吳歡歡 綜 述 滕 利 審 校
Barraquer-Simons綜合征面部凹陷畸形的整形外科治療
吳歡歡 綜 述 滕 利 審 校
Barraquer-Simons綜合征又稱獲得性部分性脂肪營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良(或稱漸進(jìn)性脂質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良),是一種罕見的脂肪分布異常疾病。其特點(diǎn)為上身皮下脂肪消失,而下身皮下脂肪異常增多。該病常伴有低補(bǔ)體C3血癥、胰島素抵抗及自身免疫性疾病等。其特殊面容嚴(yán)重影響患者日常生活,可使患者產(chǎn)生社會(huì)疏離感,影響患者心理健康。本文就Barraquer-Simons綜合征面頰部凹陷畸形的整形外科治療方法進(jìn)行綜述。
Barraquer-Simons綜合征脂肪分布異常疾病面頰部凹陷畸形
Barraquer-Simons綜合征又稱獲得性部分性脂肪營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良(Acquired partial lipodystrophy,APL),或漸進(jìn)性脂質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良(Progressive lipodystrophy),是一種罕見的脂肪分布異常疾病。其特點(diǎn)為上身皮下脂肪消失,而下身皮下脂肪異常增多。該病常伴有胰島素抵抗,并發(fā)癥與肥胖、糖尿病等疾病具有較多重疊。Mitchell[1]在1885年首先報(bào)道了一名12歲女孩,于8歲時(shí)患上呼吸道感染后出現(xiàn)面頰部脂肪丟失,進(jìn)行性脂肪萎縮,累及上臂和上身。此后,Barraquer[2]和Simons[3]相繼報(bào)道了相類似的病例,并詳細(xì)描述了本病脂肪萎縮的特點(diǎn),即僅累及皮下脂肪。
Barraquer-Simons綜合征女性多見,男女之比為1∶4。發(fā)病年齡在4~15歲,多在10歲前。發(fā)病1.5~6年后,病情趨于穩(wěn)定。該病呈現(xiàn)特征性的皮下脂肪丟失,即從面部開始逐漸向下發(fā)展的兩側(cè)對(duì)稱性皮下脂肪減少。輕者脂肪萎縮局限于面部,表現(xiàn)為顳部陰影,顴部隆起,頰部凹陷,呈現(xiàn)“死尸臉型”,也常波及上肢軀干;部分患者髖部、臀部及大腿脂肪堆積?;颊叱尸F(xiàn)特殊的外貌:病變區(qū)域明顯消瘦,骨性結(jié)構(gòu)或肌肉輪廓凸顯、淺表靜脈顯露,與非病變區(qū)形成明顯差異,但病變區(qū)域的皮膚及皮膚附屬器、肌肉、骨骼等其他組織、器官無異常表現(xiàn)。本病可分為兩型:Laignel-Lavastine型,上半身脂肪萎縮,髖部和腿部脂肪堆積;Weir-Mitchell型,上半身脂肪萎縮,下肢正常。
74%的Barraquer-Simons綜合征患者伴有低補(bǔ)體C3血癥,22%的患者伴有膜性增生性腎小球腎炎(MGPN),大部分患者出現(xiàn)糖脂代謝紊亂(如糖耐量異常、高脂血癥和糖尿病等)。本病多為散發(fā),少數(shù)有家族遺傳史[4]。
本病病因不明,起病前常有上呼吸道感染、麻疹、水痘、HBV[1-2,5-6]等前驅(qū)感染病史,伴有系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、皮肌炎、抗磷脂綜合征、硬皮病等自身免疫性疾病[7-13],并且約有74%的患者伴有低補(bǔ)體C3血癥及C3致腎炎因子(C3 nephritis factor,C3NeF)陽性[14]。脂肪細(xì)胞分泌C3、B因子、D因子、H因子、I因子等。C3在活化表面(比如細(xì)菌)的作用下轉(zhuǎn)化為C3b并與之結(jié)合,在B因子的作用下結(jié)合形成C3bB,再在D因子的作用下形成C3bBb。C3bBb是一種不穩(wěn)定的C3轉(zhuǎn)化酶[15],促進(jìn)C3轉(zhuǎn)化為C3b,從而形成激活放大效應(yīng),但極易被H因子和I因子結(jié)合而失活[16]。而C3NeF與C3bBb結(jié)合可形成C3bBbNeF[17],是一種穩(wěn)定的C3轉(zhuǎn)化酶,從而導(dǎo)致C3補(bǔ)體的過度消耗,形成低補(bǔ)體C3血癥[18](圖1)。有研究認(rèn)為,C3NeF在D因子的作用下形成的C3bBbNeF,可誘導(dǎo)脂肪細(xì)胞的裂解,但具體機(jī)制不明[19]。而APL患者特征性的脂肪分布可能與軀體上半身脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的D因子多于下半身有關(guān),但仍需進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。