吳曉毅,巢志茂,劉海萍,王 淳,譚志高,孫 文
中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院中藥研究所,北京 100700
葫蘆科植物資源豐富,全世界共有約113屬800種,我國(guó)有32屬154種35變種,主要分布于西南部和南部,少數(shù)散布到北部[1]。我國(guó)能納入藥用植物的有20屬43種,可作113味藥材[2]。我國(guó)葫蘆科大多數(shù)的藥用植物既可藥用,又可食用,例如,衛(wèi)生部2002年監(jiān)發(fā)的[2002]51號(hào)文《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步規(guī)范保健食品原料管理的通知》中明確規(guī)定:羅漢果既是食品又是藥品,絞股藍(lán)則可作為保健食品使用。葫蘆科藥用植物化學(xué)成分復(fù)雜多樣,常見(jiàn)的有植物甾醇類、脂肪酸類、三萜類、糖和苷類、氨基酸類及揮發(fā)性成分等。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)其化學(xué)成分的研究比較廣泛和深入,聶瑞麟曾對(duì)1980-1992年葫蘆科植物三萜皂苷的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié)[3],邱明華等對(duì)葫蘆科的化學(xué)分類學(xué)進(jìn)行了研究[4],Akihisa等學(xué)者對(duì)葫蘆科常見(jiàn)12個(gè)屬的植物甾醇類成分進(jìn)行了報(bào)道[5],朱靖靜等對(duì)2004-2009年葫蘆科中主要的葫蘆素類四環(huán)三萜化合物進(jìn)行了概括總結(jié)[6],但葫蘆科藥用植物中植物甾醇類成分的研究尚未見(jiàn)系統(tǒng)的報(bào)道。本綜述對(duì)近三十多年來(lái)我國(guó)葫蘆科藥用植物中植物甾醇的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、特征1H NMR數(shù)據(jù)和藥理活性進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的歸納和總結(jié)。
植物甾醇在植物界分布廣泛,多與油脂類成分共存于植物的種子和花粉中,具有和膽固醇相似的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),可降低血液中的膽固醇含量,在市場(chǎng)上廣泛應(yīng)用于功能性食品。我國(guó)衛(wèi)生部2010年發(fā)布的第3號(hào)公告,批準(zhǔn)了植物甾醇及其酯可作為新資源食品。植物甾醇的廣泛應(yīng)用,受到了學(xué)者們的關(guān)注,王會(huì)等對(duì)植物甾醇的應(yīng)用與研發(fā)進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)單的總結(jié)[7],韓軍花等對(duì)我國(guó)30種藥食兩用植物和40種中草藥原料中植物甾醇的含量進(jìn)行了研究分析[8]。本文根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外近30年來(lái)的研究報(bào)道,對(duì)我國(guó)葫蘆科藥用植物中的植物甾醇成分進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié),為葫蘆科藥用植物資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用提供參考依據(jù)。
我國(guó)葫蘆科常見(jiàn)的藥用植物中,黃瓜、栝樓、冬瓜、苦瓜、絞股藍(lán)等13種植物的果實(shí)和種子均有較高含量的植物甾醇,少數(shù)植物甾醇分布在地上部分[5]。迄今為止,在葫蘆科藥用植物中,文獻(xiàn)共報(bào)道了29個(gè)植物甾醇類化合物。植物甾醇名稱與所屬植物來(lái)源見(jiàn)表1。
表1 植物甾醇結(jié)構(gòu)與來(lái)源Table 1 Chemical structures and sources of phytosterols in Cucurbitaceae plants
備注:冬瓜 Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.、西瓜 Citullus lanatus(Thunb.)、甜瓜 Cucumis melo L.、黃瓜 Cucumis sativus L.、南瓜 Cucurbita moschata(Duch.ex Lam.)Duch.ex Poir.、紅南瓜 Cucurbita pepo L.var.kintoga Makino、絞股藍(lán) Gymnopetalum pentaphyllum(Thunb.)Makino、葫蘆 Lagenaria siceraria(Molina)Standl.、絲瓜 Luffa cylindricall(L.)Roem、苦瓜 Momordica charantia L.、木鱉 Momordica cochinchinensis(Lour.)Spreng、王瓜 Trichosanthes cucumeroides(Ser.)Maxim.、栝樓 Trichosanthes kirillowii Maxim.
