宋楠 楚承華
摘 要:譯者是翻譯工作的主體,具有譯者主體性。譯者本身會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)翻譯目的的不同認(rèn)識(shí)采用不同的翻譯策略或翻譯原則。本文主要淺談不同譯者在翻譯實(shí)踐中對(duì)異化(直譯)、歸化(意譯)翻譯策略的運(yùn)用。
關(guān)鍵詞:譯者;異化;歸化
[中圖分類號(hào)]H315.9
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A
[文章編號(hào)]1006-2831(2013)08-0211-3 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2831.2013.03.054
隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的發(fā)展及中國(guó)國(guó)際地位的不斷提高,中西文化交流日益頻繁,翻譯作為一種傳播文化的有效手段,越來越凸顯出自身的重要性。受人類認(rèn)識(shí)發(fā)展的一般辯證規(guī)律的支配:只要翻譯實(shí)踐進(jìn)行到一定的程度,必然會(huì)隨之產(chǎn)生翻譯理論(陳???,2011)。所有的翻譯理論都是譯者在漫長(zhǎng)艱辛的翻譯實(shí)踐中得出的,這些理論反過來又會(huì)指導(dǎo)后來的翻譯實(shí)踐。而譯者是翻譯工作的主體,具有譯者主體性。譯者本身會(huì)因?yàn)閷?duì)翻譯目的的不同認(rèn)識(shí)采用不同的翻譯理論或翻譯策略。本文主要淺談不同譯者在翻譯實(shí)踐中對(duì)異化、歸化翻譯策略的運(yùn)用。
在過去的文學(xué)翻譯(漢英)中,對(duì)中國(guó)文化的處理主要有兩種手法:以源語文化為認(rèn)同的異化(foreignization)原則和目標(biāo)語為歸宿的歸化(domestication)翻譯原則(金惠康,2003: 89)。也就是說異化和歸化是一對(duì)矛盾,異化要求忠實(shí)原文作者,而歸化要求貼近讀者,遷就讀者,盡可能地把源語行為模式納入譯文讀者的文化范疇。還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為:在結(jié)構(gòu)主義翻譯理論中,“異化”“歸化”分別取代了“直譯”“意譯”(董明,2011: 114)。譯者是翻譯主體,應(yīng)該根據(jù)翻譯所要達(dá)到的預(yù)期目的,做出判斷,是要忠實(shí)于作者還是要靠近讀者,從而決定采用異化策略還是歸化策略。
以下這段文字摘自季羨林《游唐大招提寺》,主要講述中國(guó)唐代和尚鑒真不辭勞苦,東渡日本傳播佛經(jīng)的故事。筆者和參考譯文譯者分別采用了不同的翻譯原則。筆者主要運(yùn)用了歸化翻譯原則,以讀者為歸宿;而參考譯文譯者錢煒1、林珍珍2主要采用了異化翻譯原則,以貼近源語作者為歸宿。但個(gè)別句子也傾向于歸化或意譯。
①鑒真愛不愛日本人民呢?②他當(dāng)然是愛的。③他懷著滿腔熾熱的感情愛日本,愛日本人民。④他同中國(guó)人民一樣,深深地體會(huì)到中日兩國(guó)人民的親密關(guān)系,決心為日本人民犧牲自己的一切,把他認(rèn)為能濟(jì)世度人的佛法傳到日本去。⑤為了日本人民的幸福,他毅然決然離開了自己的祖國(guó)。⑥在當(dāng)時(shí)想到日本去,簡(jiǎn)直難于上青天。⑦今天講一衣帶水,形容兩國(guó)鄰近,非常輕松,非常愜意。⑧然而海中波濤滾滾,龍蛇飛舞,用木頭造的船橫渡,其艱險(xiǎn)決非今日所能想象。⑨鑒真嘗試過幾次,都失敗了,最后終于九死一生,到了日本。⑩如果對(duì)日本人民不抱有最深沉的愛,能做到這一步嗎?
筆者譯文:①Did Jianzhen love Japanese people? ②Of course he did. ③He harbored passionate feelings for Japan and Japanese people.④Like other Chinese, he felt, from the bottom of his heart, the intimate relationship between Chinese and Japanese and was determined to devote himself heart and soul to spreading to Japan the Buddha tenets which he believed would relieve the people of Japan. ⑤Therefore, for the happiness of Japanese people, he left China for Japan resolutely, ⑥which was thought to be almost impossible at that time.⑦Today, when talking about “the narrow strip of water”, we refer to the easy access to a close neighbor. ⑧But the sea between China and Japan was roaring with rolling waves. Even today we cant imagine how hard and dangerous it was for Jianzhen to cross the sea in a wooden boat. ⑨He tried several times and arrived in Japan finally with a narrow escape. ⑩How could he have made it without the deep love for Japanese people?