此外,約有17%的APL患者血清補(bǔ)體水平正常,且C3NeF陰性[14],而且也有部分具有低補(bǔ)體C3血癥及C3NeF陽性的患者并未罹患APL疾病,說明APL具有多方面的病因[20]。目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),蛋白質(zhì)3a可促進(jìn)脂肪酸?;癁楦视腿21];基因水平研究發(fā)現(xiàn)部分患者核纖層蛋白(LMNB2)突變[22],以及與脂肪細(xì)胞增殖分化相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)下調(diào)[23],但明確的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。
Barraquer-Simons綜合征的診斷主要依據(jù)體格檢查[14]。可依據(jù)經(jīng)皮褶厚度測(cè)量、CT、MRI等方法評(píng)價(jià)皮下脂肪分布。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)低補(bǔ)體C3血癥、C3NeF陽性及部分自身抗體陽性(如抗核抗體、抗dDNA抗體等[24])。
患者常以“雙側(cè)面部凹陷”為主訴就診,應(yīng)與引起面頰部凹陷的疾病相鑒別。雙側(cè)Parry-Romberg綜合征是Parry-Romberg綜合征的一種特殊類型,臨床也表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)顏面萎縮,以皮膚、皮下組織、肌肉及骨組織的萎縮為特征,但沒有上肢、軀干脂肪丟失而下肢脂肪堆積的臨床表現(xiàn),以及糖脂代謝異常。特發(fā)性帶狀硬皮病,多發(fā)于前額近正中部,向頭皮延伸呈刀砍樣,呈象牙色硬化,局部明顯凹陷,皮膚及皮下軟組織及骨都逐漸萎縮、凹陷,伴有色素脫失,甚至可發(fā)現(xiàn)骨骼脫鈣現(xiàn)象,骨質(zhì)疏松、吸收變細(xì),頭發(fā)脫落。而Barraquer-Simons綜合征脂肪萎縮僅累及皮下脂肪,且伴有下肢脂肪堆積,可資鑒別。
Barraquer-Simons綜合征的特殊面容影響患者的日常生活,給患者的社交、求職、婚姻等造成巨大障礙,改善面部外觀具有重要意義。由于Barraquer-Simons綜合征病因不明,主要采取對(duì)癥治療,矯正其面頰部凹陷畸形。
上世紀(jì)60年代至70年代,流行使用液體硅油注射[25-26]或硅膠植入[27]矯正面部凹陷畸形,術(shù)后面部外觀不自然,且出現(xiàn)免疫排斥反應(yīng)和并發(fā)癥[27-28]。目前,主要應(yīng)用自體組織移植矯正面部凹陷。
3.1 游離組織移植
真皮脂肪瓣具有易獲取、能得到較大體積的軟組織、方便塑形、手感柔軟等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在面部軟組織重建中應(yīng)用較多。Brongo等[29]應(yīng)用真皮脂肪瓣矯正了2例進(jìn)行性脂肪萎縮患者的面部凹陷畸形,面部輪廓有所改善;隨訪18個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn)真皮脂肪瓣50%被吸收。Davis等[30]應(yīng)用自體真皮脂肪瓣修復(fù)21名患者的面部軟組織缺損,術(shù)后隨訪11月發(fā)現(xiàn)7名患者出現(xiàn)真皮脂肪瓣不同程度的吸收。Mordick等[31]分別使用真皮脂肪瓣和帶血運(yùn)的組織移植進(jìn)行面部軟組織重建,術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),真皮脂肪瓣和帶血運(yùn)的組織移植均能取得較好的修復(fù)效果,真皮脂肪瓣修復(fù)中度組織缺損可取得滿意的效果,重度的組織缺損則需要帶血運(yùn)的組織移植。真皮脂肪瓣由于缺乏血運(yùn)、易吸收,制約了其在臨床上的應(yīng)用。
3.2 帶蒂組織轉(zhuǎn)移
1968年,Ciarpella等[32]首次嘗試使用局部皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移的方式,矯正Barraquer-Simons綜合征的雙側(cè)面部凹陷畸形。Govila[33]報(bào)道使用去表皮的胸大肌肌皮瓣帶蒂轉(zhuǎn)移,進(jìn)行面部輪廓重建,術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期隨訪,修復(fù)效果滿意,但該皮瓣的血管蒂較短,且難于解剖。另有報(bào)道應(yīng)用雙側(cè)顳肌瓣轉(zhuǎn)移,修復(fù)了Barraquer-Simons綜合征患者的雙側(cè)面部脂肪萎縮。雖然局部皮瓣血運(yùn)佳,皮瓣存活良好,但也存在一些問題,如局部皮瓣蒂部較短,活動(dòng)性較差,難以塑形等;另外,由于受到供區(qū)組織量的限制,術(shù)后易出現(xiàn)肌肉萎縮,使得局部皮瓣在臨床上的應(yīng)用受到限制。
