金荒漠 郭向陽(yáng)
北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院麻醉科
安全、便捷、有效和快速的醫(yī)療工作是現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的核心內(nèi)容,麻醉科的許多臨床工作針對(duì)的是病人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和心血管系統(tǒng),怎樣在高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的醫(yī)療模式下保證醫(yī)療質(zhì)量,是擺在麻醉學(xué)從業(yè)人員面前的嚴(yán)峻問(wèn)題。目前,以超聲技術(shù)為代表的諸多可視化技術(shù)使麻醉學(xué)科逐漸擺脫了“盲目”操作的時(shí)代,進(jìn)入到可視化操作的新紀(jì)元。
超聲技術(shù)是近年來(lái)發(fā)展最快、認(rèn)可度最高的可視化技術(shù)。它對(duì)醫(yī)療效率和醫(yī)療質(zhì)量的提高起到了極大的推動(dòng)作用,改善了臨床麻醉操作的水平,將麻醉學(xué)帶入了一個(gè)嶄新的時(shí)代。麻醉超聲技術(shù)包括超聲引導(dǎo)神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)、經(jīng)食道超聲心動(dòng)圖技術(shù)(TEE)、經(jīng)顱多普勒技術(shù)、以及超聲引導(dǎo)下的動(dòng)靜脈穿刺等等。其中超聲引導(dǎo)周圍神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)近年來(lái)以令人驚訝的速度得到了人們的認(rèn)可,值得我們?cè)谙旅孢M(jìn)一步闡述。
周圍神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)自發(fā)明以來(lái)已經(jīng)有多種輔助方法,如超聲引導(dǎo)[1]、透視引導(dǎo)[2]、神經(jīng)刺激[3]和筋膜突破音[4]等,從最初的尋找異感法,到神經(jīng)刺激器的廣泛使用,再到超聲引導(dǎo)輔助神經(jīng)刺激器,周圍神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)的安全性和有效性經(jīng)歷了逐步提高的發(fā)展過(guò)程。近年來(lái)有多項(xiàng)研究對(duì)神經(jīng)刺激器或超聲引導(dǎo)技術(shù)進(jìn)行了比較,有證據(jù)顯示,單純通過(guò)神經(jīng)刺激方法引導(dǎo)置管對(duì)改善下肢的鎮(zhèn)痛效果作用很小[5-6]。根據(jù)北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院麻醉科最新的一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)臨床研究[7],對(duì)于單次和持續(xù)股神經(jīng)阻滯,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用神經(jīng)刺激器和超聲引導(dǎo)技術(shù)比單獨(dú)使用神經(jīng)刺激器成功率更高[(63.3% vs.38.3%),P=0.010],耗時(shí)更短[9.0(6.0~22.8 min)vs.13.5 (6.0~35.9 min),P=0.024],同時(shí)病人的滿意率更高。Thomas等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于肌腱溝法臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,單純使用超聲引導(dǎo)技術(shù)置管比神經(jīng)刺激器引導(dǎo)耗時(shí)更短[(4.3 ± 1.5)min vs.(10 ± 1.5)min,P=0.009],麻醉起效更快[(12 ± 2)min vs.(19 ± 2)min,P=0.02]。Bendtsen等[9]對(duì)坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯的前瞻性研究也證實(shí)了這一結(jié)論,即超聲引導(dǎo)下置管進(jìn)行連續(xù)坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯的成功率更高(94% vs.79%,P=0.03),進(jìn)針深度更小(1 cm[1~6]vs.2 cm[1~10],P=0.0005),患者阿片類藥物使用劑量更小 [18 mg (0~159 mg)vs.34 mg(0~152 mg),P=0.02]。此外,McNaught等[10]研究認(rèn)為,使用超聲引導(dǎo)神經(jīng)阻滯達(dá)到有效鎮(zhèn)痛所需最低局麻藥容量比神經(jīng)刺激器引導(dǎo)法顯著減小[0.9 ml(0.3~2.8 ml) vs.5.4 ml (3.4~8.6 ml),P=0.034]。
