馬泳泳,周淑娟,陳楓煜,蔡芳芳,俞康
地西他濱聯(lián)合丙戊酸鈉誘導(dǎo)的骨髓瘤細(xì)胞凋亡及其機(jī)制研究
馬泳泳,周淑娟,陳楓煜,蔡芳芳,俞康
目的探討地西他濱(DCA)聯(lián)合丙戊酸鈉(VPA)體外誘導(dǎo)骨髓瘤細(xì)胞株RPMI 8226凋亡及對死亡相關(guān)蛋白激酶(DAPK)基因去甲基化的作用。方法體外培養(yǎng)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤RPMI 8226細(xì)胞,實(shí)驗(yàn)分為5組:DCA組(選取1.5、3μmol/L 2個(gè)濃度),VPA組(選取1、2μmol/L 2個(gè)濃度),DCA+VPA組(DCA 3μmol/L+VPA 2μmol/L),PBS組,陰性對照組。上述細(xì)胞分別培養(yǎng)24、72h后,MTT法檢測細(xì)胞存活情況。培養(yǎng)72h后,透射電鏡觀察DCA+VPA組細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài);流式細(xì)胞儀Annexin V法檢測上述5組細(xì)胞凋亡率;MSP法檢測上述5組細(xì)胞(DCA組取3μmol/L濃度,VPA組取2μmol/L濃度)處理前后DAPK基因甲基化狀態(tài),半定量RT-PCR方法檢測DAPK基因表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果處理72h后,DCA+VPA組MTT值下降最明顯,細(xì)胞存活率降低,與PBS組及陰性對照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);VPA組及DCA組MTT值均下降,DCA 3μmol/L組與PBS組及陰性對照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。處理72h后,DCA+VPA、VPA、DCA組G1/G0期細(xì)胞增多,S期細(xì)胞減少,細(xì)胞凋亡率增加,DCA+VPA組凋亡率高于DCA組及VPA組(P<0.05),與PBS組及陰性對照組比較差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。透射電鏡下可觀察到DCA+VPA組細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)核染色質(zhì)凝聚、固縮、邊集、核碎裂等典型的細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài)學(xué)改變。處理72h后,DCA+VPA、VPA、DCA組細(xì)胞DAPK啟動(dòng)子均有去甲基化表現(xiàn),以DCA+VPA組去甲基化程度為最大,與PBS組及陰性對照組相比差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DCA+VPA、VPA、DCA組DAPK基因mRNA表達(dá)量均增加,且DCA+VPA組的相對mRNA比值高于其余4組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論DCA聯(lián)合VPA可誘導(dǎo)骨髓瘤細(xì)胞株RPMI 8226凋亡及DAPK基因啟動(dòng)子去甲基化,使DAPK基因表達(dá)恢復(fù)。
地西他濱;丙戊酸鈉;多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;死亡相關(guān)蛋白激酶
骨髓瘤的發(fā)生與抑癌基因高甲基化密切相關(guān)[1-6]。地西他濱(decitabine,DCA)是經(jīng)典的去甲基化藥物,可使高甲基化的抑癌基因去甲基化后恢復(fù)功能,從而逆轉(zhuǎn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)活性;DNA甲基化調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)與組蛋白去乙?;淖饔妹芮邢嚓P(guān),丙戊酸鈉(valproic acid sodium,VPA)是組蛋白去乙?;敢种苿形墨I(xiàn)顯示組蛋白去乙?;敢种苿┛山档突蚣谆?,開啟基因表達(dá)[7]。死亡相關(guān)蛋白激酶(death-associated protein kinase,DAPK)是位于染色體9p34.1的抑癌基因,66.7%的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤DAPK的CpG島發(fā)生超甲基化[8]。本研究選取DAPK基因?yàn)榘悬c(diǎn),觀察DCA聯(lián)合VPA是否可以使DAPK啟動(dòng)子區(qū)去甲基化而恢復(fù)基因表達(dá),從而發(fā)揮抑制腫瘤增殖的作用,以期為臨床DCA聯(lián)合VPA治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 主要藥品及試劑 VPA購自杭州賽諾菲安萬特公司,DCA(5-雜氮-2'-脫氧胞苷)、MTT購自美國Sigma公司,胎牛血清(fetal calf serum,F(xiàn)CS)購自杭州四季青生物公司,Trizol購自美國Invitrogen公司,反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒購自Fermentas公司。其他生化試劑均為進(jìn)口分裝或國產(chǎn)分析純。所用引物由上海吉?jiǎng)P基因技術(shù)有限公司根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)合成。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) 多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞株RPMI 8226由溫州醫(yī)學(xué)院內(nèi)科實(shí)驗(yàn)室長期保存,實(shí)驗(yàn)前復(fù)蘇,用含10% FCS的培養(yǎng)液重懸后,置于37℃、5%CO2、飽和濕度培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),每2~3d換液1次。選擇對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。以每孔2×105/ml的細(xì)胞密度接種于96孔板,每孔200μl。