3.3 吻合血管的游離組織移植
顯微外科技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使得吻合血管的游離組織移植獲得廣泛應(yīng)用,且供區(qū)選擇多樣化。應(yīng)用吻合血管的游離組織移植矯正面部凹陷畸形取得良好的治療效果。常用的供區(qū)有:去表皮的肩胛/肩胛旁皮瓣、腹股溝皮瓣、股前外側(cè)皮瓣、前臂皮瓣等。
Koshy等[36]應(yīng)用前臂脂肪筋膜瓣修復(fù)2名局部脂肪萎縮患者的面部畸形,長(zhǎng)期隨訪顯示面部凹陷畸形明顯改善,無復(fù)發(fā),術(shù)后供區(qū)僅留線狀瘢痕,但前臂脂肪筋膜瓣組織量有限,僅適用于中度面部凹陷畸形修復(fù)。Guelinckx等[37]應(yīng)用吻合血管股前外側(cè)皮瓣修復(fù)Barraquer-Simons綜合征的雙側(cè)面部凹陷畸形,治療效果穩(wěn)定,但手術(shù)需分兩期進(jìn)行Elliott等[38]應(yīng)用去表皮的肩胛和肩胛旁皮瓣重建面頰部,并固定在顴骨上,隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)皮瓣無吸收和下墜現(xiàn)象,凹陷畸形消失,但該方法術(shù)中需要變換患者體位。Upton等[39]應(yīng)用肩胛和肩胛旁皮瓣進(jìn)行面頰部橫行重建,對(duì)28例患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析,認(rèn)為去表皮的肩胛和肩胛旁皮瓣是修復(fù)面部橫向大面積凹陷缺損畸形的首選。Dunkly等[40]應(yīng)用吻合血管的腹股溝皮瓣修復(fù)面部凹陷畸形,皮瓣放置時(shí)真皮面朝下可減少重力遷移,獲得流暢的面部輪廓。Longaker等[41]應(yīng)用擴(kuò)展的乳房下皺襞旋肩胛和腹壁下淺動(dòng)脈皮瓣修復(fù)雙側(cè)面部凹陷畸形,供區(qū)瘢痕較隱秘,而且作者認(rèn)為雙側(cè)面部凹陷畸形比單側(cè)面部凹陷畸形更容易做到雙側(cè)對(duì)稱。Coessens等[42]和Goossens等[43]認(rèn)為,腹直肌肌皮瓣具有良好的稠度和堅(jiān)硬度,將其游離移植至面部修復(fù)凹陷畸形,可獲得較滿意效果。但Blondeel等[44]認(rèn)為該方法會(huì)因供區(qū)腹壁力量減弱而導(dǎo)致腹部不對(duì)稱(20%)、腹膨?。?0%)或腹疝(5%)的出現(xiàn)。Kroll等[45]、Baldwin等[46]隨后不斷進(jìn)行改良,在減少切取腹直肌量的同時(shí),應(yīng)用合成材料網(wǎng)、兩層筋膜縫合等加強(qiáng)腹壁關(guān)閉,使得腹壁力量減弱等并發(fā)癥大大減少。Mizgala等[47]雖認(rèn)為應(yīng)用合成材料網(wǎng)可導(dǎo)致腹壁組織感染(12%),但感染極易控制。
3.4 自體脂肪顆粒填充
由于患者面頰部皮下脂肪萎縮,自體顆粒脂肪最接近其丟失的軟組織。Fuenta等[48]使用自體脂肪顆粒注射,矯正面部脂肪萎縮畸形,認(rèn)為該方法簡(jiǎn)便易行。隨后,眾多報(bào)道使用自體脂肪顆粒填充各種原因引起的面部凹陷,發(fā)現(xiàn)自體顆粒脂肪注射填充矯正后,長(zhǎng)期隨訪,易出現(xiàn)脂肪顆粒吸收,面部凹陷畸形復(fù)發(fā),需要多次注射等問題[49-51]。但是自體顆粒脂肪填充簡(jiǎn)便易行,至今在臨床上仍被廣泛應(yīng)用。近年來基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脂肪干細(xì)胞具有易獲得、增殖能力強(qiáng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。部分臨床應(yīng)用研究顯示,脂肪干細(xì)胞注射治療面部脂肪萎縮安全有效,優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的脂肪顆粒注射[52]。Castro-Govea等[53]應(yīng)用脂肪干細(xì)胞移植治療面部凹陷性疾?。≒arry-Rombergz綜合征),發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪干細(xì)胞移植可以通過降低脂肪的吸收而達(dá)到穩(wěn)定的長(zhǎng)期修復(fù)效果。脂肪干細(xì)胞治療是面部凹陷畸形治療的趨勢(shì),但對(duì)于一些需填充組織量較大或局部情況差、皮膚菲薄、血運(yùn)較差的面部凹陷畸形患者,脂肪顆粒注射或脂肪干細(xì)胞注射治療仍難以矯正。
