黃 君 , 陳 鈴
(1暨南大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院超聲診斷科, 廣東 廣州 510630;2廣東省中醫(yī)院超聲診斷科, 廣東 廣州 510120)
超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)冠心病診斷的特異性、敏感性和ROC曲線分析
黃 君1△, 陳 鈴2
(1暨南大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院超聲診斷科, 廣東 廣州 510630;2廣東省中醫(yī)院超聲診斷科, 廣東 廣州 510120)
目的對(duì)超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷冠心病的特異性、敏感性和ROC曲線進(jìn)行分析,評(píng)價(jià)其診斷價(jià)值。方法對(duì)114例臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為冠心病的患者進(jìn)行超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,觀察有無室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)異常及其部位,并測(cè)量左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑、左室收縮末期內(nèi)徑、二尖瓣舒張?jiān)缙诜逯盗魉?E)和舒張晚期峰值流速(A),計(jì)算E/A比值。上述患者進(jìn)行冠脈造影檢查,觀察3支冠狀動(dòng)脈有無病變、狹窄及狹窄程度,狹窄≥50%診斷為冠心病。結(jié)果114例中經(jīng)冠脈造影明確為冠心病患者96例。冠心病超聲心動(dòng)圖表現(xiàn)為:節(jié)段性室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱、消失或矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)。超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷冠心病的敏感性為79.2%,定位準(zhǔn)確率為75.0%。以左室室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分≥4為截點(diǎn),診斷冠心病的敏感性為82.2%,特異性為100%,ROC曲線下面積為0.95(0.89-0.98)。結(jié)論超聲心動(dòng)圖是診斷冠心病首選的無創(chuàng)性診斷方法。利用室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分診斷冠心病具有較高的特異性和敏感性。
冠狀動(dòng)脈疾??; 超聲心動(dòng)描記術(shù); ROC曲線
冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(coronary angiography,CAG)是目前診斷冠心病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但屬于有創(chuàng)性檢查,且價(jià)格昂貴、復(fù)雜。常規(guī)超聲心動(dòng)圖屬于無創(chuàng)操作,無明顯并發(fā)癥,且操作簡(jiǎn)便、易于掌握,適合包括基層醫(yī)院在內(nèi)的醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)廣泛推廣,目前已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于對(duì)大量可疑冠心病患者的篩查。但由于易受心臟條件、操作技巧、心律失常等因素的干擾[1,2],其仍有一定的誤差,給臨床醫(yī)生的診斷帶來一些誤區(qū)。室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)異常(regional ventricular wall motion abnormality,RWMA)是超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷冠心病的主要依據(jù)之一[3],尤其對(duì)于其并發(fā)癥的觀察和心功能的評(píng)估具有突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。本研究主要是利用超聲心動(dòng)圖觀察冠心病患者的超聲表現(xiàn),觀察與CAG結(jié)果的一致性;應(yīng)用ROC曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve)研究對(duì)超聲心動(dòng)圖冠心病診斷的敏感性和特異性,為冠心病的無創(chuàng)性診斷提供新的檢查手段。
1對(duì)象
選擇2008年9月-2010年4月之間,在ICU和心內(nèi)科住院的冠心病患者114例,年齡在(68.0±11.4)歲(43-88歲),所有患者都經(jīng)CAG檢查,根據(jù)造影結(jié)果進(jìn)行分組。正常組:CAG正常;病變組:冠狀動(dòng)脈≥50%為有意義的病變[4],并按照冠脈病變嚴(yán)重程度分為3個(gè)亞組:?jiǎn)沃Р∽兘M、雙支病變組和三支病變組。剔除合并嚴(yán)重高血壓(收縮壓gt;180 mmHg或舒張壓gt;110 mmHg)、先天性心臟病、心律失常和瓣膜性心臟病等病變。
2方法
