和“有生命的”放在一起,暗示了兩者具有某些相似點(diǎn),具有可比性,這樣便給“justice”賦予了活力、生命力。無生命的“justice”變成有生命的“l(fā)iving force”,主動(dòng)行使其職責(zé),預(yù)設(shè)了對(duì)“justice”的肯定和贊揚(yáng)。上文中“ceases to be an abstract concept”,“independence of human interference”以及“act of its own accord”都增強(qiáng)了這一態(tài)度意義。

2 上下文語(yǔ)境

評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)屬于人際元功能,人際意義在語(yǔ)篇中呈韻律狀分布。苗興偉和廖美珍(2007)探討了隱喻在語(yǔ)篇形成過程中的建構(gòu)功能,將隱喻研究由詞、句子提高到語(yǔ)篇層面。隱喻是組織和建構(gòu)語(yǔ)篇的重要手段,發(fā)揮積極作用。另一方面,語(yǔ)篇中沒有態(tài)度詞,只分析情感意義在語(yǔ)篇中的韻律狀發(fā)展,也可以激發(fā)態(tài)度意義,實(shí)現(xiàn)態(tài)度隱喻。

Both European and Aboriginal residents of Yuendumu took considerable pleasure and pride in the achievement1.Visitors to the community were equally enthusiastic,and word about these remarkable paintings began to spread.My own response was to see this accomplishment as a major one for contemporary international art as well as an achievement2in indigenous culture.For me,these doors seemed to strike a chord with issues and images that were being negotiated in the art galleries of Sydney,Paris and New York.

(ichaels 1987:135,轉(zhuǎn)自 Martin,J.R.and White,2005:65)

上例中,不考慮上下文語(yǔ)境因素,achievement,accomplishment是非態(tài)度詞?!癮chievement”1僅僅是動(dòng)詞“achieve”的名詞化形式,沒有任何態(tài)度意義。通過語(yǔ)義分析,remarkable,major等態(tài)度詞確定了文章的感情基調(diào),是一種積極的評(píng)價(jià)。所以,achievement2不僅僅是一種名詞化形式,它指通過努力實(shí)現(xiàn)的一種結(jié)果,是對(duì)努力過程的肯定,是一種積極的評(píng)價(jià),因此具有態(tài)度意義。

(3)When reports came into London Zoo that a wild1puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously.……It immediately ran away when she saw it,and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.……Whenever it went,it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.……Several people complained of‘cat-like noises’at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree.……As no puma had been reported missing from any zoo in the country,this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.The hunt went on for several weeks,but the puma was not caught.It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild2animal is still at large in the quite countryside.

(亞歷山大(Alexander,L.G.),何其莘,2007)

例(3)中,wild出現(xiàn)了兩次,但態(tài)度意義不同。“wild1”起限定作用,指文中談到的美洲獅是在野外發(fā)現(xiàn)的,并沒有涉及到該美洲獅是野生的,還是從動(dòng)物園或私人家庭中逃出來的。“It immediately ran away when she saw it,and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.”中,“it”指談到的美洲獅,該句預(yù)設(shè)了“It(The puma) will attack a human being if it(the puma)is cornered.”,說明美洲獅是危險(xiǎn)的?!癷t left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.”,“‘cat-like noises’at night”,“dangerous”都增強(qiáng)了該語(yǔ)義內(nèi)涵。“As no puma had been reported missing from any zoo in the country,this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.”指出,該美洲獅并非動(dòng)物園所有,高值情態(tài)詞“must”僅僅表明美洲獅來自個(gè)體收藏者的可能性很大,但并不確定。所以,“wild2”不僅起限定作用,也帶有態(tài)度意義,對(duì)美洲獅進(jìn)行否定評(píng)價(jià),其后用普通名詞“animal”泛指,而不再用“puma”特指在野外發(fā)現(xiàn)的這一生物,增強(qiáng)了該否定意義。

例(3)中,wild詞性并沒有變化,不涉及跨范疇映射,但其上下文語(yǔ)境不同,所以態(tài)度意義發(fā)生了變化。通過上下文語(yǔ)境引發(fā)了對(duì)美洲獅的否定評(píng)價(jià)。

(4)Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature painting1at the bottom of the packing case.As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting2he knew well,he decided to buy it.Glancing at it briefly,the dealer told him that it was worth£50.Frank could hardly conceal his excitement,for he knew that he had made a real discovery.The tiny painting3proved to be an unknown masterpiece by Correggio and was worth hundreds of thousands of pounds.

(亞歷山大(Alexander,L.G.),何其莘,2007)

上例中,“painting1”指貨箱中的畫,作者,F(xiàn)rank以及 dealer都沒有對(duì)畫的好壞做出任何評(píng)價(jià)。“painting2”指的是Frank熟悉的意大利畫,并非眼前的這張畫,F(xiàn)rank對(duì)“painting2”有自己的評(píng)價(jià):一副有名的畫?!皃ainting3”與“painting1”的所指相同,但態(tài)度意義不同。“painting3”是柯勒喬(Correggio)未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的杰作,價(jià)值幾十萬(wàn)英鎊,讀者,F(xiàn)rank對(duì)此作出肯定評(píng)價(jià)。例(4)以“painting2”為支點(diǎn),借助態(tài)度詞excitement,real discovery,使“painting1”和“painting3”有明顯的情感過渡,態(tài)度成分逐漸增加。除此之外,文化語(yǔ)境也增強(qiáng)了該態(tài)度意義。評(píng)價(jià)者只有了解柯勒喬是有名的畫家,其作品非常有名之后,才會(huì)對(duì)“painting3”做出肯定評(píng)價(jià)。如若柯勒喬是一名普通畫家,或者讀者,F(xiàn)rank不知道柯勒喬是誰(shuí)的話,態(tài)度意義便不同了。

