武北峰
摘要: 英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)寫作過(guò)程中基本上可以避免明顯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,然而很多文章讀起來(lái)缺乏連貫性和條理性,結(jié)構(gòu)松散或不完整。本文從Halliday和Hasan提出的關(guān)于語(yǔ)篇銜接的理論出發(fā),分析英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生在寫作過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的銜接問(wèn)題,探究其成因,并提出教學(xué)建議。
關(guān)鍵詞: 英語(yǔ)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)銜接分析
一、引言
作為外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的四大基本技能之一,寫作一直以來(lái)備受英語(yǔ)教師和研究者的關(guān)注。盡管國(guó)內(nèi)英語(yǔ)寫作研究已經(jīng)取得了喜人的成果,但英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)還存在很多問(wèn)題。縱觀英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生的習(xí)作,一個(gè)突出的問(wèn)題是,大多數(shù)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)作文讀起來(lái)總是不通順、不連貫,文章缺乏連貫性和條理性,結(jié)構(gòu)松散或不完整。許多英語(yǔ)教師及研究人員對(duì)大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫作中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行研究和分析大多局限于語(yǔ)法、拼寫等表層層面,而對(duì)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)等深層次的錯(cuò)誤分析,例如銜接、連貫和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)方面等的研究不多。這些表層層面的研究對(duì)于已經(jīng)基本掌握英語(yǔ)運(yùn)用的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)意義不大。本文從語(yǔ)篇銜接的角度分析英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生在寫作過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤,通過(guò)對(duì)這些錯(cuò)誤的分析,追溯其根源,從而提出在英語(yǔ)寫作過(guò)程中盡量避免出現(xiàn)此類錯(cuò)誤的建議。
二、銜接理論
“銜接”是Halliday于1962年首次提出的概念。1976年他與Hasan合作發(fā)表了《英語(yǔ)的銜接》,從而使銜接作為語(yǔ)篇分析中的術(shù)語(yǔ)被廣泛使用。Halliday認(rèn)為,銜接概念是一個(gè)語(yǔ)義概念,它指形成語(yǔ)篇的意義關(guān)系。當(dāng)在語(yǔ)篇中對(duì)某個(gè)成分的意義解釋需要依賴于對(duì)另一個(gè)成分的解釋時(shí)便出現(xiàn)了銜接。其中一個(gè)成分“預(yù)設(shè)”了另一個(gè),也就是說(shuō)除非借助另一個(gè)成分,否則無(wú)法有效地說(shuō)明它。這時(shí),銜接的關(guān)系就建立起來(lái)了,而這兩個(gè)成分,即預(yù)設(shè)者和被預(yù)設(shè)者,至少有可能組成一個(gè)語(yǔ)篇。[1]Halliday和Hasan把銜接分為5類:指稱(reference),替代(substitution),省略(ellipsis),連接(conjunction)和詞匯銜接(lexical cohesion)。后來(lái),Halliday又把替代和省略合并在一起,省略實(shí)際上是零位替代形式。
指稱銜接關(guān)系指用代詞等語(yǔ)法關(guān)系表示語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,即詞指稱事物。指稱銜接關(guān)系可分為三類:人稱指稱關(guān)系、指示指稱關(guān)系和比較指稱關(guān)系。
省略指語(yǔ)篇中一些句子中的基本結(jié)構(gòu)成分的缺省、省略可分為名詞型、動(dòng)詞型和小句型三類。替代和省略十分相似,不同的是替代有省略詞而省略沒(méi)有,替代也可分為名詞型、動(dòng)詞型和小句型三個(gè)類別。
連接關(guān)系是通過(guò)連接詞,副詞或詞組實(shí)現(xiàn)的,Halliday和Hasan把連接分成四類:增補(bǔ)型、轉(zhuǎn)折型、原因型和時(shí)間型。
詞匯銜接指通過(guò)詞匯選擇在篇章中建立一個(gè)貫穿篇章的鏈條,從而建立篇章的連續(xù)性。詞匯銜接中的詞匯關(guān)系可分為重述和搭配兩種。
三、學(xué)生寫作中出現(xiàn)的銜接問(wèn)題
(一)指稱
學(xué)生寫作中的指稱錯(cuò)誤集中出現(xiàn)在人稱指稱關(guān)系上,而人稱指稱關(guān)系中的錯(cuò)誤主要體現(xiàn)在以下三個(gè)方面。
(1)人稱代詞指稱不明,例如:
Certainly,private cars are not the only reason for the environment pollution,but they are the part and they should have duty to prevent our environment.