以上研究結(jié)論對(duì)于快速周轉(zhuǎn)的臨床麻醉工作尤其是日間手術(shù)麻醉具有重要的參考價(jià)值。超聲引導(dǎo)下神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)公認(rèn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)有如下幾個(gè)方面:(1)能夠直觀地觀察到神經(jīng)、周圍組織以及藥物的擴(kuò)散。這是超聲技術(shù)最主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[11]。(2)發(fā)現(xiàn)局部解剖變異(圖1、2),有效避免阻滯失??;(3)減少局麻藥用量[12-14],降低藥物不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率;(4)改善阻滯效果,使局麻起效更快[15-18],持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)[15-16,19]。(5)減少操作時(shí)病人的痛苦,提高病人滿意度[20]。本文將對(duì)近年來(lái)超聲引導(dǎo)下局部麻醉技術(shù)相關(guān)研究的進(jìn)展進(jìn)行回顧和總結(jié),并展望該技術(shù)未來(lái)的發(fā)展。
圖1 C5神經(jīng)根位于前斜角肌內(nèi) (ASM前斜角肌)
圖2 C5神經(jīng)根位于斜角肌間溝外(SCM 胸鎖乳突?。?/p>
上肢以及肩部的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)雖然復(fù)雜,但由于其位置表淺,比較容易觀察到清晰的超聲圖像,非常適合應(yīng)用超聲技術(shù)進(jìn)行神經(jīng)阻滯操作。目前上肢神經(jīng)阻滯主要有以下幾種。
2.1.1 肌間溝入路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯
Van Geffen等[21]最近研究了肌間溝的后路入路法。該方法使得進(jìn)針點(diǎn)和手術(shù)操作區(qū)距離更遠(yuǎn),減少了對(duì)手術(shù)區(qū)域的干擾,同時(shí)可以避免導(dǎo)管的移動(dòng),使肌間溝持續(xù)阻滯技術(shù)更加可行。然而該方法也有其明顯的不足之處:首先,穿刺針需要在頸部組織中行進(jìn)較長(zhǎng)的距離才能到達(dá)神經(jīng)周圍,使得病人的痛苦相對(duì)增加;其次,穿刺針需要穿過(guò)中斜角肌,可能使該肌肉中的胸長(zhǎng)神經(jīng)和肩胛背神經(jīng)受損;再次,由于較長(zhǎng)的進(jìn)針距離,使得平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針?lè)〞r(shí)保持針體始終可見(jiàn)變得較為困難,這大大增加了穿刺針誤入頸椎椎管內(nèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。考慮到以上不足,傳統(tǒng)的肌間溝穿刺點(diǎn)和平面外進(jìn)針?lè)╗22]可能更加安全。該方法進(jìn)針距離短,放置探頭的位置神經(jīng)表淺易于觀察,阻滯效果也令人滿意(圖3)。對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)平面外進(jìn)針?lè)ú灰子谟^察針尖位置的弊端,可以通過(guò)減慢進(jìn)針?biāo)俣?,觀察周圍組織移動(dòng)來(lái)給予解決。此外,平面外肌間溝入路中導(dǎo)管的行進(jìn)方向與神經(jīng)平行,更容易放置到位,從而達(dá)到較好的阻滯效果。
2.1.2 鎖骨上入路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯
圖3 傳統(tǒng)肌間溝入路觀察到的C5-C7神經(jīng)根和胸鎖乳突肌(SCM)