3 連接性附加語(yǔ)

連接性附加語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇功能,與其他語(yǔ)篇成分形成一種語(yǔ)境化關(guān)系。有些連接性附加語(yǔ),如however,though,even though,although,but等,表示與通常的期待相反,用一個(gè)命題取代或反對(duì)另一個(gè)有可能在此地出現(xiàn)的命題,這便蘊(yùn)含了一種情感成分。

(5)This is another book by an American who writes about the pleasures and pains of owning a house in France.Barry,however,is something of an exception because,unlike other authors in this genre,she does not actually live in her house in France.

(Martin,J.R.and White,2005:66)由第一句可知,該書作者描述了在法國(guó)擁有房子的快樂和煩惱。第二句的主位成分Barry是舊信息,她正是該書的作者,按照語(yǔ)篇發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律,述位成分應(yīng)該是對(duì)她的一般陳述。但是,“however”預(yù)設(shè)了述位提供的語(yǔ)義信息與上句的語(yǔ)義內(nèi)涵不同,即使述位部分沒有態(tài)度詞,也可以通過上句的情感意義推測(cè)述位要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。Barry在她的書中并沒有描寫在法國(guó)擁有房子的快樂和煩惱,與其他同類作品不同,她是個(gè)特例,暗含了評(píng)論家對(duì)她的否定評(píng)價(jià)。

(6)Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair,he readily accepted the£5 I gave him.I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain——until I got back to the ship.No matter how hard I tried,it was impossible to fill his beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!

(亞歷山大(Alexander,L.G.),何其莘,2007)

由“he kept throwing up his arms in despair”可知,讀者并不滿意我給的價(jià)格,但是迫于要出售自己的商品,所以不得不低價(jià)賣給我,由此可以猜測(cè)出賣者在收下我付的錢時(shí),應(yīng)該是不情愿地或者一直在抱怨。但是,下文中指出“he readily accepted the£5 I gave him”,與通常的期待相反。事實(shí)上,賣者是很高興能以5英鎊賣給我這支筆的,所以賣者并非真的不情愿,而是有點(diǎn)滿意、高興。這種真實(shí)情感并非由態(tài)度詞體現(xiàn),而是通過“though”實(shí)現(xiàn)概念意義的轉(zhuǎn)變。所以,語(yǔ)篇意義引發(fā)了評(píng)價(jià)。

“No matter how hard I tried,it was impossible to fill his beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!”表明這支筆是贗品,根本就沒法用,不值5英鎊,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了賣者當(dāng)時(shí)的滿意之情。

結(jié)論

本文結(jié)合評(píng)價(jià)理論,討論了態(tài)度的間接實(shí)現(xiàn)方式——態(tài)度隱喻。通過態(tài)度詞體現(xiàn)態(tài)度意義是一致式;沒有態(tài)度詞,評(píng)價(jià)主體根據(jù)一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)人類行為、文本/過程及現(xiàn)象作出的情感反應(yīng)和評(píng)判稱為態(tài)度隱喻。態(tài)度隱喻不涉及各個(gè)語(yǔ)法域之間的跨范疇映射,它主要強(qiáng)調(diào)根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境對(duì)意義的不同解讀,以及態(tài)度意義的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展。在語(yǔ)篇中,態(tài)度隱喻主要是通過詞匯隱喻、上下文語(yǔ)境、連接性附加語(yǔ)等方式實(shí)現(xiàn)。

[1]Halliday,M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Arnold,2004.

[2]Lakoff George&Mark Johnson.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1980.

[3]Martin,J.R.&White,P.R.R.The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2005.

[4]Ungerer,F(xiàn).&Schmid,H.J.An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2001.

[5]胡壯麟,朱永生,張德祿,李戰(zhàn)子.系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論[M].北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2008.

[6]馬偉林.隱性評(píng)價(jià)與顯性評(píng)價(jià):語(yǔ)篇功能的評(píng)價(jià)研究[D].上海:復(fù)旦大學(xué)博士論文,2009.

[7]束定芳.隱喻學(xué)研究[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2000.

(責(zé)任編輯:王法昌)

Attitudinal Metaphor

LIU Fei-fei
(School of Foreign Languages,Shandong University,Ji’nan 250111)

Appraisal System is the new development of Systemic Functional Linguistics.It includes three subsystems:attitude,engagement and graduation.This article talks about the indirect realization of attitude—Attitudinal Metaphor—from three aspects:lexical metaphor,co-text and conjunctive adjuncts.Attitudinal Metaphor concerns the attitudinal orientation expressed by Ideational meaning and Textual meaning.

appraisal System;Attitude;metaphor;attitudinal metaphor

2011-07-25

劉飛飛(1986-),女,山東鄒平人,山東大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院2009級(jí)碩士研究生。

H314 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-2080(2011)05-0086-04

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