1.3 MTT增殖抑制實(shí)驗(yàn) 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過夜后分為5組:①DCA組(選取1.5、3μmol/L 2個(gè)濃度);②VPA組(選取1、2μmol/L 2個(gè)濃度);③DCA+VPA組(DCA 3μmol/L+VPA 2μmol/L);④PBS組;⑤陰性對照組。5組細(xì)胞分別培養(yǎng)24、72h后每孔加入MTT (5mg/ml) 20μl,37℃放置4h;離心,棄上清,每孔加入二甲亞砜(DMSO) 150μl,混勻吹打,使沉淀充分溶解;酶聯(lián)免疫分析儀讀取490nm處的光密度(A)值,并用以下公式計(jì)算各組細(xì)胞增殖抑制率:增殖抑制率(%)=(1-藥物組A值/對照組A值)×100%。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)4個(gè)平行孔,重復(fù)3次。
1.4 電鏡觀察細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài) 將生長狀況良好的RPMI 8226細(xì)胞100μl接種于96孔培養(yǎng)板,細(xì)胞密度為1×106/ml。將細(xì)胞分為DCA+VPA組(DCA 3μmol/L+VPA 2μmol/L)、PBS組和陰性對照組,37℃、5%CO2連續(xù)培養(yǎng)72h,光鏡觀察并另取樣進(jìn)行透射電鏡(溫州醫(yī)學(xué)院電鏡室處理樣品)觀察。
1.5 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞周期及凋亡率 細(xì)胞分組同MTT實(shí)驗(yàn),細(xì)胞處理72h后,將細(xì)胞吹打均勻,制成單細(xì)胞懸液,轉(zhuǎn)移至5ml離心管,1000r/ min離心5min。PBS洗2次,用PBS重懸細(xì)胞,計(jì)數(shù),調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度至1×106/ml。沿管壁緩慢加入-20℃預(yù)冷的95%乙醇,使其終濃度為70%,冰浴30min,4℃放置。用PBS洗滌,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞密度至1×106/ml,加入等體積的PI染液1ml,4℃放置30min。以300目尼龍膜過濾,流式細(xì)胞儀測定每組細(xì)胞的熒光強(qiáng)度。
1.6 MSP法檢測各組細(xì)胞處理前后DAPK基因甲基化狀態(tài) 將細(xì)胞分為DCA組(濃度3μmol/L)、VPA組(濃度2μmol/L)、DCA+VPA組(DCA 3μmol/L+VPA 2μmol/L)、PBS組及陰性對照組。5組細(xì)胞處理72h后,抽提細(xì)胞基因組DNA。參照文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行甲基化特異性PCR(MSP)[9]。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95℃預(yù)變性5min,冰浴冷卻后,加入Taq聚合酶2U。DAPK-M(甲基化DAPK),DAPK-U(非甲基化DAPK)擴(kuò)增條件:95℃45s、62℃45s、72℃45s,35個(gè)循環(huán);72℃延伸7min。取擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物行2.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,凝膠圖像成像系統(tǒng)拍攝保存實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
1.7 RT-PCR檢測DAPK基因表達(dá) 細(xì)胞分組同MSP檢測,5組細(xì)胞處理72h后,Trizol法常規(guī)抽提細(xì)胞總RNA,M-MLV反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄,實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR儀進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)PCR擴(kuò)增,以DAPK基因Ct值與相應(yīng)內(nèi)參基因β-actin Ct值的比值表示DAPK基因的相對表達(dá)量。引物序列見表1。擴(kuò)增條件:94℃30s、58℃30s、72℃5min,30個(gè)循環(huán);72℃6min。
表1 引物序列Tab.1 Sequences of primers
1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析(ANOVA),進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用最小顯著性差異法(LSD法)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 MTT檢測結(jié)果 細(xì)胞處理72h后,DCA+VPA組增殖抑制率下降最為明顯,與PBS組及陰性對照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),VPA組及DCA組增殖抑制率均有下降,DCA 3μmol/L組與PBS組及陰性對照組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表2)。
表2 各組MTT檢測結(jié)果 (%,±s,n=12)Tab.2 Findings of MTT detection in each group (%,±s,n=12)
