劉守梅,孫玉強,王慧中
(杭州師范大學(xué)藥用觀賞植物系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)杭州市重點實驗室,浙江杭州 310036)
植物MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子研究
劉守梅,孫玉強,王慧中
(杭州師范大學(xué)藥用觀賞植物系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)杭州市重點實驗室,浙江杭州 310036)
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是通過轉(zhuǎn)錄水平或轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平上調(diào)控目的基因的表達來調(diào)控植物生長發(fā)育及生理代謝的.MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是最大的植物轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族成員之一,參與了細胞分化、細胞周期的調(diào)節(jié),激素和環(huán)境因子應(yīng)答,并對植物次生代謝以及葉片等器官形態(tài)建成具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用.文章對MYB的發(fā)現(xiàn)及其結(jié)構(gòu)特征和功能研究進展進行綜述,為進一步開展MYB基因的克隆、功能研究和利用提供參考.
植物;轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;MYB;研究
轉(zhuǎn)錄因子又叫做反式作用因子,是指能夠與真核基因啟動子區(qū)域的順式作用元件發(fā)生特異相互作用的DNA結(jié)合蛋白,通過它們之間以及與其他相關(guān)蛋白之間的作用,激活或抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄.在植物的生長發(fā)育過程中,之所以各細胞之間出現(xiàn)了特定的分化,就是因為細胞內(nèi)基因的表達存在時空的差異.而導(dǎo)致這種差異的主要原因之一就是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平或轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平上的調(diào)節(jié)作用.近年來,人們相繼從高等植物中分離出一系列調(diào)控干旱、高鹽、低溫、激素、病原反應(yīng)、發(fā)育等相關(guān)基因表達的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子.
MYB基因早在1941年便從引起禽急性成髓細胞白血病病毒AMV和E26中被成功鑒定出來.Klempnauer[1]等又從禽成髓細胞瘤病毒(avian myeloblastosis virus)中鑒定出一個comman transforming基因,命名為v-myb原癌基因.
自從Paz-Ares等[2]從單子葉植物玉米中克隆出與色素合成有關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子ZmMYBC1基因以后,大量MYB從各種植物中相繼得到分離和鑒定,在擬南芥中就已分離鑒定出196種MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子.功能研究表明,MYB參與了植物次生代謝,激素和環(huán)境因子應(yīng)答,并對細胞分化、細胞周期以及葉片等器官形態(tài)建成具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用.最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子參與了植物花色素積累過程,在植物中可能是一個重要的抑制花青素合成的因子[3].
早在20多年前,第一個編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的基因被鑒定出來,10年前擬南芥的全基因組信息發(fā)布以后,植物的MYB基因首次被詳細的描述和分類[4].此后,植物中有關(guān)于MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的基因功能研究逐漸豐富.在多種植物物種中MYB蛋白的作用都通過基因組學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)分析的方法被研究鑒定出來,例如在擬南芥、大豆、棉花、玉米、栽培稻、矮牽牛、葡萄、白楊和蘋果中都有報導(dǎo)[5~7].
植物中的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子主要分為bHLH(堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋)、MYB蛋白、Zinc-finger(鋅指蛋白)、bZIP(堿性亮氨酸拉鏈)、WRKY、DREB、NAC等.
MYB是植物轉(zhuǎn)錄因子中最大的家族之一,大多數(shù)植物的MYB以在其N端含有一段約51~52個氨基組成的MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域為共同特征(圖1),MYB蛋白的分類主要是根據(jù)這個高度保守的DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域,這個結(jié)構(gòu)域通常是由至多4個氨基酸殘基序列的重復(fù)(R)組成,每一個都形成3個a-螺旋,每一個重復(fù)的第二個和第三個螺旋形成一個帶有3個有規(guī)律的間隔色氨酸殘基(或疏水的)的螺旋-轉(zhuǎn)角-螺旋(HTH)結(jié)構(gòu),形成一個3DHTH疏水核心結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2)[8],對維持HTH的構(gòu)型有極為重要的意義.
MYB基因家族在不同的物種中存在結(jié)構(gòu)和序列上的差異,甚至同一物種中的MYB家族也發(fā)生了多個分支.由序列進化樹(圖3)比較可以看出:楊樹與陸地棉,水稻和擬南芥的部分MYB序列高度同源,但是擬南芥的MYB家族序列卻發(fā)生很大的變化,產(chǎn)生多個分支,具有了多樣的功能.