2.1超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查 使用Philips IE33超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷系統(tǒng),探頭為S5-l(頻率2.5-3.5 MHz)。患者取左側(cè)臥位,采用胸骨旁左室長(zhǎng)軸、胸骨旁左室短軸、心尖四腔、心尖二腔切面。采用胸骨旁左室長(zhǎng)軸切面測(cè)量左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDD)和左室收縮末期內(nèi)徑(left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LVESD)和左房?jī)?nèi)徑(left atrium diameter,LAA),采用雙平面Simpson公式測(cè)量左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF)。采用心尖四腔切面測(cè)量二尖瓣口舒張?jiān)缙诜逯盗魉?early-diastolic peak flow velocity, E)和舒張晚期峰值流速(late-diastolic peak flow velocity, A),計(jì)算E/A比值。室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)分析采用美國(guó)超聲學(xué)會(huì)推薦的16節(jié)段分段法,正常運(yùn)動(dòng):1分,運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱:2分,無運(yùn)動(dòng):3分,矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng):4分。左室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分=左室各節(jié)段運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分總和[3]。
2.2CAG檢查 冠脈造影采用Judkins方法,在多個(gè)投影角度作選擇性冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,病變按左前降支、左回旋支和右冠狀動(dòng)脈3根計(jì)算,分別造影顯示右冠狀動(dòng)脈、左冠狀動(dòng)脈前降支及回旋支,觀察有無病變、狹窄及狹窄程度。
3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
1CAG結(jié)果
114例中經(jīng)CAG明確為冠心病患者96例(男66例,女30例),其中1支病變組36例,2支病變組34例,3支病變組26例。冠心病組中不穩(wěn)定性心絞痛20例,陳舊性心肌梗死22例,急性心肌梗死54例(非ST段抬高4例)。
2各組的超聲心動(dòng)圖各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)
結(jié)果見表1。
表1 各組超聲心動(dòng)圖指標(biāo)
3超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷冠心病的特異性和敏感性
超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷冠心病的敏感性為79.2%(76/96),特異性為55.6%,陽性預(yù)測(cè)值為90.5%,陰性預(yù)測(cè)值33.3%。超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)冠心病異常室壁定位準(zhǔn)確率為75.0%(72/96)。超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷合并有室壁瘤6例,與CAG的符合率為83.3%。心肌梗死組出現(xiàn)左室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)異常明顯高于心絞痛組(2=5.32,Plt;0.05)。超聲心動(dòng)圖檢測(cè)心肌缺血的敏感性隨病變支數(shù)的增加而增加,對(duì)非ST段抬高型心梗診斷率低。左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)與左室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分呈顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)(r=-0.81,Plt;0.05),見圖1。
4左室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分診斷冠心病的敏感性和特異性
左室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分以≥4分為截點(diǎn),診斷冠心病的敏感性為82.2%,特異性為100%,ROC曲線下面積為0.95(0.89-0.98),Plt;0.01,見圖2。
5超聲測(cè)量的左室功能與CAG的關(guān)系
結(jié)果見表2。
Figure 1. The correlation analysis of left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular wall motion score.
Figure 2. The sensitivity of left ventricular wall motion score diagnosing coronary heart disease.