表2 各組MTT檢測結(jié)果 (%,±s,n=12)Tab.2 Findings of MTT detection in each group (%,±s,n=12)
(1)P<0.05 compared with PBS and control group
Hours after treatment ControlPBSDCA(1.5μmol/L)DCA(3μmol/L)VPA(1μmol/L)VPA(2μmol/L)DCA (3μmol/L)+ VPA (2μmol/L) 0 43.6±3.944.5±3.241.3±2.643.5±2.239.3±4.444.3±2.942.3±2.1 2450.2±4.252.3±2.242.4±2.638.2±3.2(1)45.6±2.643.8±2.336.1±7.2(1)7262.3±5.863.2±3.533.1±3.230.2±5.2(1)44.2±3.338.4±3.128.2±2.3(1)
2.2 細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài) 透射電鏡結(jié)果顯示,DCA+VPA組處理72h后可觀察到核染色質(zhì)凝聚、固縮、邊集、核碎裂等典型的細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài)學(xué)改變(圖1)。
2.3 流式細(xì)胞儀檢測細(xì)胞周期及凋亡率DCA+VPA、VPA、DCA組處理72h的RPMI 8226細(xì)胞,G1/G0期細(xì)胞增多,S期細(xì)胞減少,細(xì)胞凋亡率增加。DCA+VPA組細(xì)胞凋亡率高于DCA組及VPA組(P<0.05),與PBS組及陰性對照組比較差異亦有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表3、圖2)。
表3 各組細(xì)胞周期和凋亡率檢測結(jié)果(%)Tab.3 Cell cycles and apoptotic rate of RPMI 8226 cells treated by VPA and/or DCA (%)
圖2 不同處理組作用72h后RPMI 8226細(xì)胞的凋亡率Fig.2 Apoptotic rate of RPMI 8226 cells 72 hours after treatment in different groups
2.4 各組細(xì)胞處理前后DAPK基因甲基化狀態(tài)DCA+VPA、VPA、DCA組處理72h后其DAPK啟動(dòng)子均有去甲基化表現(xiàn),其中DCA+VPA組去甲基化程度最大,與PBS組及陰性對照組相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(圖3)。
圖3 各組處理72h后RPMI 8226細(xì)胞的DAPK基因甲基化狀態(tài)(RT-PCR)Fig.3 Methylation of DAPK gene in RPMI 8226 cells induced by DCA and/or VPA for 72h (RT-PCR)
2.5 各組細(xì)胞DAPK基因表達(dá)結(jié)果 DCA+VPA、DCA、VPA處理組DAPK基因mRNA表達(dá)量均增加,且DCA+VPA組的相對mRNA比值高于DCA組、VPA組,顯著高于PBS組及陰性對照組(圖4)。
圖4 RT-PCR檢測DAPK基因mRNA表達(dá)情況Fig. 4 RT-PCR results for DAPK mRNA expression
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤是骨髓漿細(xì)胞克隆性增殖的血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,約占血液系統(tǒng)腫瘤的10%。近年來隨著多發(fā)性骨髓瘤發(fā)病機(jī)制和病理生理研究的深入,各種新思路新方法相繼出現(xiàn)[10]。目前已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道骨髓瘤的發(fā)生與抑癌基因高甲基化密切相關(guān),由于漿細(xì)胞多個(gè)基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG島發(fā)生甲基化而使其表達(dá)失活,從而導(dǎo)致骨髓瘤發(fā)生[1-5,11],故抑癌基因的去甲基化是多發(fā)性骨髓瘤治療的新思路之一。DNA甲基化轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制劑可逆轉(zhuǎn)DNA甲基化過程,誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡或向正常細(xì)胞分化。DCA是經(jīng)典的去甲基化藥物,可使高甲基化的抑癌基因去甲基化后恢復(fù)功能,從而逆轉(zhuǎn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)活性。DNA甲基化調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)與組蛋白去乙?;淖饔妹芮邢嚓P(guān)?;虻募谆袇^(qū)域差異,非甲基化CpG主要用于轉(zhuǎn)錄活化染色質(zhì)。CpG島染色質(zhì)含有高度乙?;慕M蛋白H3和H4。組蛋白去乙?;甘菇M蛋白H3和H4去乙?;赡軐?dǎo)致抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄的染色質(zhì)環(huán)境的形成。低乙?;瘯r(shí),轉(zhuǎn)錄靜止區(qū)域通常是甲基化的。組蛋白去乙?;府惓=Y(jié)合到特定的啟動(dòng)子區(qū),從而抑制正常功能基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄。DNA甲基化引起的基因沉默涉及異常招募去乙?;?,而富含去乙酰化酶的異染色質(zhì)又可以繼發(fā)性募集DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,因此,在由于DNA甲基化異常引發(fā)的惡性腫瘤中去乙?;竿瑯悠鹬匾饔?。既往用于治療癲癇和躁郁癥的老藥VPA新近被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有組蛋白去乙?;?HDCA)抑制劑的特征性作用[12]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,VPA作為HDCA抑制劑而具有抗腫瘤作用,可能機(jī)制在于其抑制了HDCA活性,導(dǎo)致組蛋白高乙?;癄顟B(tài),使得染色質(zhì)保持更加開放的構(gòu)型,開放構(gòu)型的染色質(zhì)引起翻譯沉默路徑活化或通過募集一些阻遏蛋白抑制異常表達(dá)的基因,進(jìn)而使腫瘤細(xì)胞生長受抑,細(xì)胞周期阻滯及凋亡[13]。VPA對包括子宮內(nèi)膜癌、乳腺癌、白血病在內(nèi)的多種惡性腫瘤的生長均有抑制作用,并誘導(dǎo)其分化和凋亡。VPA對腫瘤細(xì)胞有選擇性細(xì)胞毒性,而對正常造血細(xì)胞無嚴(yán)重毒性,且與多種化療藥物有協(xié)同作用。
DAPK是一類新的鈣離子/鈣調(diào)素依賴激酶,可使其底物蛋白的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸殘基磷酸化,該激酶最初是作為由γ干擾素(INF-γ)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的一種正調(diào)控子而被分離鑒定出來的[14]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DAPK基因5'非翻譯區(qū)的CpG島是一個(gè)超甲基化的潛在靶點(diǎn),66.7%的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤DAPK的CpG島發(fā)生超甲基化[8],其他人類腫瘤也存在DAPK基因表達(dá)缺失,如70%的B細(xì)胞性淋巴瘤和白血病細(xì)胞株的DAPK mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),30%的膀胱癌、乳腺癌和腎細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞株DAPK表達(dá)缺失,34%的垂體腺瘤檢測不到DAPK,而在人類和鼠的正常組織中DAPK卻有廣泛表達(dá)。這提示DAPK超甲基化導(dǎo)致DAPK基因失活、DAPK表達(dá)缺失可能是腫瘤形成的重要因素。
因此,本研究選取DAPK基因?yàn)榘悬c(diǎn),以多發(fā)性骨髓瘤RPMI 8226細(xì)胞株為體外實(shí)驗(yàn)對象,探討DNA甲基化轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制劑DCA聯(lián)合HDCA抑制劑VPA在體外是否可誘導(dǎo)骨髓瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、是否通過去甲基化上調(diào)DAPK基因的mRNA表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)骨髓瘤細(xì)胞凋亡和增殖抑制。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證實(shí)與對照組及PBS組比較,3μmol/L DCA及DCA+VPA具有誘導(dǎo)RPMI 8226細(xì)胞凋亡及生長周期阻滯的作用,其機(jī)制可能為DCA使DAPK基因啟動(dòng)子去甲基化,使其重新表達(dá),而VPA可使DCA去甲基化作用增強(qiáng)。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)VPA單藥組處理72h后細(xì)胞DAPK啟動(dòng)子均有去甲基化表現(xiàn),并且其DAPK基因mRNA表達(dá)量增加,原因可能是VPA抑制了HDCA異常結(jié)合到DAPK基因的啟動(dòng)子區(qū),解除了其對DAPK基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的抑制。本研究為治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤提供了一種新思路,希望為5-雜氮-2'-脫氧胞苷及VPA用于臨床治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤提供一定的體外實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
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Induction effects of decitabine in combination with valproic acid sodium on apoptosis of myeloma cells and its underlying mechanism
MA Yong-yong1, ZHOU Shu-juan1, CHEN Feng-yu2, CAI Fang-fang1, YU Kang1
1Department of Hemotology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
2First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
