彭 潔,郭 媛
(山東大學齊魯醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,山東濟南250012)
ATP結合盒轉運體A1基因變異與冠心病的研究進展
彭 潔,郭 媛*
(山東大學齊魯醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,山東濟南250012)
脂質代謝異常是冠心病的發(fā)病機制之一,ATP結合盒轉運子A1(ABCA1)在膽固醇的逆向轉運及高密度脂蛋白生成中起重要作用。ABCA1基因變異可引起脂質代謝紊亂,促進動脈粥樣硬化及冠心病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本文就近年來對ABCA1基因變異與冠心病關聯(lián)性及其參與冠心病發(fā)病機制方面的研究做一綜述。
ATP結合盒轉運體A1;高密度脂蛋白;基因多態(tài)性;冠心病
冠心病(coronary artery disease,CAD)是由環(huán)境和遺傳等多因素影響的復雜病,脂質代謝異常是動脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)發(fā)生的重要機制,其中高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)水平低是 CAD的獨立危險因素。ATP結合盒轉運子 A1(ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1)在膽固醇的逆向轉運(reverse cholesterol transport,RCT)及啟動高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)生成中起主要作用。ABCA1基因變異可引起脂質代謝紊亂,還可影響CAD炎性反應過程,從而促進CAD的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
ABCA1基因位于人類染色體9q31.1,長度為149 kb,包括50個外顯子和49個內(nèi)含子,轉錄的起始位點位于密碼子上游315 bp處[1]。ABCA1基因的功能為編碼ABCA1蛋白,該蛋白可促進磷脂及膽固醇從外周細胞到達無脂質的載脂蛋白A1(apoli-poprotein A1,apoA1),形成 HDL粒子,在 RCT及HDL生成的起始步驟中起重要作用[2]。ABCA1基因的表達主要受肝X受體(liver X receptor,LXR)/視黃酸 X受體(retinoid X receptor,RXR)的調控。來源于脂蛋白的固醇及氧化固醇刺激LXR/RXR與ABCA1基因啟動子區(qū)的調控元件DR-4結合,誘導ABCA1的基因轉錄[3]。
2.1.1R219K:近年不同地區(qū)的研究結果多支持R219K與CAD有顯著相關性,且可能與HDL-C水平有關。Doosti等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)R219K與伊朗人 CAD有相關性,GG基因型與AA型相比顯著增加CAD風險,并導致HDL-C水平降低,是CAD的獨立危險因素。Rejeb等[5]也發(fā)現(xiàn)R219K與增加突尼斯人HDL-C水平有關。Ma等[6]薈萃分析認為R219K與亞洲人高HDL-C水平及減少高加索及亞洲人CAD發(fā)病率相關,是 CAD保護因素。Jiang等[2]認為R219K的K等位基因可降低CAD易感性,且其頻率在東方人(40%)高于西方人(25%),但 Nebel等[7]未發(fā)現(xiàn)R219K與德國北部早發(fā)冠心病(premature coronary artery disease,PCAD)及HDL-C水平有關。
2.1.2I883M:Kyriakou等[8]對英格蘭南部CAD患者研究表明,I883M與血管事件有關,而Martin[9]未發(fā)現(xiàn)其與CAD及HDL-C有相關性。Jensen等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)I883M與高HDL-C水平有關,但Nebel等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)I883M與德國北部PCAD有關,且與HDL-C水平無相關性。
2.1.3ABCA1基因編碼區(qū)其他多態(tài)性位點:Kyriakou等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)V825I、R1587K與血管事件有關。Cao等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)V825I的GG及GA基因型攜帶者HDL-C及ApoA1水平較AA型低,但只限于男性。Catakoglu等[12]未發(fā)現(xiàn)A2589G及G3456C與土耳其心血管事件有關。Rejeb等[5]在突尼斯人發(fā)現(xiàn)G2706A的A等位基因攜帶者CAD風險明顯降低,G1051A的A等位基因攜帶者HDL-C水平高,G2868A與冠脈狹窄無相關性。
Kyriakou等[8]認為-565C/T與AS嚴重程度有關,-17C/G及-191G/C與 CAD有關聯(lián)。劉凌等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)-17C/G可降低冠脈事件發(fā)生率,-191G/C對血脂沒有影響,-477C/T可降低HDL-C及ApoA1水平,增加CAD發(fā)病率,且中國人-191G/C發(fā)生率(25%)高于歐洲人(22%),但其對歐洲 CAD影響更顯著。Martin[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)-477C/T在男性PCAD中起重要作用,CC基因型預后最差,但對HDL-C沒有影響。Jensen[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)-17C/G與CAD有相關性,-565C/T及-191G/C在年輕女性與CAD風險呈負相關,對血脂無明顯影響,且-565C/T和-191G/C之間存在連鎖不平衡。