自從超聲技術(shù)應(yīng)用于臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,以前已經(jīng)很少使用的鎖骨上入路越來(lái)越多的被重新采用,并且在近年有取代鎖骨下入路的趨勢(shì)。鎖骨上超聲圖像可以清晰的顯示臂叢神經(jīng)及其周圍的組織結(jié)構(gòu),如鎖骨,第一肋骨,鎖骨下動(dòng)脈以及胸膜頂?shù)鹊龋▓D4)。該入路既可以使用平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針也可以使用平面外進(jìn)針?lè)ǎ谴蠖嗯R床醫(yī)生推薦平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針?lè)?,因?yàn)樵摲椒梢越档驼`穿胸膜或動(dòng)脈的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。關(guān)于注藥部位,近年提出了“Corner Pocket”這一概念?!癈orner Pocket”是由第一肋、鎖骨下動(dòng)脈和臂叢神經(jīng)圍繞的間隙,該處被認(rèn)為是給藥的最佳部位[23]。Duggan等[24]對(duì)鎖骨上入路單點(diǎn)給藥的劑量進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)論認(rèn)為該部位最低有效劑量為23 ml(2%利多卡因和0.5%布比卡因混合液),95%有效劑量為42 ml。這一給藥容量要高于肌溝入路,原因可能在于該部位神經(jīng)周圍組織較多,腔隙較大[25]。Fredrickson等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鎖骨上入路單點(diǎn)阻滯的效果差于鎖骨下入路三點(diǎn)環(huán)繞阻滯,使用單點(diǎn)“Corner Pocket”阻滯的失敗率較高。Marhofer等[27]認(rèn)為只有肩部和肘部之間的手術(shù)操作適合使用鎖骨上阻滯法,而前臂和手部手術(shù)使用腋路和鎖骨下入路更為有效,原因在于后兩種方法可以更好的阻滯尺神經(jīng)、正中神經(jīng)和肌皮神經(jīng)。
圖4 鎖骨上入路超聲圖像,NT 針尖, SCA 鎖骨下動(dòng)脈,灰色箭頭指示神經(jīng)位置
圖5 腋路超聲顯像,MN 正中神經(jīng),UN 尺神經(jīng),MCN 肌皮神經(jīng)(位于肱二頭肌短頭和喙肱肌之間),AA 腋動(dòng)脈
2.1.3 腋路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯
超聲技術(shù)使腋路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的效果也發(fā)生了革命性的改善。近年,腋部臂叢神經(jīng)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的個(gè)體差異性越來(lái)越得到重視[28],識(shí)別局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)變異可以顯著提高阻滯的成功率?,F(xiàn)在的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為腋路的4根神經(jīng)(正中神經(jīng)、尺神經(jīng)、橈神經(jīng)和肌皮神經(jīng))單獨(dú)包繞在各自的組織腔隙中,所以應(yīng)該分別對(duì)每根神經(jīng)進(jìn)行阻滯以達(dá)到滿意的麻醉效果(耐受手術(shù)和止血帶刺激)[29]。超聲顯像中,尺神經(jīng)、正中神經(jīng)和肌皮神經(jīng)均比較容易鑒別,而最難辨認(rèn)的是橈神經(jīng)(圖5)。橈神經(jīng)在該部位與肱動(dòng)脈位置非常近,如果不能給予有效的阻滯就可能影響麻醉效果[30]。Moayeri等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)橈神經(jīng)一般位于肱動(dòng)脈周圍4點(diǎn)鐘和6點(diǎn)鐘位置,且相對(duì)固定??梢允褂猛ㄟ^(guò)注入少量液體使神經(jīng)和動(dòng)脈分離的方法提高超聲下橈神經(jīng)的識(shí)別率。腋路阻滯既可以使用平面內(nèi)也可以使用平面外進(jìn)針?lè)ǎ矫鎯?nèi)法更為安全,可以有效避免誤入血管和神經(jīng)損傷。近年也有平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針?lè)ㄕ`入靜脈的報(bào)道,原因可能是注藥時(shí)超聲探頭按壓過(guò)緊致使靜脈塌陷,以至于靜脈不能顯像,應(yīng)注意予以避免。
與上肢相比,下肢的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,但由于包繞神經(jīng)干的肌肉和脂肪組織較豐富,使得超聲技術(shù)在下肢神經(jīng)阻滯中的應(yīng)用仍面臨著諸多挑戰(zhàn)。
2.2.1 腰大肌間隙阻滯
