方 茜 郝崗平
(泰山醫(yī)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東 泰安 271000)
惡性腫瘤是目前導(dǎo)致人類死亡的主要病因,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)每年有數(shù)以萬計(jì)的人死于癌癥。臨床上盡管可以通過早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、改進(jìn)治療方法及加強(qiáng)護(hù)理等傳統(tǒng)手段提高腫瘤患者的生存率,降低死亡率,但目前缺乏敏感而特異的早期診斷標(biāo)志物,雖然病理檢查的準(zhǔn)確率很高,但該法屬有創(chuàng)檢查不適用于普查和篩查。傳統(tǒng)治療手段創(chuàng)傷大,副作用明顯,導(dǎo)致患者預(yù)后較差。況且人們對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)病機(jī)制仍然不明確,所以進(jìn)一步了解腫瘤發(fā)病的分子生物學(xué)特性或許可以找到診斷和治療腫瘤更好的方法和途徑。
微小核糖核酸(microRNA,miRNA)近年來因其與腫瘤密切相關(guān)成為研究熱點(diǎn),它是一種由18~25個(gè)核苷酸構(gòu)成的內(nèi)源性非編碼小分子單鏈RNA,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)控基因表達(dá)[1]。在哺乳動(dòng)物體內(nèi)人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了超過500種基因編碼miRNA,miRNA雖然僅占真核基因總基因數(shù)的1%,但調(diào)節(jié)體內(nèi)靶基因數(shù)可達(dá)30%左右。miRNA特異性的通過堿基配對(duì)的方式部分或完全結(jié)合目標(biāo)mRNA的3'非翻譯區(qū)(3'UTR)抑制mRNA翻譯或降解靶mRNA[2]。miRNA靶基因多樣性證實(shí)miRNA調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤過程的多樣和廣泛性,miRNA在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程中可能通過調(diào)控細(xì)胞代謝發(fā)揮作用,如細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、分化、周期、凋亡和血管生成等[3-4]。本文就現(xiàn)今公認(rèn)的乏氧誘導(dǎo)型microRNA-210在惡性腫瘤中的表達(dá)、診斷、預(yù)后、治療及其與腫瘤發(fā)生機(jī)制的相關(guān)性綜述如下。
乏氧或低氧是眾多實(shí)性腫瘤細(xì)胞微環(huán)境的一個(gè)特性,乏氧誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)功能(如能量代謝、增殖、凋亡及血管生成等)是通過乏氧誘導(dǎo)因子(hypoxia-inducible factors,HIFs)加以調(diào)控[5]。HIFs是低氧條件下調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)的核心轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,是由α亞基(HIF-1α或HIF-2α)和β亞基(HIF-1β)構(gòu)成的異源二聚體。在常氧條件下,HIF-α亞單位在三種同源2-酮戊二酸依賴雙加氧酶的催化下經(jīng)過脯氨酰羥基化,通過VHL蛋白介導(dǎo)的HIF泛素化而降解。HIF-α對(duì)氧氣調(diào)節(jié)的控制還受乏氧誘導(dǎo)因子抑制因子-1(factor inhibitor HIF-1,FIH-1)的調(diào)節(jié),其催化HIF-α上形成羥天冬氨酰殘基,其能抑制HIF-α與轉(zhuǎn)錄輔激活物p300結(jié)合而發(fā)揮活性[6]。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乏氧可以誘導(dǎo)不同種類的miRNA表達(dá),其中miRNA-210最受人們的關(guān)注,研究報(bào)道m(xù)iRNA-210是缺氧誘導(dǎo)型miRNA,它的啟動(dòng)子攜帶乏氧應(yīng)答元件(HRE),由乏氧誘導(dǎo)因子識(shí)別[7]。在缺氧條件下,miRNA-210在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的表達(dá)上調(diào),并能促進(jìn)毛細(xì)血管結(jié)構(gòu)形成及遷移[8]。miRNA-210也參與調(diào)控乏氧細(xì)胞生物學(xué)功能,其在不同種類的腫瘤細(xì)胞和正常細(xì)胞中均以依賴HIF-1的方式表達(dá)上調(diào),如:乳腺癌、胰腺癌、腎細(xì)胞癌等。在許多實(shí)性瘤里,每一類miRNA可以調(diào)控成百上千個(gè)與腫瘤發(fā)生和發(fā)展相關(guān)的基因。研究證實(shí),在不同腫瘤中miRNA具有癌基因和抑癌基因的雙重作用。miRNA可通過上調(diào)癌基因或下調(diào)抑癌基因的方式激發(fā)腫瘤信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[9]。
