石建平,趙夢(mèng)華,陳海魚
現(xiàn)已明確發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)之后數(shù)周是再發(fā)靜脈血栓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn))最高的時(shí)段,以后隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而有所下降。再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以通過(guò)抗凝治療而得到預(yù)防,但治療過(guò)程中也可能發(fā)生嚴(yán)重或致命的出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。平衡出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是確定最佳抗凝持續(xù)時(shí)間的先決條件,即一旦出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)超過(guò)再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則需停用抗凝治療。在對(duì)患者進(jìn)行再發(fā)VTE的危險(xiǎn)分層時(shí),需識(shí)別出再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于嚴(yán)重或致命性出血患者及再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者。現(xiàn)已認(rèn)識(shí)到由外科手術(shù)、創(chuàng)傷、制動(dòng)、妊娠或服用女性激素激惹引起的VTE患者屬于再發(fā)低?;颊?,而其他患者則被分類為非激惹性(也稱原發(fā)性)VTE,每年再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)約為5% ~7%[1]。近年來(lái),新發(fā)現(xiàn)的再發(fā)VTE相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素在持續(xù)增加,下面將討論這些危險(xiǎn)因素對(duì)再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。
既往VTE治療研究表明,所有初次發(fā)作近端深靜脈血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)患者均有再發(fā),而遠(yuǎn)端DVT則無(wú)一例再發(fā)[2]。后逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到下肢遠(yuǎn)端或膝關(guān)節(jié)以下DVT再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低。上肢DVT患者的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)亦較低[3]。
目前尚不清楚肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)患者再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的發(fā)生率。奧地利再發(fā)靜脈血栓栓塞(AUREC)研究結(jié)果表明,有癥狀的PE患者比孤立的DVT患者再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高2.2倍(95%CI:1.3~3.7)[4]。一些研究也報(bào)告了 PE時(shí)再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高[5-6],但也有些研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為PE并不伴有再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高[7-8]。但PE再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加與初次事件就是PE的關(guān)系在各試驗(yàn)中的結(jié)論則是一致的[5-8]。約有60%的初次發(fā)作PE的患者將有再次發(fā)作的PE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
有多次VTE發(fā)作的患者再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高。一項(xiàng)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究表明,初次DVT后5年內(nèi)再發(fā)率是21.5%(95%CI:17.7% ~25.4%),而第二次 DVT后5年內(nèi)再發(fā)率是27.9%(95%CI:19.7% ~36.1%)[9]。干預(yù)研究的結(jié)果也表明多次靜脈血栓形成后再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增高[1]。但目前尚不清楚對(duì)多次激惹的VTE患者是否也存在再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。腔靜脈濾器可使再發(fā)DVT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加1.5倍,超過(guò)10%的患者在濾器部位可發(fā)現(xiàn)血栓形成[10]。
患者的性別也決定著再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的高低。AUREC研究首次證明男性比女性有更高的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[11]。一項(xiàng)薈萃分析表明男性再發(fā)VTE的相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是女性的1.6倍(95%CI:1.2~2.0)[12]。體重的增加和再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)似乎呈線性關(guān)系,并且也被回顧性和前瞻性研究加以證實(shí)。第一次發(fā)生VTE時(shí)的年齡對(duì)再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響的資料有限并存在爭(zhēng)議[9,13]。陽(yáng)性家族史可能表明存在已知或甚至未知的遺傳缺陷。然而,在僅有的一項(xiàng)研究中提示陽(yáng)性家族史并不能預(yù)測(cè)再發(fā)VTE[14]。
盡管給予抗凝治療,癌癥患者在急性VTE后第1年內(nèi)再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可增加3倍[15]。癌癥患者終止抗凝治療再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是相當(dāng)高的[7]。VTE在惡性腫瘤中的發(fā)病機(jī)理是多方面的,危險(xiǎn)因素譜相當(dāng)寬。目前尚不能確定哪些亞組癌癥患者具有較低或較高的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)移性癌癥和化療既增加初發(fā)VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),也可被視為再次發(fā)作的危險(xiǎn)因素[16]。