基因的剪接點突變可造成外顯子跳躍及突變,進而影響其功能。Rhyne等[14]對1名同時有PCAD家族史及低HDL-C水平的男性研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種新的ABCA1剪接變異體,分別位于第7及32外顯子與內(nèi)含子交界處,造成第59個氨基酸堿基對T>C突變及終止密碼子過早截斷。體外實驗驗證了突變對ABCA1基因功能的影響,使RCT的初始步驟發(fā)生了改變。
循環(huán)HDL-C水平增加1 mL/L,可減少2% ~3%的心血管病風險[15]。ABCA1促進細胞內(nèi)的膽固醇和磷脂轉運到ApoA1,負責50%以上的膽固醇的轉運[16]。體內(nèi)動力學研究表明[3],ABCA1基因敲除小鼠成熟HDL-C代謝率明顯低于野生型,由此推測ABCA1基因的表達不僅是apoA1的合成的關鍵,也是apoA1釋放出HDL的重要影響因素。ABCA1基因變異可導致脂質轉運體功能障礙,使膽固醇和磷脂流出減少,進而使apoA1不能與之有效結合,很快經(jīng)腎臟清除。由此HDL-C合成障礙,導致巨噬細胞內(nèi)大量膽固醇沉積并侵入血管壁,構成CAD的病理基礎。Demina等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人類 AS區(qū)的ABCA1基因表達明顯上調,且病例組巨噬細胞來源的泡沫細胞中ABCA1表達是對照組的2倍,表明ABCA1可使巨噬細胞清除過多的膽固醇,增加循環(huán)HDL-C水平,發(fā)揮抗AS的作用,但在晚期AS斑塊巨噬細胞中沒有ABCA1的表達,其機制有待進一步研究。
Ross等[18]認為AS是一種炎性反應疾病,內(nèi)皮細胞損傷后,可釋放多種炎性因子和趨化蛋白,如IL-1等,誘導炎性細胞和脂質在局部積聚;還可釋放β-轉 化 生 長 因 子 (transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等生長調節(jié)因子,刺激平滑肌細胞和巨噬細胞增生。研究表明[19],IL-1β能抑制ABCA1基因的表達,而IL-10和TGF-β可促進其表達,相反ABCA1也可做為抗炎受體,抑制炎性因子的表達。Zhu等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),ABCA1基因敲除小鼠與野生型相比,可增強 Toll樣受體(toll-like receptor,TLR)2、TLR4、TLR7及TLR9的活性,而TLR2、TLR4可激活核轉錄因子-κB(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB),導致與CAD相關的炎性因子的合成與釋放,表明ABCA1可能是炎性反應和RCT相互作用的分子基礎。此外,apoA1和HDL可減弱中性粒細胞的CD11b激活,減少其擴散遷移及黏附于血小板,而ApoA1的這種抗炎作用也是通過ABCA1介導的[21]。
綜上所述,有關ABCA1基因變異的研究,可以從遺傳角度解釋其作用機制的改變,但仍存在樣本量小,缺乏對基因功能研究等問題?;贏BCA1基因表達在脂類代謝等方面的作用,相關的藥物也在積極研制中,如LXR/RXR受體激動劑、ApoA1模仿肽等,為冠心病的治療提供新的途徑。
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Research progress of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 genovariation association with coronary artery disease
PENG Jie,GUO Yuan*
(Dept.of Cardiology,Qilu Hospital of Shandong University,Jinan 250012,China)
Abnormal lipid metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease(CAD),ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1)is the rate limiting step in the reverse cholesterol transport and high density lipoprotein production.ABCA1genovariation can cause abnormal lipid metabolism,promoting the development of atherosclerosis and CAD.This paper is about the research progress ofABCA1genovariation and its effect on the pathogenesis of CAD.
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1;high density lipoprotein;gene polymorphism;coronary artery disease
R 541.4
A
1001-6325(2012)09-1107-04
2011-08-18
2011-11-29
山東省自然科學基金(2009ZRA01110)
*通信作者(corresponding author):guoyuan_cn@163.com