2.1miRNA-210調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞惡性表型
miRNA-210是細(xì)胞乏氧應(yīng)答的關(guān)鍵分子,參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞存活和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞遷移[10]。miRNA-210高表達(dá)可以調(diào)節(jié)乏氧微環(huán)境下腫瘤細(xì)胞線粒體呼吸功能,使乏氧腫瘤細(xì)胞具有生長優(yōu)勢。miRNA-210通過靶向定位纖維母細(xì)胞生長因子受體-1(FGFRL1)調(diào)節(jié)癌細(xì)胞增殖[11]。Yang等發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝癌細(xì)胞乏氧條件下,miRNA-210水平下調(diào)能明顯降低腫瘤細(xì)胞活性,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期停滯于G0/G1階段,加速細(xì)胞凋亡和提高腫瘤細(xì)胞的放療敏感性[12]。另外,還有研究證實(shí)肝癌細(xì)胞中miRNA-210表達(dá)升高可能通過靶向定位乙型肝炎病毒關(guān)鍵基因來調(diào)節(jié)乙型肝炎病毒復(fù)制并在持續(xù)性感染過程中保持病毒粒子生長的適當(dāng)水平[13]。
2.2miRNA-210調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞相關(guān)信號(hào)通路
2008年Mignon L.Loh等研究人員以白血病JMML為研究對(duì)象通過流式細(xì)胞儀在單細(xì)胞水平上發(fā)現(xiàn)了JAK-STAT5信號(hào)通路才是癌細(xì)胞形成和生長的關(guān)鍵信號(hào),這項(xiàng)研究為探尋癌癥形成的分子機(jī)制帶來了新思路。目前人們已經(jīng)了解的腫瘤信號(hào)通路有:JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路、P53信號(hào)通路、TGF-β信號(hào)通路、Ras-PI(3)K信號(hào)通路及WNT信號(hào)通路等。miRNA-210在正常生理和病理?xiàng)l件下能調(diào)控乏氧相關(guān)腫瘤信號(hào)通路的很多方向。常氧條件下,miRNA-210過表達(dá)會(huì)使線粒體功能異常進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞內(nèi)有毒活性氧(ROS)含量增加[14]。另外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)處在乏氧條件下的胰腺癌細(xì)胞通過HIF-1α依賴通路誘導(dǎo)miRNA-210的表達(dá)[15]。HIF通路是細(xì)胞在低氧環(huán)境下存活所必需的,并在維持腫瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)方面發(fā)揮重要作用[16]。Mutharasan等證實(shí)缺氧心肌細(xì)胞通過Akt和P53依賴信號(hào)通路上調(diào)miRNA-210表達(dá)并具有保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞的作用[17]。將miRNA-210抑制劑轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞能夠明顯減少Tcf7l2的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,它能夠靶向結(jié)合WNT信號(hào)途徑的下游相關(guān)基因位點(diǎn),進(jìn)而發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用。miRNA-210是成骨細(xì)胞分化正性調(diào)控因子,它可以通過抑制AcvR1b基因表達(dá)來抑制TGF-β/Activin信號(hào)通路從而促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞分化[18]。利用體外人工基底膜實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞-12(HUVEC-12)內(nèi)miRNA-210高表達(dá)可加強(qiáng)VEGF和VEGFR2表達(dá)和促進(jìn)血管生成[8]。
3miRNA-210在惡性腫瘤中的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值
3.1miRNA-210在惡性腫瘤中的表達(dá)及診斷價(jià)值
