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兒童分泌性中耳炎手術(shù)治療的遠(yuǎn)期轉(zhuǎn)歸

2012-08-15 00:42陳觀貴翟錦明
中國實(shí)用醫(yī)藥 2012年20期
關(guān)鍵詞:通氣管鼓室鼓膜

陳觀貴 翟錦明

兒童分泌性中耳炎手術(shù)治療的遠(yuǎn)期轉(zhuǎn)歸

陳觀貴 翟錦明

目的觀察鼓室置管對分泌性中耳炎兒童患者的遠(yuǎn)期效果及對聽力及鼓膜形態(tài)的影響。方法回顧性分析2003年9月至2007年6月治療的78例兒童分泌性中耳炎患者。采用鼓室置管術(shù),合并腺樣體肥大者同時(shí)行鼻內(nèi)鏡下腺樣體切除術(shù)。通氣管留置時(shí)間4~28個(gè)月,隨訪4~7年。結(jié)果56例(71.8%)自覺聽力恢復(fù)正常,18例(23.1%)覺聽力明顯改善,僅有4例(5.1%)無明顯改善,平均聽力提高約20 dB HL。42耳(44.7%)鼓膜形態(tài)正常,16耳(17.0%)出現(xiàn)鼓膜鈣化,25耳(26.6%)鼓膜局部變薄、18耳(19.1%)鼓膜內(nèi)陷,3耳(3.2%)鼓膜穿孔,2耳(2.1%)鼓膜肉芽,0例膽脂瘤,8耳(8.5%)鼓室積液并再次手術(shù)。鼓室置管后患者聽力提高將近20 dB HL,但高達(dá)53.2%的患兒鼓膜出現(xiàn)異常改變。結(jié)論鼓室置管導(dǎo)致近一半患兒鼓膜出現(xiàn)異常改變,嚴(yán)格的掌握手術(shù)適應(yīng)證很重要,術(shù)后需嚴(yán)格隨訪及跟進(jìn)處理。

中耳炎;外科手術(shù);鼓室置管

分泌性中耳炎是導(dǎo)致兒童聽力下降的最常見原因,鼓室置管是治療分泌性中耳炎及復(fù)發(fā)性中耳炎常用的治療手段,本研究通過長時(shí)間的跟蹤隨訪,分析兒童分泌性中耳炎患者鼓室置管后的長期轉(zhuǎn)歸。

1 資料與方法

1.1 臨床資料2002年9月至2007年6月在我科住院治療并有完整隨訪資料的78例(94耳)兒童分泌性中耳炎患者。其中,男41例,女37例,左耳27例,右耳35例,雙耳16例,共計(jì)94耳,年齡3~15歲,平均6歲;病程12周至2年。入選病例手術(shù)前經(jīng)過門診觀察治療至少12周??梢耘浜峡陀^聽力檢查的患兒進(jìn)行純音測聽檢測,電耳鏡觀察并記錄患者鼓膜形態(tài)。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 主訴癥狀56例(71.8%)自覺聽力恢復(fù)正常,18例(23.1%)覺聽力明顯改善,僅有4例(5.1%)無明顯改善。癥狀全部消失50例(64.1%),存在耳鳴8例(10.2%),耳堵塞感反復(fù)發(fā)作13例(16.7%),反復(fù)耳流液7例(9.0%)。

2.2 鼓膜形態(tài)改變42耳(44.7%)鼓膜形態(tài)正常,16耳(17.0%)出現(xiàn)鼓膜鈣化,25耳(26.6%)鼓膜局部變薄、18耳(19.1%)鼓膜內(nèi)陷,3耳(3.2%)鼓膜穿孔,2耳(2.1%)鼓膜肉芽,0例膽脂瘤,8耳(8.5%)鼓室積液。鼓室積液復(fù)發(fā)的患兒6例(8耳),原因?yàn)槊摴苓^早或通氣管堵塞,再次行鼓室置管術(shù)。

2.3 聽力學(xué)隨訪全部病例中,記錄到術(shù)前及術(shù)后純音測聽結(jié)果的病例共43例,應(yīng)用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 15.0進(jìn)行配對t檢驗(yàn)。術(shù)前氣導(dǎo)平均聽閾為(32.4±10.7)dB,術(shù)后約(12.3± 8.5)dB,兩者比較差異有顯著性(P<0.05)。

3 討論

鼓室置管術(shù)是兒童全身麻醉手術(shù)中最常見的手術(shù)類型之一,本研究中,鼓室置管術(shù)后長期隨訪4~7年,顯示術(shù)后聽力較術(shù)前聽力有顯著性提高,但高達(dá)53.2%的患兒鼓膜出現(xiàn)病理異常改變。鼓膜改變包括鼓室硬化、鼓膜局部內(nèi)陷、萎縮、鼓膜穿孔,鼓膜肉芽。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道鼓膜改變的發(fā)生率不一,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)局部萎縮及鼓室硬化是最常見的病理改變[1],鼓膜局部萎縮的發(fā)生率為25%,鼓室硬化發(fā)生率為23%~53[2]。鼓室硬化的發(fā)生率與鼓膜通氣管留置時(shí)間成正比,Yaman發(fā)現(xiàn)鼓室置管時(shí)間大于12個(gè)月是鼓室硬化發(fā)生率大大提高,小于6月時(shí)鼓膜硬化發(fā)生率為14.3%,而大于12個(gè)月時(shí)為44.1%[3]。鼓膜硬化多發(fā)生于鼓室置管后,雖然鼓膜硬化只是導(dǎo)致輕微的聽力損失(不超過0.5 dB),但其長期的負(fù)面影響仍未能排除[4]。

