趙 靜,李 航,張 力,鐘 巍,李龍蕓,文煜冰,王孟昭
·論著·
四例貝伐單抗所致腎損害臨床和病理特征分析
趙 靜1,李 航2,張 力1,鐘 巍1,李龍蕓1,文煜冰2,王孟昭1
中國醫(yī)學科學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院1呼吸內(nèi)科2腎內(nèi)科,北京 100730
目的探討貝伐單抗所致腎損害的臨床和病理特征。方法回顧性分析北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院4例使用貝伐單抗后出現(xiàn)明顯腎損害而行腎活檢患者的臨床和腎臟病理資料。結果4例患者中男、女性各2例;年齡43~67歲,平均(56.5±11.5)歲;非小細胞肺癌3例(75%)、胰腺癌1例(25%)。貝伐單抗治療前腎功能正常3例(75%),存在輕度腎功能損害1例(25%)。出現(xiàn)嚴重腎功能損害并行腎臟活檢時,貝伐單抗所使用的療程數(shù)為2~14次。蛋白尿(4例,100%)是貝伐單抗所致腎損害的主要臨床表現(xiàn),均大于3.5g/d;鏡下血尿2例(50%);惡性高血壓1例(25%);血清肌酐升高1例(25%),表現(xiàn)急性腎功能衰竭;無尿1例(25%)。腎活檢病理類型:血栓性微血管病2例(50%)、膜增生性腎小球腎炎1例(25%)、良性腎小球動脈硬化 1例(25%)。腎損害后采取的治療措施:4例(100%)全部停止使用貝伐單抗;1例急性腎功能衰竭患者合并使用血液透析治療。預后良好,1例患者(25%)尿蛋白消失,腎功能恢復正常;3例(75%)仍持續(xù)性蛋白尿,但程度減輕,腎功能正常。結論貝伐單抗所致腎損害機制復雜,使用時需密切監(jiān)測腎功能和尿蛋白變化,以便早期發(fā)現(xiàn),及時停藥,大部分患者預后良好。
貝伐單抗;腎損害;蛋白尿;腎活檢
ActaAcadMedSin,2012,34(2):153-158
貝伐單抗是一種重組人源化抗血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)單克隆抗體,能與VEGF結合,阻斷VEGF與受體結合,抑制腫瘤血管生成而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤效應。早期臨床研究顯示,高血壓、腎功能損害以及出血等為這類藥物特有的副作用,其中蛋白尿發(fā)生率高達21%~63%[1]。為提高我國臨床醫(yī)師對貝伐單抗所致腎功能損害的認識和重視,本研究回顧性分析了北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院使用貝伐單抗后出現(xiàn)嚴重腎損害并行腎臟活檢患者的臨床和病理資料,探討貝伐單抗所致腎損害的臨床和病理特點。
對象北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院呼吸內(nèi)科肺癌中心2006年2月至2009年2月使用貝伐單抗后出現(xiàn)嚴重腎臟損害并行腎活檢的患者4例。
統(tǒng)計學處理計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差表示。
一般情況4例患者占同期使用貝伐單抗患者的比例為12.5%(4/32),其中男、女性各2例;年齡最小43歲,最大67歲,平均年齡(56.5±11.5)歲;從腫瘤分布看,非小細胞肺癌3例(75%)、胰腺癌1例(25%)。
治療前腎功能狀況貝伐單抗治療前腎功能正常3例(75%)、輕度腎功能損害1例(25%),表現(xiàn)為微量蛋白尿和鏡下血尿。出現(xiàn)嚴重腎功能損害需要行腎臟活檢時,貝伐單抗所使用的次數(shù),最少為2次(1例,25%),最多為14次(1例,25%);而4例(100%)患者貝伐單抗單次使用劑量均在推薦劑量范圍內(nèi)(7.5~15 mg/kg)。
治療后出現(xiàn)腎損害的臨床表現(xiàn)、相應治療及預后貝伐單抗治療后腎損害的臨床表現(xiàn)為蛋白尿4例(100%),均表現(xiàn)為腎病范圍內(nèi)蛋白尿(gt;3.5 g/d);鏡下血尿2例(50%);惡性高血壓1例(25%);血清肌酐升高1例(25%),表現(xiàn)急性腎功能衰竭;無尿1例(25%)。其中病例2和3腎臟病理類型為血栓性微血管病,但是臨床均未出現(xiàn)血小板減少、溶血性貧血、急性腎功能衰竭,外周破碎紅細胞、乳酸脫氫酶升高等表現(xiàn)。腎損害后采取的治療措施包括:4例(100%)均停止使用貝伐單抗;1例急性腎功能衰竭患者合并使用血液透析治療。預后:1例(25%)尿蛋白消失,腎功能恢復正常; 3例(75%)仍持續(xù)蛋白尿,但蛋白尿程度減輕,腎功能穩(wěn)定,血清肌酐正常;惡性高血壓患者血壓控制良好(表1)。