miRNA-210在大量實(shí)性瘤中的表達(dá)通常是升高的,例如乳腺癌、非小細(xì)胞性肺癌、頭頸癌、胰腺癌、口腔癌、肝細(xì)胞癌、腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌、結(jié)腸癌、卵巢癌、膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤、惡性黑色素瘤以及腎細(xì)胞癌等[19],然而在食管鱗癌組織和癌細(xì)胞株里miRNA-210表達(dá)是下降的[20]。White等[21]利用微陣列和定量PCR(Q-PCR)技術(shù)分析70對(duì)腎透明細(xì)胞癌和正常腎組織標(biāo)本,結(jié)果顯示在腎透明細(xì)胞癌組織中有166種miRNAs發(fā)生表達(dá)異常,其中miRNA-210過表達(dá)最明顯。Zhao等[22]收集68例腎癌術(shù)前血清、10例術(shù)后一周血清、42例健康對(duì)照血清,用熒光定量PCR的方法檢測血清中miRNA-210的含量,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前血清含量顯著高于健康對(duì)照,術(shù)后miRNA-210含量較術(shù)前明顯下降,ROC曲線下面積為0.874,敏感性81%,特異性79.4%,表明miRNA-210可用于腎癌非創(chuàng)傷性診斷,其有望成為新型腫瘤標(biāo)志物。Shen等從32位受選肺癌患者血漿中第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)了miRNA-210的表達(dá),與良性孤立性肺結(jié)節(jié)患者和健康人相比血漿miRNA-210出現(xiàn)高表達(dá),并提出miRNAs的聯(lián)合檢測可提高肺癌診斷效率[23]。Allen等[24]收集3年間院內(nèi)初診胰腺癌患者血漿與正常對(duì)照采用相對(duì)定量方法發(fā)現(xiàn)患者血漿中循環(huán)miRNA-210的表達(dá)較對(duì)照4倍增加,其或許可以作為胰腺癌診斷新的生物標(biāo)記物。
3.2miRNA-210與惡性腫瘤的預(yù)后相關(guān)
Rothe等研究證實(shí)miRNA-210的高表達(dá)與乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲和臨床不良預(yù)后有關(guān)[25]。Camps等[6]利用微陣列和Q-PCR技術(shù)檢測乏氧誘導(dǎo)下乳腺癌細(xì)胞株中miRNA-210的表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-210過表達(dá)與乳腺癌細(xì)胞乏氧分?jǐn)?shù)相關(guān),通過單變量和多變量分析顯示miRNA-210高表達(dá)與乳腺癌患者的無病生存率和總體生存率呈負(fù)相關(guān),所以miRNA-210表達(dá)水平可以作為評(píng)估乳腺癌預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因子。另外,Volinia等通過進(jìn)一步的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-210表達(dá)異常不但與乳腺癌預(yù)后有關(guān),在乳腺癌的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移方面也發(fā)揮作用[26]。在乳腺癌患者進(jìn)行藥物輔助化療之前,微量殘留癌病人血漿循環(huán)miRNA-210水平明顯高于完全病情緩解的患者,術(shù)前乳腺癌患者血漿miRNA-210水平明顯高于術(shù)后和出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的病人。Ren等從29例胰腺癌患者、22例慢性胰腺炎患者和13例正常人的糞便樣本中檢測出miRNA-210的表達(dá),并且發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌患者miRNA-210高表達(dá)與患者低存活率密切相關(guān),因此糞便miRNA-210表達(dá)水平可以作為胰腺癌篩查的生物標(biāo)記物[27]。Quero等研究認(rèn)為檢測miRNA-210含量可以作為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)前列腺癌患者的預(yù)后指標(biāo)[28]。miRNA-210表達(dá)可用來評(píng)定組織乏氧程度,同時(shí)也與頭頸癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)[29]。此外,研究人員也證實(shí)miRNA-210表達(dá)與軟組織肉瘤患者低生存率和腫瘤發(fā)病年齡密切相關(guān)[30]。
3.3miRNA-210可作為惡性腫瘤治療的靶點(diǎn)