腰大肌間隙阻滯是最早應(yīng)用于臨床的下肢神經(jīng)阻滯方法。腰大肌間隙單點(diǎn)給藥即可以同時(shí)對(duì)股神經(jīng)、閉孔神經(jīng)和股外側(cè)皮神經(jīng)進(jìn)行阻滯。傳統(tǒng)方法是在L3-5水平放置探頭觀察腰大肌的橫切面,在該部位腰叢可以顯像。通常需要神經(jīng)刺激器和超聲聯(lián)合使用以保證麻醉效果。最近Karmakar等[32]對(duì)超聲引導(dǎo)腰大肌間隙阻滯的方法進(jìn)行了改良,作者將探頭縱向放置(與脊柱平行)觀察腰大肌間隙,使用平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針?lè)ㄏ蝾^側(cè)方向進(jìn)針給藥。腰大肌間隙阻滯主要的缺點(diǎn)是給藥量大,如吸收過(guò)快或誤入椎旁血管可能導(dǎo)致顯著的中毒反應(yīng),此外雙側(cè)阻滯也是比較值得重視的臨床并發(fā)癥。目前認(rèn)為腰大肌間隙阻滯的臨床價(jià)值有待商榷,即使在臨床中使用也應(yīng)由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的操作者進(jìn)行。
2.2.2 股神經(jīng)阻滯
股神經(jīng)阻滯中比較常用的是平面外進(jìn)針?lè)?。該方法進(jìn)針距離短,針體與神經(jīng)平行,置管較容易(圖6)。此外,Niazi等[33]最近也對(duì)平面內(nèi)進(jìn)針?lè)ü缮窠?jīng)阻滯進(jìn)行了研究。在某些情況下,股神經(jīng)顯像困難,也可使用髂筋膜阻滯進(jìn)行替代。Dolan等[34]研究認(rèn)為超聲引導(dǎo)下髂筋膜阻滯比傳統(tǒng)的突破感法更具優(yōu)勢(shì),但需要更多的麻醉藥容量。目前多數(shù)觀點(diǎn)仍認(rèn)為小劑量局麻藥近神經(jīng)阻滯更加安全有效。
2.2.3 閉孔神經(jīng)阻滯
近年來(lái),針對(duì)閉孔神經(jīng)阻滯的研究成為了一個(gè)熱點(diǎn),這種方法可以應(yīng)用于泌尿外科內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)或者膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)中。研究證實(shí),閉孔神經(jīng)對(duì)大腿中部,膝關(guān)節(jié)以及髖關(guān)節(jié)均有神經(jīng)支配。Helayel等[35]使用平面外進(jìn)針?lè)▽?duì)閉孔神經(jīng)前支進(jìn)行阻滯,該研究共納入22名患者,超聲顯像下閉孔神經(jīng)前支是一個(gè)扁平的高回聲結(jié)構(gòu),位于恥骨肌、長(zhǎng)收肌和短收肌之間(圖7)。但是閉孔神經(jīng)在該水平的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜和多變,仍需進(jìn)行更多的研究加以證實(shí)。最近,Akkaya等[36]使用閉孔神經(jīng)分支前入路法,對(duì)髖關(guān)節(jié)痛、膝關(guān)節(jié)痛以及閉孔神經(jīng)痛的病人進(jìn)行了鎮(zhèn)痛治療的相關(guān)研究。
圖6 箭頭之間的股神經(jīng),F(xiàn)A 股動(dòng)脈,F(xiàn)V 股靜脈
圖7 ON 閉孔神經(jīng),PM 恥骨肌,LAM 長(zhǎng)收肌,SAM 短收肌
2.2.4 坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯
經(jīng)臀入路坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯聯(lián)合腰叢阻滯可以用于髖關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)的鎮(zhèn)痛,這對(duì)于有嚴(yán)重合并癥的老年患者尤其重要。坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯的進(jìn)針點(diǎn)理論上可以是神經(jīng)走行的任何部位,但是由于肌肉和脂肪組織的影響,在多數(shù)部位使用超聲定位并不容易。一般認(rèn)為臀下入路時(shí)超聲顯像最為清晰(圖8),可用于膝關(guān)節(jié)、血管和截肢手術(shù)。進(jìn)針點(diǎn)繼續(xù)下移則可以用于踝關(guān)節(jié)和足部的手術(shù)。
2.2.5 髂腹股溝神經(jīng)和髂腹下神經(jīng)阻滯
最近針對(duì)兒童和成人髂腹股溝神經(jīng)和髂腹下神經(jīng)阻滯的相關(guān)研究[37-38]顯示,超聲引導(dǎo)下神經(jīng)阻滯的成功率高于傳統(tǒng)的突破感法(96% vs.74%)。研究認(rèn)為,觀察髂腹股溝神經(jīng)和髂腹下神經(jīng)的最佳位置在髂前上嵴水平,神經(jīng)橫斷面位于腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌之間(圖9)。在另一篇報(bào)道中,作者進(jìn)一步研究了嬰幼兒最佳的給藥劑量,發(fā)現(xiàn)0.075 ml/kg即可以滿足臨床需要[39]。
圖8 SN 坐骨神經(jīng)
圖9 IIN&IHN 髂腹股溝神經(jīng)和髂腹下神經(jīng),IOAM 腹內(nèi)斜肌,TAM 腹橫肌,ASIS 髂前上嵴