對于兒童分泌性中耳炎進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療的目的之一是改善患兒的聽力,讓其享有足夠的聽力水平及良好的語言發(fā)育環(huán)境。該研究中鼓室置管后患兒的聽力大部分可以恢復(fù)到或接近正常兒童聽力水平,術(shù)前比術(shù)后聽力提高約20 dB HL,與其他學(xué)者的研究結(jié)論一致[5]。但手術(shù)后的鼓膜病理改變會增加聽力損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Johnston設(shè)計(jì)一項(xiàng)前瞻性對比研究,觀察429例患兒分泌性中耳炎的治療效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)鼓室置管術(shù)(包括早期治療和晚期治療)大大增加鼓膜病理改變發(fā)生率,并導(dǎo)致聽閾提高約2.0 dB HL,因此作者建議對于3歲前患有分泌性中耳炎的患兒,如果沒有合并神經(jīng)性聾或嚴(yán)重的傳導(dǎo)性聾、平衡功能障礙或嚴(yán)重的鼓膜內(nèi)陷等情況,長時(shí)間的觀察應(yīng)是合適的處理措施[1]。本文作者建議經(jīng)過臨床藥物治療或者觀察至少3個(gè)月,并且患者存在40 dB HL以上的聽力下降,或伴有高危因素等,才考慮進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,術(shù)后需嚴(yán)格隨訪及跟進(jìn)處理。

[1]Johnston LC,F(xiàn)eldman HM,Paradise JL,et al.Tympanic membrane abnormalities and hearing levels at the ages of 5 and 6 years in relation to persistent otitis media and tympanostomy tube insertion in the first 3 years of life:a prospective study incorporating a randomized clinical trial.Pediatrics,2004,114(1):58-67.

[2]Pereira MB,Pereira DR,Costa SS.Tympanostomy tube sequelae in children with otitis media with effusion:a three-year follow-up study.Braz J Otorhinolaryngol,2005,71(4):415-420.

[3]Yaman H,Guclu E,Yilmaz S,et al.Myringosclerosis after tympanostomy tube insertion:relation with tube retention time and gender.Auris Nasus Larynx,2010,37(6):676-679.

[4]Vlastarakos PV,Nikolopoulos TP,Korres S,et al.Grommets in otitis media with effusion:the most frequent operation in children. But is it associated with significant complications?.Eur J Pediatr,2007,166(5):385-391.

[5]Valtonen HJ,Qvarnberg YH,Nuutinen J.Otological and audiological outcomes five years after tympanostomy in early childhood.Laryngoscope,2002,112(4):669-675.

Long-term effects of tympanostomy tube insertion on children with otitis media with effusion

CHEN Guan-gui,ZHAI Jin-ming.Department of Otorhinolarygology,Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical college,Guangzhou 510260,China

ObjectiveTo study the long-term effects of tympanostomy tube insertion on the tympanic membrane and hearing results.MethodsFrom September 2003 to June 2007,tympanostomy tubes were inserted in 78 children for otitis media with effusion,adenoidectomy were performed in 10 cases combined by adenoid hypertrophy.Ventilating tubes were retained for 4~28 months,and all patients were followed up for 4~7 years,audiometric testing and tympanic membrane abnormalities were recorded.ResultsSubjectively 71.8% of the patients noticed hearing recovery,while 23.1%improved,5.1%no improvement.The improvement of hearing was about 20 dB HL on average.44.7%patients showed normal tympanic membrane,while tympanosclerosis was observed in 16 ears(17.0%),Segmental atrophy changes of the tympanic membrane were seen in 25 ears(26.6%),Retraction were seen in 18 ears(19.1%),the eardrum was perforated in 3 ears(3.2%),granulation happened to 2 ears(2.1%),and no cholesteatoma was found in all cases.Repeated intubation was performed in 8 ears(8.5%)for recurrence.Tympanostomy tube insertion can effectively improve hearing in a large percentage of children for otitis media with effusion.However,tympanic membrane abnormity were found in 53.2%patients.ConclusionTympanic membrane abnormity were found in about one half of patients after tympanostomy tube insertion,so surgery must be under strict indication and following up timely with appropriate management when necessary.

Otitis media with effusion;Surgery;Tympanostomy tube insertion

510260廣州醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科

1.2 手術(shù)方法患者均取靜脈或者復(fù)合全身麻醉,耳科手術(shù)顯微鏡下或耳內(nèi)窺鏡下操作,消毒外耳道后于鼓膜前下或后下象限切開鼓膜,抽吸出鼓室內(nèi)積液,用含地塞米松的生理鹽水沖洗鼓室,放置入啞鈴型硅膠中耳通氣管(內(nèi)徑1 mm)。其中16例合并腺樣體肥大,同時(shí)進(jìn)行鼻內(nèi)鏡下腺樣體切除術(shù)。

1.3 隨訪通氣管留置時(shí)間4~28個(gè)月,隨訪4~7年,1年內(nèi)每月隨訪1次,1年后每3個(gè)月隨訪1次。隨訪檢查鼓室無分泌物后取出通氣管,同時(shí)記錄患兒的主觀癥狀、鼓膜形態(tài)學(xué)改變及聽力學(xué)檢查。

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