化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示: 基本骨架:
植物甾醇是在甾體母核C17位有8-10個(gè)碳原子鏈狀側(cè)鏈的甾體衍生物,一般分子中具有1~3個(gè)雙鍵。通常根據(jù)甾醇母核中雙鍵的個(gè)數(shù)和位置將其進(jìn)行分類,常見(jiàn)的有△5-植物甾醇、△7-植物甾醇、△8-植物甾醇和無(wú)雙鍵植物甾醇四大類,其中,△5、△7-植物甾醇較常見(jiàn)。在植物不同的生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期,△5、△7植物甾醇的含量也會(huì)隨之發(fā)生變化[23]?,F(xiàn)將葫蘆科藥用植物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的29種植物甾醇的特征1H NMR數(shù)據(jù)予以列表,見(jiàn)表2。
表2 植物甾醇的特征1H NMR數(shù)據(jù)Table 2 Characteristic1H NMR spectral data of phytosterols
△7 22-二氫菠菜甾醇22-dihydrospinasterol 2b△7,22 菠菜甾醇spinasterol 5b△7,22 24-甲基膽甾-7,22-二烯醇24-methylcholesta-7,22-dienol 6b△7,24 燕麥甾醇avenasterol 7b△7,25 24-乙基膽甾-7,25-二烯醇24-ethylcholesta-7,25-dienol 9b△7,22,25 24-乙基膽甾-7,22,25-三烯醇24-ethylcholesta-7,22,25-trienol 11b△8 24-乙基膽甾-8(14)-烯醇24-ethylcholest-8(14)-enol 2c△8,22 24-乙基膽甾-8,22-二烯醇24-ethylcholesta-8,22-dienol 5c△8,25 24-乙基膽甾-8,25-二烯醇24-ethylcholesta-8,25-dienol 9c△8,22,2524-乙基膽甾-8,22,25(27)-三烯醇24-ethylcholesta-8,22,25(27)-trienol 11c 0.660(3H,s,18-H),0.990(3H,s,19-H),0.900(3H,d,J=6.3 HZ,21-H),0.810(3H,d,J=6.6 HZ,26-H),0.790(3H,d,J=6.6 HZ,27-H),0.820(3H,t,J=6.8 HZ,29-H),3.500(1H,m,3-H),5.330(1H,d,J=4.8 HZ,7-H)0.551(3H,s,18-H),0.800(3H,s,19-H),1.025(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),5.027(1H,dd,J=ca7.5 HZ,22-H),5.163(1H,dd,J=ca7.5 HZ,23-H),0.799(3H,d,J=6.2 HZ,26-H),0.849(3H,d,J=6.2 HZ,27-H),0.820(3H,t,J=6.8 HZ,29-H)0.543(3H,s,18-H),0.813(3H,s,19-H),1.008(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),0.839(3H,d,J=6.8 HZ,26-H),0.822(3H,d,J=6.8 HZ,27-H),0.912(3H,d,J=6.8 HZ,28-H)0.537(3H,s,18-H),0.795(3H,s,19-H),0.949(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),2.830(1H,m,25-H),0.976(6H,dd,J=6.7 HZ,26-,27-H),5.106(1H,m,28-H),1.588(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,29-H)0.526(3H,s,18-H),0.795(3H,s,19-H),0.909(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),1.566(3H,s,26-H),4.692(2H,brs,27-H),0.800(3H,t,J=7.2 HZ,29-H),3.599(1H,m,3-H),5.159(1H,brs,7-H)0.545(3H,s,18-H),0.797(3H,s,19-H),1.019(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),5.221(2H,m,22-,23-H),1.653(3H,s,26-H),4.705(2H,s,27-H),0.834(3H,t,J=7.3 HZ,29-H)3.599(1H,m,3-H),5.159(1H,brs,7-H)0.935(3H,d,J=6.4 HZ,21-H),0.836(3H,d,J=6.7 HZ,26-H),0.814(3H,d,J=6.7 HZ,27-H),0.843(3H,t,J=8.3 HZ,29-H),4.71(1H,m,3-H)0.621(3H,s,18-H),0.964(3H,s,19-H),1.032(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),5.120(2H,m,22-,23-H),0.850(3H,d,J=6.8 HZ,26-H),0.801(3H,d,J=6.8 HZ,27-H),0.805(3H,t,J=6.7 HZ,29-H),4.74(1H,m,3-H)0.599(3H,s,18-H),0.959(3H,s,19-H),0.912(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),1.562(3H,s,26-H),0.800(3H,t,J=6.7 