表2 超聲測(cè)量左室功能與CAG的關(guān)系
室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)異常是心肌缺血出現(xiàn)最早的特征性表現(xiàn)[5]。當(dāng)急性心肌梗死時(shí),梗死節(jié)段室壁出現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)異常,表現(xiàn)為運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱、無運(yùn)動(dòng)或矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng),未受累節(jié)段代償性收縮增強(qiáng)。冠心病因心肌血流灌注異常可導(dǎo)致局部區(qū)域心室壁的舒縮和增厚功能的改變,但超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查一般在休息的情況下進(jìn)行,此時(shí)即使有嚴(yán)重的冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄,冠脈供血常能滿足心肌的需求而無特異改變。心肌梗死只要壞死的范圍不是特別小,在超聲心動(dòng)圖上總能表現(xiàn)出室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)異常。因此它對(duì)心肌梗死診斷的敏感性明顯高于對(duì)心絞痛診斷的敏感性,在本研究中也得到證實(shí);并且隨著病變血管數(shù)目增加,心肌缺血也更嚴(yán)重,出現(xiàn)室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)異常的機(jī)率越大,運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分也越高。
冠心病發(fā)生心肌缺血或梗死時(shí)同時(shí)存在舒張和收縮功能不全[6]。二尖瓣口E/A lt;1,提示存在左室舒張功能受損。在本研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),CAG(+)組引起的舒張功能受損明顯高于CAG(-)組,主要是因?yàn)楣跔顒?dòng)脈狹窄或閉塞,心肌缺血缺氧,導(dǎo)致心肌壞死、水腫和纖維化,引起心肌順應(yīng)性下降;同時(shí)由于心肌能量供應(yīng)不足,肌漿中ATP濃度降低,肌漿網(wǎng)攝鈣率減低,鈣離子復(fù)位異常,從而影響心肌的主動(dòng)舒張。并且,當(dāng)心肌缺血、梗死時(shí),由于冠脈血流突然中斷,局部心肌壞死或心肌頓抑均可導(dǎo)致左室收縮功能下降[7]。冠心病組的LVEF低于正常對(duì)照組,以3支病變最為明顯,LVEF與左室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分呈顯著的負(fù)相關(guān),表明左室壁節(jié)段性異常評(píng)分越高,左室收縮功能越低,受累的心肌范圍越大,受累的冠狀動(dòng)脈血管支數(shù)與狹窄程度越嚴(yán)重。
冠狀動(dòng)脈供血呈節(jié)段性分布,二維超聲心動(dòng)圖能提供清晰的圖像和詳細(xì)的心功能信息,超聲心動(dòng)圖通過室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)異常診斷冠心病的價(jià)值是肯定的。以左室室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分≥4分為截點(diǎn),診斷冠心病的敏感性為82.2%,特異性為100%,ROC曲線下面積為0.95(0.89-0.98),定位準(zhǔn)確率為75.0%(72/96),表明超聲心動(dòng)圖應(yīng)用室壁節(jié)段性運(yùn)動(dòng)異常來診斷冠心病有較高的敏感性和特異性。
綜上所述,超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)于冠心病的診斷、心功能的評(píng)估、冠脈病變的定位、冠心病術(shù)后隨訪、預(yù)后的評(píng)估等方面具有重要的價(jià)值。
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Sensitivity,specificityandROCcurveanalysisofechocardiographyfordiagnosisofcoronaryarterydisease
HUANG Jun1, CHEN Ling2
(1DepartmentofUltrasonicDiagnostics,FirstAffiliatedHospital,JinanUniversity,Guangzhou510630,China;2DepartmentofUltrasonicDiagnostics,GuangdongProvincialHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine,Guangzhou510120,China.E-mail:tzhuoyumin@126.com)
AIM: To analyze the sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease.METHODSOne hundred and fourteen subjects were selected according to the clinical diagnostic criteria of coronary artery disease and echocardiography was performed. The regional ventricular wall motion was observed, and the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction and the ratio of early-diastolic peak flow velocity to late-diastolic peak flow velocity were measured in all subjects. The coronary angiography was performed, and the final diagnosis of coronary artery disease was made when the degree of the coronary artery stenosis was ≥50%.RESULTSThe final diagnosis of coronary artery disease was confirmed by coronary angiography in 96 cases of the total 114 patients selected. Among them, attenuation, disappearance and paradoxical motion of the regional ventricular wall motion were observed, and a sensitivity of 79.2% and a positioning accuracy of 75.0% were achieved by echocardiography. The sensitivity was 82.2% and the specificity was 100% when the score of the regional left ventricular wall motion was divided into the cut-off point of ≥4, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.95 (0.89-0.98).CONCLUSIONEchocardiography is a preferred non-invasive method for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The score of regional ventricular wall motion has high specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
Coronary artery disease; Echocardiography; ROC curve
1000-4718(2011)04-0829-04
R541.4
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-4718.2011.04.041
2010-08-19
2011-03-28
△通訊作者 Tel:020-38688412;E-mail:tzhuoyumin@126.com