最近腹橫肌平面(transverses abdominis plane,TAP)阻滯技術(shù)得到了較快的發(fā)展。該技術(shù)可以為很多腹部手術(shù)提供鎮(zhèn)痛[40-43]。TAP阻滯技術(shù)通過(guò)向腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫機(jī)間隙注入局麻藥,可以阻滯包括T7~T12肋間神經(jīng)、髂腹股溝神經(jīng)和髂腹下神經(jīng)、以及L1-3脊神經(jīng)后根的皮支。值得一提的是,目前已經(jīng)有將TAP技術(shù)應(yīng)用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)的報(bào)道[44]。在尸體上的研究表明,在髂嵴上部位注入染料后,染料的分布節(jié)段主要為T10~L1皮區(qū)[45]。最近多項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道了超聲引導(dǎo)下TAP阻滯技術(shù)在臨床中的應(yīng)用情況[46-48],通常給藥容量需達(dá)到30~40 ml以產(chǎn)生完善的阻滯作用。這可能導(dǎo)致過(guò)高的血漿局麻藥濃度,引起局麻藥中毒或全身的鎮(zhèn)痛作用。
對(duì)于腹部手術(shù)的鎮(zhèn)痛,TAP技術(shù)是一個(gè)新穎并且有效的技術(shù),但是關(guān)于TAP技術(shù)的安全性還需要進(jìn)一步的研究。目前仍缺乏TAP阻滯腹部鎮(zhèn)痛與硬膜外腹部鎮(zhèn)痛安全性和有效性的對(duì)照研究。
圖10 外周神經(jīng)橫斷面示意圖:神經(jīng)組織和結(jié)締組織,神經(jīng)束在結(jié)締組織中有一定的移動(dòng)度,針刺入時(shí)神經(jīng)束能主動(dòng)滑開(kāi)
由于超聲顯示硬膜外腔的能力較差,關(guān)于臨床中使用超聲引導(dǎo)進(jìn)行硬膜外麻醉是否可行還存在較大爭(zhēng)議。目前還沒(méi)有針對(duì)大樣本患者使用超聲引導(dǎo)進(jìn)行硬膜外穿刺或置管的研究。可以預(yù)見(jiàn),將超聲技術(shù)應(yīng)用于硬膜外麻醉還需要超聲設(shè)備和技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。
關(guān)于超聲引導(dǎo)下周圍神經(jīng)阻滯的安全性,目前研究多集中于超聲技術(shù)對(duì)神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)生率的影響。神經(jīng)損傷可以由穿刺針直接損傷神經(jīng)引起,也可由神經(jīng)內(nèi)注藥造成。雖然近年的一些動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究證明,穿刺針誤入神經(jīng)內(nèi)并不總是引起神經(jīng)損傷[49-50],也有研究認(rèn)為神經(jīng)內(nèi)注藥在大多情況下僅引起神經(jīng)組織性損傷而非功能性損傷[51], 但由于穿刺針直接損傷神經(jīng)或局麻藥注入后引起的毒性反應(yīng)以及缺血反應(yīng)后果嚴(yán)重,如何避免穿刺針誤入神經(jīng)仍是神經(jīng)阻滯操作中應(yīng)當(dāng)給予足夠重視的問(wèn)題[52]。關(guān)于穿刺針誤入神經(jīng)后未造成神經(jīng)損傷的原因,有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為是神經(jīng)束膜比神經(jīng)外膜起到了更好的保護(hù)作用[53-54]。由于神經(jīng)束膜更堅(jiān)韌,并且束膜與外膜間有大量的結(jié)締組織,使得神經(jīng)干有一定的活動(dòng)度,從而避免穿刺針誤入外膜后造成的神經(jīng)損傷[55-56](圖 10)。
圖11 左圖:圈內(nèi)為肌皮神經(jīng);中圖:神經(jīng)內(nèi)注藥后神經(jīng)擴(kuò)張;右圖:神經(jīng)外膜破裂,局麻藥流入周圍組織 (該患者術(shù)后未發(fā)生神經(jīng)功能損傷)