腎臟病理類型分布4例患者中,膜增生性腎小球腎炎1例(25%),光鏡下可見腎小球增生明顯,呈分葉狀,可見彌漫系膜細胞和節(jié)段性內(nèi)皮細胞增生,部分腎小球足細胞增生,系膜基質(zhì)彌漫性增多,大部分毛細血管襻受壓變窄、閉塞,腎小球基底膜彌漫性增厚伴系膜基質(zhì)插入和雙軌形成(圖1),免疫熒光染色可見補體C3彌漫顆粒狀分布于系膜區(qū)和毛細血管襻;血栓性微血管病2例(50%),光鏡下可見腎小球細胞數(shù)輕度增多,節(jié)段性系膜細胞和系膜基質(zhì)增多,毛細血管襻開放良好,腎小球基底膜內(nèi)疏松層節(jié)段性增寬,呈雙軌樣改變,內(nèi)皮下、副系膜區(qū)可見較多血漿蛋白滲出并形成透明滴樣結構(圖2),免疫熒光染色陰性;良性腎小球動脈硬化 1例(25%),光鏡下可見多個球性硬化(部分呈缺血性硬化),1個
表 1 4例貝伐單抗所致腎損害患者臨床資料和腎臟病理類型
箭頭示增生系膜細胞和系膜基質(zhì)插入內(nèi)皮下,基底膜增厚形成雙軌征Arrow shows the glomerular basement membrane thickening with double contours, which was caused by the interposition of mesangial cells and matrix into the subendothelial zone of the capillary loopsA.HE染色(×400);B. 過碘酸六亞甲基四胺銀染色(×400)A.hematoxylin-eosin staining(×400);B.periodic acid-silver methenamine staining(×400)圖1 腎小球系膜細胞和系膜基質(zhì)明顯增生,腎小球毛細血管襻受壓變窄、閉塞,腎小球呈分葉狀外觀Fig 1 The mesangial cells and matrix remarkably proliferate and the capillary loops becomes narrow and occluded, making the glomerular tuft a lobular appearance
A. HE染色(×200);B. 過碘酸六亞甲基四胺銀染色(×200)A. hematoxylin-eosin staining(×200);B. periodic acid-silver methenamine staining(×200)圖2 腎小球細胞數(shù)輕度增多,毛細血管襻開放良好,內(nèi)皮下可見較多血漿蛋白滲出并形成透明滴樣結構(箭頭)Fig 2 The glomeruli show mild hypercellularity and normal capillary loops. Amorphous eosinophilic glomerular capillary hyalinosis (arrow) is presented subendothelially, which was caused by the effusion of plasma proteins
節(jié)段硬化, 1個小型細胞性新月體,2個小型細胞纖維性新月體,腎小球細胞增多,可見彌漫節(jié)段性系膜細胞增生和系膜基質(zhì)增多,偶見內(nèi)皮細胞增生,部分毛細血管襻受壓變窄,腎內(nèi)小血管管壁增厚,管腔狹窄,小葉間動脈及入球小動脈管壁玻璃樣變,免疫熒光染色可見補體C3、纖維蛋白原Fi和IgA呈彌漫顆粒狀分布于系膜區(qū)和毛細血管襻。
結直腸癌和非小細胞肺癌是我國常見腫瘤類型,有著龐大的患者人群,因此,新近批準上市的貝伐單抗在我國有著廣闊應用前景。隨著貝伐單抗日益廣泛地應用,與之相關不良反應的處理也將成為臨床醫(yī)師面臨的新挑戰(zhàn)。本研究通過回顧性分析貝伐單抗所致腎損害患者臨床和腎臟病理資料,進一步探討腎臟損害發(fā)生的可能機制。
目前,關于貝伐單抗的Ⅲ期臨床研究較多,其中按照通用毒性標準,Ⅲ級以上蛋白尿發(fā)生率從0%到15%,中位發(fā)生率為2.7%[2-14]。 Meta分析顯示,貝伐單抗所致Ⅲ級以上蛋白尿的發(fā)生率為1.0%~1.8%[1]。本研究Ⅲ級以上蛋白尿發(fā)生率為12.5%,遠高于文獻報道[1],這可能與病例數(shù)少有一定關系。