HZ,29-H)0.617(3H,s,18-H),0.962(3H,s,19-H),1.020(3H,d,J=6.5 HZ,21-H),1.650(3H,s,26-H),4.697(2H,s,27-H),0.834(3H,d,J=7.3 HZ,29-H)10,18 10,18 18 10 10,18 10,18,19 5 5,18 18 18無(wú)雙鍵 豆甾烷-3β,6α-二醇stigmastane-3β,6α-diol 2e 9 0.6503H,s,18-H),0.820(3H,s,19-H),0.910(3H,d,J=6.0 HZ,21-H),0.840(3H,d,J=7.2 HZ,26-H),0.810(3H,d,J=7.2 HZ,27-H),0.840(3H,t,J=7.7 HZ,29-H),3.580(1H,tt,J=11.0 HZ,5.1 HZ,3-H),3.420(1H,td,J=11.0 HZ,4.4 HZ,6-H)
植物甾醇具有和膽固醇相似的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu),在人體小腸中能夠抑制膽固醇的吸收[24-26],降低血液中的膽固醇濃度,從而達(dá)到防治冠心病、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化等疾?。?7]。每天服用0.8~4.0g植物甾醇,就能將低密度脂蛋白的濃度水平降低10% ~15%[26],若患者的低密度脂蛋白濃度水平越高(被定義為大于等于3.5 mmol/L),植物甾醇的作用越明顯[28-30]。當(dāng)植物甾醇和燕麥-β-葡萄糖結(jié)合使用時(shí),能增強(qiáng)其降低血漿膽固醇的水平[31]。2010年,我國(guó)衛(wèi)生部發(fā)布第3號(hào)公告,批準(zhǔn)植物甾醇及植物甾醇酯等7種物質(zhì)作為新資源食品。
豆甾醇對(duì)一些促炎因子有明顯的抑制作用[32],而一些低熱量、富含植物甾醇的橘汁飲料則能降低12%的炎癥指標(biāo)超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白[33]。β-谷甾醇由于有類似于氫化可的松和羥基保泰松等的抗炎作用,還可直接入藥,臨床上由β-谷甾醇與其他藥物組成的克平喘,有較強(qiáng)的平喘、止咳、祛痰的作用,能夠促進(jìn)慢性氣管炎病變組織的修復(fù)[7]。
IsoPs是脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化產(chǎn)物,具有特殊的生物活性,能引起氧化應(yīng)激性,因此,降低IsoPs的濃度,即可達(dá)到抗氧化的作用。Mannarin等學(xué)者研究得出,若連續(xù)六周服用富含植物甾醇的食品,血漿中的8-IsoPs濃度即隨著血漿總膽固醇濃度和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度的降低而顯著下降[34]。此外,β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇還能有效地保護(hù)低密度脂蛋白的過(guò)氧化[36]。
Awad等學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),植物甾醇可以顯著減少膽酸引起的細(xì)胞增殖,降低細(xì)胞的有絲分裂,如:β-谷甾醇可降低膽汁酸和膽汁酸代謝物的濃度,并能抑制化學(xué)致癌劑誘發(fā)的腸癌。通過(guò)大量的臨床試驗(yàn),當(dāng)總植物甾醇攝入量增加時(shí),胃癌發(fā)病率下降,當(dāng)和α胡蘿卜素的攝入量共同增多時(shí),胃癌的發(fā)生率下降得更為明顯[36]。
Berges發(fā)現(xiàn),β-谷甾醇培養(yǎng)可促進(jìn)人類前列腺基質(zhì)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子β1的表達(dá)和增強(qiáng)蛋白激酶C-α的活性[37],VonHoltz 研究表明,用 β-谷甾醇來(lái)培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞可增加鞘磷脂循環(huán)中的兩種關(guān)鍵酶——磷脂酶D和蛋白磷脂酶的活性,促進(jìn)鞘磷脂循環(huán),抑制細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),從而有效防止男性前列腺肥大[38]。
植物甾醇對(duì)皮膚有較強(qiáng)的滲透性,能保持皮膚表面水份,促進(jìn)皮膚新陳代謝,抑制皮膚炎癥,可防止日曬紅斑、皮膚老化,具有美容之功效,如:β-谷甾醇能使干燥和硬化的角質(zhì)皮膚恢復(fù)柔軟,防治皮膚曬傷,防止和抑制雞眼的形成[7]。植物甾醇可與脂質(zhì)在水中形成分子膜,促進(jìn)動(dòng)物性蛋白質(zhì)的合成[7]。
葫蘆科植物既是重要的食用資源,又為人們提供了豐富的藥用植物資源。植物甾醇作為葫蘆科植物含有的主要成分,在工業(yè)、食品、化妝品等領(lǐng)域起著重要的作用。韓軍花等學(xué)者估算我國(guó)植物甾醇的平均攝入量為每日 322.41 mg[39],但至今為止,對(duì)于葫蘆科藥用植物的研究,以及其中的植物甾醇類成分的研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。本文對(duì)13種藥用植物中的植物甾醇進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié),僅占我國(guó)葫蘆科藥用植物總數(shù)的1/3,還有大量的植物尚未見(jiàn)相關(guān)的研究和報(bào)道,有待深入研究,以擴(kuò)大葫蘆科豐富的藥用植物資源的開(kāi)發(fā)和利用。
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