在此例中,斜體字部分的兩個(gè)人稱代詞所指不明,讀者容易產(chǎn)生一些困惑,他們是指private cars還是 those driving private cars?
(2)人稱代詞混用,例如:
Furthermore,they can not strike a balance between study and running business.You may easily be burned out and feel exhausted after work.How can you be bursting with vigor again to your professional subjects with tiring state?
在上面的例子中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了they和you兩個(gè)人稱代詞,作者在這里沒(méi)能保持上下文中人稱代詞的一致性,從而給讀者帶來(lái)很多困惑和不解。
(3)名詞和代詞不一致,例如:
As a college student,we lack the experience and social practice to run a company successfully.
在此例中,a college student和we在語(yǔ)法上是不一致的,如果主語(yǔ)是we,前半部分就應(yīng)改為college students。
(二)替代和省略
替代和省略的使用可以使學(xué)生的文章避免過(guò)多累贅,簡(jiǎn)潔明了。然而,很多學(xué)生在寫作過(guò)程中缺少對(duì)這兩種手段的運(yùn)用,例如:
Some people think that private car owners should be taxed for pollution.Great pollution has been taken into the air and peoples health must be put in a bad condition.No doubt clean air is important,so is mans health.On the contrary,some other people dont think private car owners should be taxed for pollution.
Some students hire cleaners to solve these problems,for they think that hiring cleaners can save their time to do something more important.
在上面的兩個(gè)例子中,斜體字部分都可以同過(guò)替代的方式加以簡(jiǎn)化,如On the contrary,some other people dont think so.
Some students hire cleaners to solve these problems,for they think that it can save their time to do something more important.
(三)連接
(1)連接詞的缺失,這種錯(cuò)誤主要體現(xiàn)在增補(bǔ)型、轉(zhuǎn)折型、原因型的連接關(guān)系上,如:
We live in the same planet,it is our responsibility to make the sky blue,river clean and grass green.
University is also a platform for students to realize their dreams,they build a good example among other students and encourage them to work hard.
以上的兩個(gè)例子中的前后兩個(gè)部分都缺少了諸如and,so這樣的連接詞,從而使句子的前后連接不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。
(2)時(shí)間型連接關(guān)系的缺失或錯(cuò)誤運(yùn)用,如:
Some people think that young people should live with their parents.When the young people grow up,their parents also get older and they should be take care.If young people live with their parents,their parents can help them to do something as cooking,cleaning,taking care of their children and so on.
此例中共包含三個(gè)句子,第一句點(diǎn)明了此段的主旨,后兩句是對(duì)主旨的詳細(xì)闡述,如果作者能夠加上一些時(shí)間型連接詞,文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上就會(huì)更加清晰、條理。如下:
Some people think that young people should live with their parents.There are two reasons to support their point of view.Firstly,when the young people grow up,their parents also get older and they should be take care.Secondly,if young people live with their parents,their parents can help them to do something as cooking,cleaning,taking care of their children and so on.
(四)詞匯銜接
學(xué)生在詞匯銜方面的問(wèn)題主要體現(xiàn)在重述不當(dāng)上,如:
There is a problem whether young people should live with their parents or not after young people have grown up.And it has become a heated topic between young people and old people.Different people have different views.
在上面的例子中,young people共重復(fù)了三次,people則重復(fù)了五次之多。
四、銜接問(wèn)題對(duì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)的啟示
由此可見,英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)除了需要重視語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的學(xué)習(xí)之外,更要注重英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇規(guī)則的介紹和學(xué)習(xí)。語(yǔ)篇不是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法單位,而是一個(gè)語(yǔ)義單位,它是一些意義相關(guān)的句子為到達(dá)一定的交際目的通過(guò)一定手段連接而成的。英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué),尤其是英語(yǔ)專業(yè)寫作教學(xué)應(yīng)該系統(tǒng)地向?qū)W生介紹語(yǔ)篇銜接和連貫的知識(shí),以及基本的語(yǔ)篇銜接手段,通過(guò)講解、示例和作文分析,使學(xué)生逐步將語(yǔ)篇銜接知識(shí)應(yīng)用到寫作過(guò)程之中。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Halliday,Hasan.Cohesion in English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.P4-5.
[2]Halliday and Hasan.1989.Language,context,and text:aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective.London:Oxford University Press.
[3]黃國(guó)文.語(yǔ)篇分析概要.長(zhǎng)沙:湖南教育出版社,1987.
[4]胡壯麟.語(yǔ)篇的銜接與連貫.上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,1994.