關于貝伐單抗的諸多臨床研究亦顯示不同類型腫瘤、不同年齡段以及不同性別患者均可出現(xiàn)腎損害,提示腎損害的發(fā)生與患者性別、年齡以及所患腫瘤類型無明顯關系[2-14]。本研究男女患者、不同年齡(≥65歲)以及不同類型腫瘤患者均可見嚴重腎損害,與文獻報道一致。
本研究貝伐單抗所致腎損害臨床表現(xiàn)多種多樣,蛋白尿為最常見臨床表現(xiàn)。其他臨床表現(xiàn)包括:血清肌酐升高、鏡下血尿及急性腎功能衰竭等,這些在文獻中亦有相關報道[15-21]。在病理類型方面,血栓性微血管病是最常見的腎臟損害病理類型,約占1/2,其典型特征是血漿蛋白滲透到內(nèi)皮下形成“透明滴”樣結構,而腎小球自身結構損傷輕微,因此,臨床上并未出現(xiàn)血小板減少、溶血性貧血、急性腎功能衰竭、外周破碎紅細胞、乳酸脫氫酶升高等典型表現(xiàn)。本研究發(fā)生血栓性微血管病腎臟損害的患者使用貝伐單抗的療程均較長,分別為12和14次,提示使用貝伐單抗療程越多的患者越易出現(xiàn)此種病理類型的腎臟損害?;A研究表明,適當水平VEGF對維持腎小球內(nèi)皮細胞和足細胞功能正常,進而維持腎小球結構和功能完整非常重要[22]。因此,長期使用貝伐單抗可通過其藥理作用機制引起腎內(nèi)VEGF水平下降,導致血管內(nèi)皮損傷而出現(xiàn)腎損害。輕者表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮細胞孔徑擴大,血漿蛋白滲入內(nèi)皮下。重者表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮細胞損傷,內(nèi)皮下膠原暴露,血小板血栓形成,進而出現(xiàn)血栓性血小板減少性紫癜或溶血尿毒綜合征等嚴重的臨床表現(xiàn)。免疫復合物介導腎小球腎炎是第二大類腎損害病理類型,約占1/4,這類腎臟損害可能與貝伐單抗使用的療程無關,常發(fā)生于貝伐單抗使用1~2個療程后,是一種個體特異性反應,推測其機制可能與貝伐單抗為異源蛋白,能夠刺激機體產(chǎn)生抗體,進而引起免疫復合物沉積有關。其他的病理類型包括良性腎小球動脈硬化,約占1/4,此種腎損害發(fā)生時,與貝伐單抗使用療程數(shù)有一定關系,其機制可能與繼發(fā)高血壓,而且血壓控制不佳有關。
停用貝伐單抗是出現(xiàn)腎損害后最常用的治療措施。如腎穿提示存在免疫復合物介導的嚴重腎小球損害時,可考慮使用激素和免疫抑制劑[21]。此外對出現(xiàn)急性腎功能衰竭患者可給予血液透析治療。對出現(xiàn)血栓性血小板減少性紫癜的患者可采用血漿置換治療[21]。
貝伐單抗所致腎損害的預后相對較好。約25%患者腎功能可完全恢復,蛋白尿消失。但大部分患者仍表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)蛋白尿,但蛋白尿程度明顯減輕,血清肌酐正常。盡管這種長期存在的少量蛋白尿對患者腎功能的遠期影響尚無法客觀評價,因大部分患者在腎功能出現(xiàn)明顯惡化前死于腫瘤進展,所以筆者建議,當出現(xiàn)大量蛋白尿時(gt;3.5g/d),需永久停用貝伐單抗,因為此時腎損害是不可逆的。
綜上,貝伐單抗所致腎損害存在多種機制,蛋白尿為其主要臨床表現(xiàn)。建議在貝伐單抗使用前、后密切監(jiān)測患者血壓、尿蛋白以及血清肌酐,以便早期、及時發(fā)現(xiàn)腎損害。及時停藥,大部分患者預后良好。但本研究病例數(shù)甚少,其結論仍需進一步大規(guī)模臨床試驗去驗證。
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ClinicalandPathologicalAnalysesofBevacizumab-inducedRenalImpairmentinFourPatients
ZHAO Jing1, LI Hang2, ZHANG Li1, ZHONG Wei1, LI Long-yun1,WEN Yu-bing2, WANG Meng-zhao1
1Department of Respiratory Medicine,2Department of Nephrology, PUMC Hospital,
CAMS and PUMC, Beijing 100730, China