根據(jù)相鄰的MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域的數(shù)目,MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可簡單分成4個亞類.
2.1 只含有一個MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域的MYB蛋白亞類它們在結(jié)構(gòu)上都只含一個MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域,可存在于肽鏈的N-端,C-端或中間.此類MYB蛋白成員是一類重要的端粒結(jié)合蛋白,在維持染色體結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性和調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄上起重要作用.
2.2 含有2個MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域的R2R3-MYB亞類R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是植物中數(shù)目最多的一類MYB蛋白,它們以N-端含有由兩個MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域構(gòu)成的DNA結(jié)合功能域為共同特征.
2.3 含有3個MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域的R1R2R3-MYB亞類與動物、真菌中的R1R2R3-MYB蛋白高度同源,主要參與細胞周期的控制和調(diào)節(jié)細胞的分化.
圖3 部分植物MYB蛋白同源性比較Fig.3 Comparison of some MYB proteins species
2.4 包含4個MYB結(jié)構(gòu)域的MYB亞類最小的一個分類,含有4個類似R1/R2結(jié)構(gòu)域的重復(fù).4R MYB蛋白只在極少數(shù)植物基因組中進行編碼,植物中關(guān)于這種蛋白的了解還很少.
MYB在擬南芥中已經(jīng)有很多報道,主要集中于次生代謝調(diào)節(jié),抗逆性的研究等,具有廣泛的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)作用.大多數(shù)MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子是基因表達的正調(diào)控因子,但是也有一部分是負調(diào)控因子.
一些R2R3MYB在類黃酮的生物合成中起作用,例如,AtMYB11/PFG1等調(diào)控所有組織黃酮醇的合成[10].楊文杰[11]等人利用RACE技術(shù)從大豆栽培品種中豆27中克隆出了兩個新的MYB基因GmMYBZ1、GmMYBZ2;通過酵母系統(tǒng)檢測和RT-PCR功能研究表明,GmMYBZ2可能也參與植物類黃酮合成調(diào)控.AtMYB75/PAP1等控制營養(yǎng)組織中花青素的生物合成,AtMYB123/TT2、TT1與一個R2R3MYB在擬南芥種皮的原花青素(PAs)的生物合成起協(xié)同調(diào)控作用[12-13],PyMYB10、Purple、CsMYC2、NtAn2、MrMYB1等MYB基因在各種植物的各個時期花青素生物合成有調(diào)控作用[14-19].
擬南芥中的3個R2R3MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MYB28、MYB29和MYB76相互協(xié)同,共同調(diào)控脂肪族GLS的生物合成[20].PtrMYB3和PtrMYB20與擬南芥中的MYB46和MYB83的功能相似,并且直接調(diào)控白楊的PtrWND2合成,表明它們在白楊中參與了木質(zhì)素形成的調(diào)控過程[21].
表皮細胞類型的形成所需要R2R3MYB蛋白是由AtMYB0/GL1,AtMYB23和AtMYB66/WER共同編碼的.雄性生殖細胞系特異的R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子DUO1POLLEN1(DUO1)在精細胞的特化過程中是必須的,DUO1調(diào)節(jié)子在生殖細胞分化為精子細胞的過程中起重要功能[22].
R2R3MYB基因AtMYB21等控制擬南芥花粉囊的發(fā)育和功能[23].AtMYB125/DUO1是一個控制雄性生殖細胞分裂和分化的花粉特異因子[24].AtMYB33和AtMYB65對花粉囊和花粉都具有促進發(fā)育的作用[25].在幼苗中,AtMYB38和AtMYB18/LAF1分別對藍光和遠紅外光的反應(yīng)下調(diào)控下胚軸的伸長[26],AtMYB115和AtMYB118/PGA37在胚胎發(fā)育中起作用[27].AtMYB59通過控制根尖的細胞周期過程來調(diào)節(jié)根的發(fā)育[28],AtMYB77通過調(diào)節(jié)生長素誘導(dǎo)的基因表達來調(diào)控晚期根的形成[29].AtMYB68是一個根生長特異的調(diào)控子,使整個植株在不利的條件下完成發(fā)育.與擬南芥的根毛伸長有關(guān)的植物特異R2R3MYB家族成員maMYB蛋白與根毛的伸長有關(guān)[30].