代謝綜合征增加發(fā)生VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的證據(jù)正在日益增多。除了肥胖,目前僅對(duì)脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。有一前瞻性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果表明,高密度脂蛋白和載脂蛋白A1水平高的患者具有較低再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。病例對(duì)照研究結(jié)果提示脂蛋白(a)水平 >300 mg/L,可使再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加2倍[18]。
在Leiden血栓形成傾向研究中,繼續(xù)服用口服避孕藥的VTE女性患者,再發(fā)VTE發(fā)生率明顯高于未繼續(xù)服用者[19]。持續(xù)激素替代治療亦增加再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20]。
從殘余靜脈血栓形成對(duì)再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響的研究中得到的結(jié)論是相互沖突的[1]。近期一項(xiàng)對(duì)照研究隨機(jī)將殘余靜脈血栓形成患者分入停用抗凝藥物組和繼續(xù)口服抗凝藥物組。在無(wú)殘余靜脈血栓形成患者中停用抗凝治療僅1例患者發(fā)生再發(fā)VTE。與無(wú)殘余靜脈血栓形成患者相比,那些有殘余靜脈血栓形成患者的校正后危險(xiǎn)比(HR)為24.9(95%CI:3.4~183.6,P=0.002)[21]。纖溶系統(tǒng)的缺陷對(duì)再發(fā) VTE 的影響較小。
抗凝血酶Ⅲ、蛋白C或蛋白S缺乏的患者估計(jì)的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要來(lái)自于回顧性分析??鼓涪笕狈λ坪躏L(fēng)險(xiǎn)最高。Leiden血栓形成傾向研究結(jié)果表明,天然抗凝抑制劑缺乏的患者再發(fā)VTE的危險(xiǎn)比是1.8%(95%CI:0.9~3.7)[19]。
抗磷脂抗體增加再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的證據(jù)較弱。許多研究屬于回顧性包括動(dòng)脈和靜脈血栓事件以及使用著不同的抗磷脂抗體的界定值。DURAC研究亞組分析結(jié)果表明,初發(fā)VTE同時(shí)伴有抗心磷脂抗體的患者再發(fā)VTE的發(fā)生率為29%,而無(wú)此抗體的患者再發(fā)率是14%(P<0.01)[22]。發(fā)生于VTE后的有抗磷脂抗體患者的再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)似乎低于發(fā)生于動(dòng)脈血栓形成后的有抗磷脂抗體患者。
有研究已發(fā)現(xiàn)Ⅷ因子含量升高與增加再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)性[23],但在另外的研究中則證明這種關(guān)聯(lián)性較弱或不存在此種關(guān)聯(lián)性[19]。增加的纖維蛋白原或Ⅸ因子可能增加再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[24]。
前瞻性隊(duì)列研究的結(jié)果表明高同型半胱氨酸血癥可使再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高1.5倍[19]。提示與同型半胱氨酸代謝相關(guān)的數(shù)種維生素可能有獨(dú)立的促凝血作用。在校正同型半胱氨酸后不受影響的情況下,低維生素B6水平可預(yù)測(cè)增加再發(fā)VTE 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。
較早的有關(guān)Leiden V因子(FVL)或Ⅱ因子G20210A突變的患者再發(fā)DVT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的結(jié)論互有沖突。近期的薈萃分析結(jié)果表明,雜合子FVL或Ⅱ因子G20210A再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比分別是1.39(95%CI:1.15~1.67)和1.20(95%CI:0.89~1.61)[26]。沒(méi)有純合子攜帶者突變和再發(fā)VTE風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資料。
多種危險(xiǎn)因素可增加VTE血栓形成危險(xiǎn),通過(guò)一些危險(xiǎn)因素的組合估算再發(fā)VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能是有用和有效的,但需隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)加以證實(shí)。
通過(guò)測(cè)定D-二聚體將患者分為高?;虻臀T侔l(fā)組已得到公認(rèn)。D-二聚體結(jié)果陰性患者有3.5%的年再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而D-二聚體結(jié)果陽(yáng)性者有8.9%年再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27]。有隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)用D-二聚體含量決定患者抗凝治療的持續(xù)時(shí)間,研究證實(shí)低D-二聚體含量的患者在停用抗凝治療后再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,而高D-二聚體含量的患者在停用抗凝治療后6個(gè)月再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比繼續(xù)抗凝者高出5倍之多[28]。
另外可以通過(guò)體外測(cè)定峰值凝血酶評(píng)估再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并對(duì)VTE患者進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分層。AUREC試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明具有低峰凝血酶(<4.00 nM)的患者4年后再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為6.5%(95%CI上限8.9%)[29]。在同隊(duì)列中,內(nèi)源性凝血酶電勢(shì)≥100%可使再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高1.6倍(95%CI:1.1~2.3)[30]。該研究認(rèn)為內(nèi)源性凝血酶原電勢(shì)和D-二聚體是獨(dú)立的再發(fā)預(yù)測(cè)因子,如果將二者結(jié)合起來(lái)可進(jìn)一步改善患者的危險(xiǎn)分層。
抗凝綜合標(biāo)志物用以評(píng)估VTE再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能是非常有用的?;谶@些標(biāo)志物水平而決定抗凝多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的干預(yù)試驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行。結(jié)果將可能證明在再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低的患者可安全地停用抗凝藥物,而在再發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的患者應(yīng)繼續(xù)給予抗凝治療。
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