WANG Meng-zhao Tel: 010-88068206, E-mail: mengzhaowang@sina.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of bevacizumab-induced renal impairment.MethodThe clinical and pathological data of 4 patients with bevacizumab-induced renal impairment in Peking Union Medical College Hospital was retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThere were 2 men and 2 women aged (56.5±11.5) years. Before bevacizumab treatment, three non-small cell lung cancer patients (75%) had normal renal function and only one pancreatic cancer patient (25%) had mild renal impairment. After 2-14 cycles of bevacizumab treatment, the most common clinical manifestation of bevacizumab-induced renal injury was proteinuria (gt;3.5 g/d) (n=4, 100%). Other clinical symptoms included microscopic hematuria (n=2, 50%), malignant hypertension (n=1, 25%), elevated serum creatinine level as accompanied with acute renal failure (n=1, 25%), and anuria (n=1, 25%). Thrombotic microangiopathy was the main pathological type (n=2, 50%), whereas other pathological types included membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (n=1, 25%) and benign arteriolar nephrosclerosis (n=1, 25%). After the detection of renal impairment, bevacizumab therapy was stopped in all 4 cases (100%). Hemodialysis was performed in the patient with acute renal failure. The prognosis was relatively good. The renal function and proteinuria was completely recovered in one patient (25%), whereas the other three patients (75%) presented with persistent alleviated proteinuria but normal renal function.ConclusionsBevacizumab may cause renal injury via complex mechanisms. Therefore, urine protein excretion and renal function should be closely monitored during bevacizumab treatment to identify any renal injury. The prognosis is relatively good after discontinuation of bevacizumab.
bevacizumab; renal impairment; proteinuria; renal biopsy
王孟昭 電話:010-88068206,電子郵件:mengzhaowang@sina.com
R730.59
A
1000-503X(2012)02-0153-06
10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2012.02.010
2011-07-29)