近年來,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量miRNA-210的靶分子,這些靶分子參與線粒體代謝、血管生成、DNA修復(fù)、細(xì)胞存活等生命過程。例如:3-磷酸甘油脫氫酶1(GPD1L)、SHIP-1、泡膜蛋白1(VMP1)、琥珀酸脫氫酶復(fù)合物(SDHD)、MNT及ephrin-A3等。低氧條件下, miRNA-210通過靶向抑制GPD1L而增加HIF-1α的水平,HIF-1α參與誘導(dǎo)miRNA-210表達(dá),由此可見GPD1L是乏氧正反饋環(huán)中重要的調(diào)控因子[31]。利用miRNA-210轉(zhuǎn)染骨髓細(xì)胞株能引起SHIP-1蛋白表達(dá)的缺失[32]。乏氧引起VMP1表達(dá)減少,并且miRNA-210下調(diào)VMP1在調(diào)節(jié)乏氧介導(dǎo)的肝癌細(xì)胞遷移中發(fā)揮重要作用[33]。SDHD是三羧酸循環(huán)過程中的催化酶和線粒體呼吸鏈(復(fù)合體Ⅱ)的功能單位。miRNA-210依賴性靶分子SDHD能夠激活HIF-1[34]。MNT mRNA的3′UTR包含miRNA-210的多個(gè)結(jié)合位點(diǎn),沉默該位點(diǎn)可使miRNA-210過表達(dá)[35]。在乏氧條件下,miRNA-210能夠下調(diào)ephrin-A3的表達(dá)[36]。近期研究也證實(shí)鐵-硫簇支架蛋白聚合物(ISCU)和細(xì)胞色素C氧化酶10(COX10)也是miRNA-210的潛在靶分子,它們都是線粒體電子傳遞鏈和三羧酸循環(huán)的重要作用因子[37],Chan等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA-210靶向抑制ISCU表達(dá)[38]。這些靶分子的發(fā)現(xiàn)為惡性腫瘤的治療提供了新方向。Liu等[39]在體外利用人工合成miRNA剪切酶剪切膀胱癌細(xì)胞系中miRNA-210基因簇活性位點(diǎn)抑制miRNA-210的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)可抑制膀胱癌細(xì)胞生長和遷移并誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,提出miRNA-210具有治療膀胱癌的潛在價(jià)值。對(duì)于miRNA-210高表達(dá)的特異腫瘤而言miRNA-210拮抗劑是有價(jià)值的治療工具,抗miRNA-210治療與其它藥物聯(lián)合可明顯降低心血管等系統(tǒng)的副作用,與其它治療方法(如放療化療)結(jié)合可顯著提高抗癌療效。
綜上可見miRNA-210在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞系、腫瘤組織、腫瘤患者體液中均有表達(dá),相較正常對(duì)照,其表達(dá)可上調(diào)可下調(diào)也可無顯著差異。對(duì)于某些腫瘤而言,miRNA-210可成為有價(jià)值的腫瘤診斷和監(jiān)控標(biāo)志物。腫瘤患者預(yù)后情況和生存率高低也與miRNA-210表達(dá)密切相關(guān)。miRNA-210因?yàn)榭梢哉{(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖,干擾線粒體代謝,影響DNA修復(fù)和血管生物學(xué)活性,所以或許可以成為一種新的干預(yù)治療介質(zhì)。miRNA-210在臨床上的應(yīng)用前景廣闊,所以需要對(duì)miRNA-210調(diào)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行更深入的研究以期為腫瘤新的診斷和治療方法的發(fā)現(xiàn)提供有力依據(jù)。
國內(nèi)外對(duì)miRNA-210機(jī)制層面的研究已經(jīng)比較深入,尤其是乏氧細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)miRNA-210表達(dá)的結(jié)論已得到廣泛共識(shí)。目前,人們將miRNA-210的研究重點(diǎn)指向腫瘤,因?yàn)榇罅垦芯恳呀?jīng)證實(shí)二者密切相關(guān)。miRNA-210在腫瘤學(xué)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用價(jià)值巨大,但在具體實(shí)施階段仍有許多問題有待解決:①腫瘤細(xì)胞尤其是惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞乏氧與miRNA-210關(guān)聯(lián)的分子機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探討,另外還需要繼續(xù)尋找和鑒定miRNA-210的特異靶點(diǎn)。②miRNA-210及其靶分子作為治療方法的具體設(shè)想至今不明確。③如何使miRNA-210作為無創(chuàng)診斷標(biāo)志物具有更高的準(zhǔn)確性。④探索檢測miRNA-210更精準(zhǔn)的方法,如何做好質(zhì)量控制。⑤miRNA-210是否可用于監(jiān)控腫瘤動(dòng)態(tài)和治療療效等方面都需要進(jìn)行更深一步的研究和探索。所以將miRNA-210運(yùn)用于腫瘤性疾病的臨床實(shí)踐還有很長的路要走。人們在對(duì)腫瘤患者長期隨訪過程中需要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究,并不斷增加對(duì) miRNA-210作用機(jī)制和調(diào)控規(guī)律的探索。
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山東第一醫(yī)科大學(xué)(山東省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院)學(xué)報(bào)2013年5期