參考譯文:①Did Monk Jianzhen love the Japanese people? ②Of course, he did. ③He loved Japan and the Japanese people passionately. ④Like the Chinese people, he was deeply aware of the close relationship between the two peoples. That was why he made up his mind to sacrifice himself to spread life-and-world-saving Buddhism to Japan.⑤To promote the happiness of the Japanese people, he bid goodbye to his motherland determinedly. ⑥It was by no means easy to go to Japan from China in Jianzhens time. It was, indeed, more difficult than flying into the blue sky. ⑦While it is easy enough for us today to describe the relationship between China and Japan as close as two pieces of land separated by a mere strip of water, ⑧sailing in a wooden boat across the often stormy sea from one country to the other was exceedingly difficult, involving untold hardships and risks. ⑨Monk Jianzhen tried many times and failed just as many. Finally he made it to Japan, having survived untold hazards. ⑩If he hadnt had the most profound love for the Japanese people, how could he have displayed so much courage and stamina?
在第④句中,“決心為日本人民犧牲自己的一切”,筆者翻譯為“to devote himself heart and soul”;錢、林譯為“to sacrifice himself”。聯(lián)系上下文,筆者認(rèn)為,鑒真和尚決心為了日本人民的幸福傳播佛經(jīng)到日本,哪怕犧牲自己的性命也在所不惜。但是如果他既能安全到達(dá)日本,又能全心全力傳播佛經(jīng),當(dāng)然是最好的結(jié)局,沒有人愿意作無謂的犧牲。而錢、林把犧牲自己的一切譯成了目的狀語,給人的感覺是鑒真和尚傳播佛經(jīng)是為了犧牲自己或必須犧牲自己才把佛經(jīng)傳到日本。根據(jù)季羨林先生接下來的記敘,最后鑒真和尚的確九死一生到達(dá)日本,成功地向日本人民傳播了佛法而沒有在途中犧牲。很明顯,筆者是意譯或歸化,錢、林是直譯或異化,忠實(shí)于原作者。
第⑥、⑧句中的:“難于上青天”和“海中龍蛇飛舞”,筆者譯為“almost impossible”和“The sea between China and Japan was roaring with rolling waves.”參考譯文譯者分別譯為“more difficult than flying into the blue sky”和“stormy sea”。在對(duì)以上兩句的處理中,筆者和錢、林都使用了歸化或意譯的處理方法。一方面,在西方文化中,龍和蛇都是邪惡的動(dòng)物,采用異化或直譯的方法很難使讀者在感情上對(duì)鑒真和尚面臨的險(xiǎn)惡環(huán)境產(chǎn)生共鳴或同情。另一方面,由于中西方人思維方式的不同,采用異化或直譯的方法很難使人想象到海上波濤洶涌的情景。
第⑦句“今天講一衣帶水,形容兩國(guó)鄰近,非常輕松,非常愜意”。此句中出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)成語:“一衣帶水”,它的本來意思是:一條衣帶那樣狹窄的水域。指雖有江河湖海相隔,但距離不遠(yuǎn),不足以成為交往的阻礙。筆者譯為:“Today, when talking about ‘the narrow strip of water, we refer to the easy access to a close neighbor.”錢、林譯為:“While it is easy enough for us today to describe the relationship between China and Japan as close as two pieces of land separated by a mere strip of water...”不難看出參考譯文還是在力求忠實(shí)于原文作者。但是此句中,在對(duì)“非常愜意,非常輕松”作處理時(shí),筆者和參考譯文譯者產(chǎn)生了分歧。錢、林認(rèn)為以上兩個(gè)形容詞是用來描述兩國(guó)地理位置時(shí)很容易用“一衣帶水”這個(gè)成語來形容。故參考譯文用了“it is easy enough...”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。而筆者認(rèn)為:以上兩個(gè)形容詞應(yīng)該是用來描述兩國(guó)地理位置臨近,交通便利。其一:找一個(gè)詞來形容兩國(guó)臨近,只要具備一定漢語知識(shí),應(yīng)該不是很難的事,沒有必要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)非常輕松,非常愜意。其二:今天我們要到日本,不管坐飛機(jī)或是坐輪船,交通都非常便利。而在古代,交通是阻礙兩國(guó)交流的最主要因素,文中已經(jīng)描述了,鑒真和尚乘著木船東渡日本時(shí),條件非常惡劣。所以筆者認(rèn)為“非常愜意,非常輕松”兩個(gè)形容詞是在兩國(guó)地理位置很近的情況下,用來形容到達(dá)鄰國(guó)交通容易程度的。故用了“easy access”一詞。
結(jié)語:隨著國(guó)際交往的日益頻繁,中國(guó)國(guó)際地位的不斷提高,譯者也越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到向西方社會(huì)傳播中國(guó)文化的必要性。所以以源語言為歸宿的異化或直譯翻譯原則可能會(huì)受到大多數(shù)譯者的青睞。因?yàn)閭鞑フZ言文化的信息,以源語言為歸宿,才能更好地弘揚(yáng)源語言文化,也才能更好地體現(xiàn)源語文化的多樣性。但是,譯者應(yīng)該清醒認(rèn)識(shí)到翻譯工作的目的及任務(wù),根據(jù)不同的翻譯對(duì)象采用不同的翻譯策略,做好翻譯工作,力求準(zhǔn)確、貼切地傳達(dá)原文意思, 使目標(biāo)語讀者能夠有效地接受源語信息,為中西文化的傳播和交流起到積極的促進(jìn)作用。
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