This work was supported by the Foundation of Wenzhou City Science and Technology Plan (Y20100106)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of decitabine (DCA) combined with valproate sodium (VPA) on the apoptosis of multiple myeloma cell line RPMI 8226 and the demethylation of death-associated protein kinase (DAPK).MethodsThe RPMI 8226 cells were cultured and treated with DCA (1.5μmol/L, 3μmol/L), VPA (1μmol/L, 2μmol/L), VPA+DCA (DCA 3μmol/L+VPA 2μmol/L) and PBS, respectively, and those cells without treatment served as negative control. The survival status of cells was detected by MTT assay after culture for 24 and 72h. The apoptotic rate and cell cycle of RPMI 8226 cells were detected by flow cytometry (FCM), and the apoptosis of cell was observed under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). MSP method was used to detect the methylation of DAPK gene in the RPMI 8226 cells. The mRNA expression of DAPK was detected by RTPCR.ResultsMTT assay showed that the cell activity decreased remarkably in VPA+DCA group after 72h compared with other groups, and the MTT value of VPA+DCA group was significantly different from those of PBS and negative control group (P<0.05). The cell activity in VPA and DCA group decreased remarkably, the MTT value of DCA 3μmol/L group was significantly different from those of PBS and negative control group (P<0.05). FCM analysis revealed that the apoptosis rate increased, the cells in G0/G1phase increased and the cells in S phase decreased in VPA, DCA and VPA+DCA groups after 72h. The apoptosis rate was higher in DCA+VPA group than in DCA and VPA groups, and significantly higher than in PBS and negative control groups (P<0.05). The typical morphological changes of RPMI 8226 cells were observed under TEM in DCA+VPA group, such as chromatin condensation, pyknosis, margination and nuclear fragmentation. The demethylation of DAPK promoters was observed in all the VPA, DCA andVPA+DCA groups, with a highest degree in DCA+VPA group. The degree of DAPK demethylation was significantly different in DCA+VPA group from PBS and control group (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of DAPK were up-regulated in VPA, DCA and DCA+VPA groups. The relative mRNA ratio was higher in VPA+DCA group than in other groups, and significantly higher than in PBS and negative control group (P<0.05).ConclusionDCA and VPA can induce the apoptosis of RPMI 8226 cells and the hypermethylation of DAPK promoter, which enables DAPK gene to be re-expressed.
decitabine; valproate sodium; multiple myeloma; death-associated protein kinase
R551.31
A
0577-7402(2013)10-0837-05
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2013.10.012
2013-02-25;
2013-08-03)
(責(zé)任編輯:沈?qū)?
溫州市科技計(jì)劃(Y20100106)
馬泳泳,醫(yī)學(xué)碩士,主治醫(yī)師。主要從事骨髓瘤表觀遺傳學(xué)方面的研究
325000 浙江溫州 溫州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院血液科(馬泳泳、周淑娟、蔡芳芳、俞康);325000 浙江溫州 溫州醫(yī)學(xué)院第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院(陳楓煜)