王斌

每年高考后，在分析考生閱讀理解方面的情況時(shí)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，信息點(diǎn)比較單一的題目的答對(duì)率較高，然而，信息點(diǎn)較多、較散的題目的答對(duì)率較低。其原因主要是考生對(duì)信息點(diǎn)的歸納和概括的能力不強(qiáng)所致。所以我們?cè)趥淇歼^(guò)程中要培養(yǎng)歸納和概括的能力，并用歸納和概括的方法來(lái)突破英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的難點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。

一、用歸納概括法突破英語(yǔ)閱讀細(xì)節(jié)題難點(diǎn)

40. What made David change？（2013廣東閱讀C篇）

A. His teachers help.

B. The authors friendship.

C. His exchange of letters with the author.

D. The authors silent communication with him.

信息點(diǎn)：I suggested we play a game of chess；After that he played chess with me every Wednesday afternoon — in complete silence and without looking at me；...

But I also learned that one — without any words — can reach out to another person；After that day， David started talking...Now he had really started to live his own life.

由以上信息點(diǎn)可以歸納為作者在與David下棋過(guò)程中通過(guò)無(wú)聲的交流改變了David。所以答案選D。

32. Some cats and dogs may fight when _____________.（2011廣東閱讀B）

A. they are cold to each other

B. they look away from each other

C. they misunderstood each others signals

D. they are introduced at an early age

信息點(diǎn)：...while aggression and fighting were observed in 10% of the homes. One reason for this is probably that some of their body signals were just opposite. For example，when a cat turns its head away it signals aggression，while a dog doing the same signals submission.

由劃線部分的信息點(diǎn)可知相同的肢體語(yǔ)言對(duì)貓和狗來(lái)說(shuō)意味不同，同一轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)頭去這一肢體動(dòng)作對(duì)貓來(lái)說(shuō)表達(dá)敵意；對(duì)狗來(lái)說(shuō)表達(dá)順從。由此可歸納為彼此的“文化差異”導(dǎo)致誤解，從而產(chǎn)生矛盾。所以答案選C。

二、用歸納概括法突破英語(yǔ)閱讀推理題難點(diǎn)

39. What can be inferred about David？ （2013廣東閱讀C篇）

A. He recovered after months of treatment.

B. He liked biking before he lost his family.

C. He went into university soon after starting to talk.

D. He got friends in school before he met the author.

信息點(diǎn)：Some months later，...he looked up at me suddenly. “Its your turn，”he said.

After that day， David started talking. He got friends in school and joined a bicycle club. He wrote to me a few times about his biking with some friends， and about his plan to get into university. Now he had really started to live his own life.

由劃線部分的信息點(diǎn)David started talking； got friends...； wrote to me about...可以歸納為他改變了或者恢復(fù)了。作者是心理學(xué)家，對(duì)David的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行治療。所以答案選A。

40. Finally the girl decided to walk to the next stop， hoping _________.（2012廣東閱讀C）

A. to find people there

B. to find more buses there

C. to find the bus by herself there

D. to find people more helpful there

信息點(diǎn)：But at this particular evening no one joined me at the stop； it seemed that everyone had suddenly decided not to travel by bus. Of course I heard plenty of buses pass， or I thought I did. But because I had given up stopping them for fear of making a fool of myself， I let them all go by. I stood there alone for half an hour without stopping one. Then I gave up. I decided to walk on to the next stop.

由劃線部分的信息點(diǎn)可以歸納為當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有人與她一同等車，她怕叫停車出錯(cuò)從而使自己難堪。這樣歸納后就可以知道她到下一站是看看有沒(méi)有人幫忙。所以答案選A。

54. From Paragraph 5，we can learn that_________.（2010廣東閱讀C）

A. mushrooms should not be eaten

B. vegetables are safer than meat and seafood

C. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals

D. different types of food should be handled differently

信息點(diǎn)：When people handle food properly， the risk of food poisoning is very small...Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it...

劃線部分的信息點(diǎn)Food should be kept in a refrigerator...；Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly...； People should also wash food covered with chemicals...； 是對(duì)一些食物的處理方法。由此可以歸納為為了防止食物中毒，對(duì)不同食物有不同的方法。所以答案選D。

三、用歸納概括法突破英語(yǔ)閱讀主旨題難點(diǎn)

31. Paragraph 1 mainly talks about __________.（2013廣東閱讀B篇）

A. the reasons for success

B. the meaning of success

C. the standards of success

D. the importance of success

信息點(diǎn)：Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family， and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. Im not going to say luck， talent， and circumstances dont come into play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence， and thats just the reality of how life is.

由劃線部分的信息點(diǎn)可以歸納為文中的“運(yùn)氣”“天賦”“家庭環(huán)境”等都是指一些成功的因素，我們把四個(gè)答案進(jìn)行對(duì)比就知道答案選A。

35. What is the main theme of the passage？ （2013廣東閱讀B篇）

A. Having a goal is vital to success.

B. Being good is different from being great.

C. One cannot succeed without time and practice.

D. Luck， talent and family help to achieve success.

信息點(diǎn)：...However， to succeed in life，...one needs to spend at least 10，000 hours studying and practicing. To become great at certain things， itll require even more time， time that most people wont put in...

Whatever you do，...you need to work day in and day out， almost to the point of addiction， and over a long period of time. If youre not willing to put in the time and work， dont expect to receive any rewards.

在議論文中，However后引出的句子一般是文章的觀點(diǎn)，最后一段通常是觀點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)調(diào)段。由劃線部分的信息點(diǎn)可以概括為要成功就要付出時(shí)間和努力訓(xùn)練，沒(méi)有努力訓(xùn)練和時(shí)間的付出就不會(huì)成功。

總之，在閱讀理解方面遇到信息點(diǎn)較多、較散的題目時(shí)，我們要運(yùn)用歸納和概括的方法來(lái)解決它們，從而達(dá)到理想的效果。

（作者單位：廣寧縣第一中學(xué)）

責(zé)任編校 蔣小青