對于自養(yǎng)固著生物來說,植物本身必須運用各種策略以應(yīng)對不利的環(huán)境條件.轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物防衛(wèi)反應(yīng)和逆境脅迫應(yīng)答過程中具有非常重要的作用[31].最近的研究中有學(xué)者指出,與甘蔗的抗逆相關(guān)的MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因ScMYBAS1在抗旱和耐鹽的誘導(dǎo)反應(yīng)中起作用[32].菊花中的CmMYB2轉(zhuǎn)錄因子增強了植株的抗旱和耐鹽性,將其轉(zhuǎn)入擬南芥中還發(fā)現(xiàn)提高了對ABA的靈敏程度和推遲開花的作用[33].很多研究也證明HbMyb1可能抑制在橡樹中誘導(dǎo)細胞凋亡的各種生物和非生物脅迫[34].在葡萄中也有相應(yīng)的研究,R2R3-MYB型轉(zhuǎn)錄因子VvBsl-1在葡萄孢屬真菌侵染葡萄的過程中起減輕對葡萄侵害的作用[35].Mahdi Rahaie[36]等在小麥中通過RT-PCR的方法證實TaMYBsdu1是高鹽和干旱脅迫下的調(diào)控子.
近來,具有3個重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu)域的R1R2R3MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物抗逆脅迫中的研究也取得一定進展.如水稻R1R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因OsMYB3R-2在擬南芥中過量表達,轉(zhuǎn)基因植株對凍害、干旱和高鹽的耐受性顯著提高[37].
同類MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在同一植株不同器官組織或在同一器官組織不同階段的表達模式都不盡相同,3種R2R3MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CaMYB1、CaMYB2和CaMYB3都是從同一種甜辣椒(Capsicumannuum.L)中分離得到的,在果實的發(fā)育期、花和葉的各個時期都能檢測到,但3種CaMYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在果實成熟階段的表達量是不同的,花青素生物合成基因的表達模式在幼葉、花和果實發(fā)育的4個階段都不盡相同[38].
據(jù)統(tǒng)計,在世界范圍內(nèi)適于耕種的土地不足10%,大部分土地處于干旱、鹽漬、沼澤等逆境中.高溫、干旱、土壤鹽漬等非生物脅迫是影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的嚴重問題.另外,一些珍貴的藥用植物資源也由于抗逆性差、萌發(fā)率低等各種原因急需通過人為的手段來挽救.隨著環(huán)境惡化和人口不斷增長,迫切需要培育出能在各種逆境下生長的經(jīng)濟作物和藥用植物.利用轉(zhuǎn)錄因子改良和提高植物的綜合抗逆性成為一種很有潛力的方法.通過增強一些關(guān)鍵的MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的作用來促進這些抗逆基因資源發(fā)揮作用,使植物的抗逆性得到綜合的、根本性的改良,對提高植物對環(huán)境脅迫的抗逆能力有重要意義.進一步對位于信號傳導(dǎo)途徑下游的MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在植物多種信號途徑相互作用中的調(diào)控機制進行研究,對深入理解植物的非生物脅迫應(yīng)答過程具有重要價值.
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Researches on Plant MYB Transcription Factors
LIU Shou-mei,SUN Yu-qiang,WANG Hui-zhong
(Key Laboratory for Systems Biology of Medicinal and Ornamental Plants,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 310036,China)
Regulation of gene expression at the transcription level or posttranscription level is one of the crucial processes involed in plant growth development and other physiological functions.As one of the largest transcription factor(TF)families,MYB(v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog)implicateds in controlling cell development,cell cycling,responding to varieties of hormones and environmental signals,especially in the processes of second metabolisms.The paper reviewed the structure characters and functions of MYB so as to provide referencs for further study and utilization.
plant;transcription factors;MYB;research
Q37
A
1674-232X(2012)02-0146-05
11.3969/j.issn.1674-232X.2012.02.011
2011-10-12
國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(30870180、31070298);浙江省教育廳科研項目(Y201121442);杭州科技計劃項目(20080432T06、20101032B25、20110232B12).
王慧中(1962—),男,教授,博士,主要從事植物分子生物學(xué)研究.E-mail:whz62@163.com