既往研究已經(jīng)證明,單純使用神經(jīng)刺激器并不能降低神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)生率,理論上超聲引導(dǎo)下周圍神經(jīng)阻滯可以更加直觀的顯示神經(jīng)和針尖的相對(duì)位置以及注藥后局部解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,能夠更好的避免神經(jīng)損傷(圖11)[57],但一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲引導(dǎo)神經(jīng)阻滯并不能有效避免神經(jīng)內(nèi)注射[58],也不能有效降低術(shù)后神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生率[59-60]。Barrington等[61]分析了8 000余例周圍神經(jīng)阻滯患者的數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)超聲引導(dǎo)、神經(jīng)刺激或兩者聯(lián)合使用對(duì)神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生率并無(wú)顯著影響,而且該調(diào)查得到的遠(yuǎn)期神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生率與十年前的相關(guān)報(bào)道并無(wú)顯著差異。
超聲觀察到神經(jīng)內(nèi)注藥后神經(jīng)擴(kuò)張并不能代表神經(jīng)會(huì)發(fā)生永久功能性損傷,而且保持針尖始終可見(jiàn)也比較困難[62],所以單純依靠超聲很難有效避免神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生。如何及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確地發(fā)現(xiàn)穿刺針誤入神經(jīng),仍是臨床上亟待解決的難題。有相當(dāng)多的研究試圖通過(guò)比較神經(jīng)刺激器閾值電流或穿刺針電阻的變化來(lái)判斷針尖和神經(jīng)的位置關(guān)系。Tsui等[63]對(duì)豬坐骨神經(jīng)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論在超聲引導(dǎo)下穿刺還是直接暴露神經(jīng),絕緣穿刺針位于神經(jīng)內(nèi)和神經(jīng)外時(shí)的電阻都有明顯差別,神經(jīng)外穿刺針的電阻小于神經(jīng)內(nèi)穿刺針,兩者的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。該結(jié)論提示可以通過(guò)使用神經(jīng)刺激器監(jiān)測(cè)針體電阻的情況來(lái)判斷針尖所在位置進(jìn)而避免神經(jīng)內(nèi)注藥。Bigeleisen等[64]通過(guò)一項(xiàng)前瞻性臨床試驗(yàn)研究了超聲引導(dǎo)下神經(jīng)內(nèi)電刺激和神經(jīng)外電刺激引發(fā)體動(dòng)反應(yīng)的閾值,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)刺激電流小于或等于0.2 mA時(shí)如能引出體動(dòng)反應(yīng),則提示穿刺針已經(jīng)誤入神經(jīng),而當(dāng)電流閾值位于0.2 mA~0.5 mA之間時(shí)則不能完全排除誤入神經(jīng)的情況。
目前認(rèn)為超聲引導(dǎo)下聯(lián)合使用神經(jīng)刺激器監(jiān)測(cè)體動(dòng)電流閾值和針體電阻的變化,或許是減少神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)生率的不錯(cuò)選擇。此外,警惕注藥時(shí)的高阻力[65-66]并在神經(jīng)阻滯操作時(shí)保持病人處于清醒狀態(tài)[67]也被認(rèn)為是避免神經(jīng)損傷的有效手段。超聲技術(shù)雖然使周圍神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)發(fā)生了“劃時(shí)代”的變化,但在安全性方面,仍需結(jié)合其他輔助技術(shù)和方法,才能有效減少神經(jīng)損傷的發(fā)生。
目前超聲引導(dǎo)下神經(jīng)阻滯技術(shù)已經(jīng)廣泛地應(yīng)用于臨床麻醉工作中,超聲設(shè)備的發(fā)展使得絕大多數(shù)的神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)都可以清晰地顯示。但是目前仍缺乏關(guān)于超聲引導(dǎo)下神經(jīng)阻滯的大樣本研究,關(guān)于其有效性和安全性的研究應(yīng)該是未來(lái)幾年的研究重點(diǎn)。可以相信,隨著相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究和臨床研究的不斷深入以及超聲設(shè)備的不斷完善,周圍神經(jīng)阻滯的有效性和安全性會(huì)不斷得到提高,成為日趨完美的醫(yī)療技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)藝術(shù)。
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