Barraquer-Simons綜合征是一種罕見的、病因不明的脂肪分布異常疾病,其治療對(duì)癥治療為主。在修復(fù)患者面部凹陷畸形前,應(yīng)先評(píng)估患者面部凹陷畸形組織量缺損大小,組織缺損量較小時(shí),可使用自體脂肪顆?;蛑靖杉?xì)胞注射填充治療,操作簡(jiǎn)單,術(shù)區(qū)不留瘢痕,可反復(fù)注射;組織缺損量大時(shí),可使用吻合血管的游離組織移植,如腹直肌肌皮瓣、股前外側(cè)筋膜脂肪瓣、前臂筋膜脂肪瓣等,治療效果滿意,療效穩(wěn)定。
[1]Mitchell SW.Singular case of absence of adipose tissue matter in the upper half of the body[J].Am J Med Sci,1885,90:105-106.
[2]Barraquer L.Histoire clinique d'um cas d'atrophie du tissu celluloadipeux[J].Neurolog Zentralblatt,1907,26:1072.
[3]Simons A.Lipodystrophia progressiva[J].Z ges Neurol Psychiat, 1911,5:29-38.
[4]Taylor WB,Honeycutt WM.Progressive lipodystrophy and lipoatrophic diabetes.Review of the literature and case reports[J]. Arch Dermatol,1961,84:31-36.
[5]Kurugol Z,Ulger Z,Berk O,et al.Acquired partial lipodystrophy associated with varicella[J].Turk J Pediatr,2009,51(6):617-620.
[6]Khanna N,Sirka C,Gupta S,et al.Lipodystrophy following hepatitis infection:a causative relationship[J]?J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol,2004,18(3):345-346.
[7]Requena Caballero C,Angel Navarro Mira M,Bosch IF,et al. Barraquer-Simons lipodystrophy associated with antiphospholipid syndrome[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2003,49(4):768-769.
[8]Orrell RW,Peatfield RC,Collins CE,et al.Myopathy in acquired partial lipodystrophy[J].Clin Neurol Neurosurg,1995,97(2):181-186.
[9]Ben Ghorbel I,Ben Salem T,Lamloum M,et al.Barraquer-Simons syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus[J].Rev Med Interne,2010,31(5):372-374.
[10]Porter WM,O'Gorman-Lalor O,Lane RJ,et al.Barraquer-Simons lipodystrophy,Raynaud's phenomenon and cutaneous vasculitis [J].Clin Exp Dermatol,2000,25(4):277-280.
[11]Devaux JP,Andrieux S,Melliez H,et al.Type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a patient with acquired partial lipodystrophy[J].Presse Med,2001,30(16):790-791.
[12]Winhoven SM,Hafejee A,Coulson IH.An unusual case of an acquired acral partial lipodystrophy(Barraquer-Simons syndrome) in a patient with extrinsic allergic alveolitis[J].Clin Exp Dermatol, 2006,31(4):594-596.
[13]Yavuz S,Acarturk TO.Acquired partial lipodystrophy with C3 hypocomplementemia and antiphospholipid and anticardiolipin antibodies[J].Pediatr Dermatol,2010,27(5):504-508.
[14]Misra A,Peethambaram A,Garg A.Clinical features and metabolic and autoimmune derangements in acquired partial lipodystrophy: report of 35 cases and review of the literature[J].Medicine (Baltimore),2004,83(1):18-34.
[15]Pangburn MK,Muller-Eberhard HJ.The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of human complement.Enzymic properties of the bimolecular proteinase[J].Biochem J,1986,235(3):723-730.
[16]Williams DG,Bartlett A,Duffus P.Identification of nephritic factor as an immunoglobulin[J].Clin Exp Immunol,1978,33(3): 425-429.
[17]Spitzer RE,Vallota EH,Forristal J,et al.Serum C'3 lytic system in patients with glomerulonephritis[J].Science,1969,164(3878): 436-437.
[18]Peters DK,Williams DG.Complement and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritisroleofcomplementdeficiencyinthe pathogenesis of nephritis[J].Nephron,1974,13(3):188-197.
[19]Mathieson PW,Wurzner R,Oliveria DB,et al.Complementmediated adipocyte lysis by nephritic factor sera[J].J Exp Med, 1993,177(6):1827-1831.
[20]Ng YC,Peters DK.C3 nephritic factor(C3NeF):dissociation of cellbound and fluid phase stabilization of alternative pathway C3 convertase[J].Clin Exp Immunol,1986,65(2):450-457.
[21]Sniderman AD,Cianflone K.The adipsin-ASP pathway and regulation of adipocyte function[J].Ann Med,1994,26(6):388-393.
[22]Hegele RA,Cao H,Liu DM,et al.Sequencing of the reannotated LMNB2 gene reveals novel mutations in patients with acquired partial lipodystrophy[J].Am J Hum Genet,2006,79(2):383-389.
[23]Guallar JP,Rojas-Garcia R,Garcia-Arumi E,et al.Impaired expression of mitochondrial and adipogenic genes in adipose tissuefromapatientwithacquiredpartiallipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons syndrome):a case report[J].J Med Case Rep, 2008,2:284.
[24]Spranger S,Spranger M,Tasman AJ,et al.Barraquer-Simons syndrome(with sensorineural deafness):a contribution to the differential diagnosis of lipodystrophy syndromes[J].Am J Med Genet,1997,71(4):397-400.
[25]Rees TD,Ashley FL.Treatment of facial atrophy with liquid silicone[J].Am J Surg,1966,111(4):531-535.
[26]Rees TD,Ashley FL,Delgado JP.Silicone fluid injections for facial atrophy.A ten-year study[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1973,52 (2):118-127.
[27]Rees TD,Coburn RJ.Silicone treatment of partial lipodystrophy [J].JAMA,1974,230(6):868-870.
[28]Jacinto SS.Ten-year experience using injectable silicone oil for soft tissue augmentation in the Philippines[J].Dermatol Surg, 2005,31(11 Pt 2):1550-1554.
[29]Brongo S,Nicoletti G,Ferraro G,et al.Use of dermo-adipose grafts in facial morphology restoration in cases of progressive partial lipodystrophy[J].Minerva Stomatol,2003,52(1-2):31-34.
[30]Davis RE,Guida RA,Cook TA.Autologous free dermal fat graft. Reconstruction of facial contour defects[J].Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,1995,121(1):95-100.
[31]Mordick TG 2nd,Larossa D,Whitaker L.Soft-tissue reconstruction of the face:a comparison of dermal-fat grafting and vascularized tissue transfer[J].Ann Plast Surg,1992,29(5):390-396.
[32]Ciarpella E,Scatafassi S.Plastic surgery in lipodystrophic atrophy of the face in Barraquer Simons disease[J].Policlinico Prat, 1968,75(30):980-984.
[33]Govila A.Restoration of facial contour with deepithelized pectoralis major musculocutaneous flap[J].Ann Plast Surg,1991,27(1):80-86. [34]Serra JM,Ballesteros A,Mesa F,et al.Use of the temporal muscle flap in Barraquer-Simon's progressive lipodystrophy[J].Ann Plast Surg,1993,30(2):180-182.
[35]van der Wal KG,Mulder JW.Facial contour reconstruction in partial lipodystrophy using two temporalis muscle flaps.A case report[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1998,27(1):14-16.
[36]Koshy CE,Evans J.Facial contour reconstruction in localised lipodystrophy using free radial forearm adipofascial flaps[J].Br J Plast Surg,1998,51(7):499-502.
[37]Guelinckx PJ,Sinsel NK.Facial contour restoration in Barraquer-Simons syndrome using two free anterolateral thigh flaps[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2000,105(5):1730-1736.
[38]Elliott H,Rose MD.Aesthetic facial restoration[M].Philadelphia: Lippincot-Raven,1998:320-321.
[39]Upton J,Albin RE,Mulliken JB,et al.The use of scapular and parascapular flaps for cheek reconstruction[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1992,90(6):959-971.
[40]Dunkley MP,Stevenson JH.Experience with the free"inverted" groin flap in facial soft tissue contouring;a report on 6 flaps[J]. Br J Plast Surg,1990,43(2):154-158.
[41]Longaker MT,Flynn A,Siebert JW.Microsurgical correction of bilateral facial contour deformities[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1996, 98(6):951-957.
[42]Coessens BC,Van Geertruyden JP.Simultaneous bilateral facial reconstruction of a Barraquer-Simons lipodystrophy with free TRAM flaps[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1995,95(5):911-915.
[43]Goossens S,Coessens B.Facial contour restoration in Barraquer-Simons syndrome using two free TRAM flaps:Presentation of two case reports and long-term follow-up[J].Microsurgery,2002,22 (5):211-218.
[44]Blondeel N,Boeckx WD,Vanderstraeten GG,et al.The fate of the oblique abdominal muscles after free TRAM flap surgery[J]. Br J Plast Surg,1997,50(5):315-321.
[45]Kroll SS,Schusterman MA,Reece GP,et al.Abdominal wall strength,bulging,and hernia after TRAM flap breast reconstruction [J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1995,96(3):616-619.
[46]Baldwin BJ,Schusterman MA,Miller MJ,et al.Bilateral breast reconstruction:conventional versus free TRAM[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,1994,93(7):1410-1416.
[47]Mizgala CL,Hartrampf CR,Jr Bennett GK.Assessment of the abdominal wall after pedicled TRAM flap surgery:5-to 7-year follow-up of 150 consecutive patients[J].Plast Reconstr Surg, 1994,93(5):988-1002.
[48]de la Fuente A,Tavora T.Fat injections for the correction of facial lipodystrophies:a preliminary report[J].Aesthetic Plast Surg,1988,12(1):39-43.
[49]Gassling VL,Douglas T,Wiltfang J,et al.Unilateral atrophy of the cheek:autologous fat injection as treatment of choice[J].J Craniofac Surg,2009,20(2):423-425.
[50]Orlando G,Guaraldi G,De Fazio D,et al.Long-term psychometric outcomesoffaciallipoatrophytherapy:forty-eight-week observational,nonrandomized study[J].AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2007,21(11):833-842.
[51]Mansouri Hattab N,Lahmiti S,Aimadeddine S,et al.Barraquer-Simons syndrome[J].Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac,2011,112(3): 172-173.
[52]Yoshimura K,Sato K,Aoi N,et al.Cell-assisted lipotransfer for facial lipoatrophy:efficacy of clinical use of adipose-derived stem cells[J].Dermatol Surg,2008,34(9):1178-1185.
[53]Castro-Govea Y,De La Garza-Pineda O,Lara-Arias J,et al. Cell-assisted lipotransfer for the treatment of parry-romberg syndrome[J].Arch Plast Surg,2012,39(6):659-662.
The Cosmetic Treatment of Facial Depression in Barraquer-Simons Syndrome
WU Huanhuan,TENG Li.Plastic
Surgery Hospital,Peking Union Medical Collage,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100144,China.
【Summary】Barraquer-Simons syndrome,also known as acquired partial lipodystrophy(APL)and progressive lipodystrophy,is a rare kind of lipodystrophy.This bilateral fat loss usually starts at the face and spreads to the upper part of the body, sparing the hips and the lower extremities.C3 hypocomplementemia,insulin resistance,and several autoimmune diseases are associated with APL.This tissue loss is so disconcerting that some patients often suffer from social alienation and develop psychological problems.This paper reviews the cosmetic treatment of facial depression in Barraquer-Simons syndrome.
Barraquer-Simons syndrome;Lipodystrophy;Facial depression
R622
B
1673-0364(2013)03-0177-04
2013年2月27日;
2013年4月9日)
100144北京市中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院。
10.3969/j.issn.1673-0364.2013.03.017