袁 磊, 陳旭東, 范文娟, 楊旭光, 王建國(guó)
(漯河醫(yī)學(xué)高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)校,河南 漯河 462002)
沉默Notch1基因促進(jìn)人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞JNK1和p53磷酸化*
袁 磊, 陳旭東, 范文娟, 楊旭光, 王建國(guó)△
(漯河醫(yī)學(xué)高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)校,河南 漯河 462002)
目的探究沉默Notch1基因?qū)θ巳橄侔㎝CF-7細(xì)胞JNK1和p53磷酸化的影響。方法選取人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞作為研究對(duì)象,構(gòu)建shRNA-Notch1真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒用于轉(zhuǎn)染MCF-7細(xì)胞使Notch1基因沉默。采用Western blotting方法檢測(cè)MCF-7細(xì)胞Notch1、Hes-1、PUMA和NOXA蛋白的表達(dá),JNK1和p53蛋白磷酸化水平以及caspase-3活化水平的改變。應(yīng)用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡和線粒體膜電位的變化。結(jié)果人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞Notch1基因被沉默后,Notch1和Hes-1蛋白表達(dá)量明顯減少(P<0.01),細(xì)胞凋亡率顯著升高(P<0.01),JNK1和p53的磷酸化水平明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),PUMA和NOXA表達(dá)量顯著升高(P<0.05),cleaved caspase-3蛋白明顯多于對(duì)照組(P<0.01),線粒體膜電位明顯下降(P<0.05)。結(jié)論沉默Notch1基因可能通過(guò)激活JNK1信號(hào)通路活化p53,促進(jìn)PUMA和NOXA蛋白表達(dá),進(jìn)而通過(guò)線粒體途徑導(dǎo)致人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞凋亡。
Notch1蛋白; 短發(fā)夾RNA; JNK1蛋白; p53蛋白; MCF-7細(xì)胞
近年來(lái),在果蠅發(fā)育的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)了一條在細(xì)胞間傳導(dǎo)相互作用的信號(hào)途徑,稱(chēng)為Notch信號(hào)途徑。隨后證實(shí)該信號(hào)途徑廣泛存在于無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物和脊椎動(dòng)物體內(nèi),并且在進(jìn)化過(guò)程中高度保守。Notch信號(hào)途徑的激活始于Notch受體胞外區(qū)與相鄰細(xì)胞表面的Notch配體胞外區(qū)的結(jié)合。脊椎動(dòng)物Notch配體分為Delta和Jagged 2個(gè)家族,人的Notch配體有Delta-1、-3、-4和Jagged-1、-2,人的Notch受體家族有4個(gè)成員(Notch1~4)。Notch信號(hào)途徑不僅影響著胚胎發(fā)育、血管發(fā)生、程序性細(xì)胞死亡和細(xì)胞增殖等多種生理過(guò)程[1-5],在腫瘤的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡、增殖和血管生成等病理過(guò)程中也發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用[6-7]。本研究通過(guò)構(gòu)建shRNA-Notch1真核表達(dá)質(zhì)粒以探究沉默Notch1基因?qū)θ巳橄侔㎝CF-7細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及其分子機(jī)制。
1材料
MCF-7細(xì)胞購(gòu)自中國(guó)科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫(kù),大腸桿菌菌株DH5α由本校分子醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供。胎牛血清和RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)自Gibco;pRS質(zhì)粒載體購(gòu)自O(shè)rigene;質(zhì)粒提取試劑盒、瓊脂糖凝膠DNA回收試劑盒購(gòu)自北京天根公司;限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶BamH I、Hind III、XhoI和T4 DNA連接酶購(gòu)自TaKaRa;脂質(zhì)體Lipofectamine 2000和Annexin V/PI檢測(cè)凋亡試劑盒購(gòu)自Invitrogen; Notch1、Hes-1、p-JNK(Thr183/Tyr185)、p-p53(Ser15)、PUMA(p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis)、NOXA、cleaved caspase-3和β-actin抗體購(gòu)自Santa Cruz;Rhodamine123購(gòu)自Sigma;Notch1特異性DNA干擾序列由大連寶生物公司合成。
2方法
2.1設(shè)計(jì)shRNA靶序列 利用NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索人Notch1 mRNA序列(GenBank Accession:NM_017617),根據(jù)shRNA設(shè)計(jì)原則,使用Invitrogen公司在線設(shè)計(jì)軟件針對(duì)Notch1編碼區(qū)(2 015~2 035)設(shè)計(jì)特異性靶序列,另設(shè)計(jì)一條由Notch1特異性靶序列隨機(jī)重排而成的序列作為陰性對(duì)照,經(jīng)BLAST比對(duì)分析與人類(lèi)基因編碼序列無(wú)同源性。shRNA設(shè)計(jì)模板采用BamH I+Sense+Loop+Antisense+終止序列+XhoI+HindIII(其中Loop: 5’-TTCAAGAGA-3’, 終止序列: TTTTTT),具體序列見(jiàn)表1,下劃線部分為靶序列,由大連寶生物公司合成。
表1 shRNA干擾序列
2.2構(gòu)建pRS-shRNA表達(dá)質(zhì)粒 將pRS空質(zhì)粒于37 ℃用限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶BamH I和HindIII酶切過(guò)夜,經(jīng)1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳后,采用瓊脂糖凝膠DNA回收試劑盒回收。將合成的shRNA模板單鏈進(jìn)行退火處理形成雙鏈,然后與雙酶切后的線性化載體于16 ℃連接過(guò)夜。將連接產(chǎn)物轉(zhuǎn)化大腸桿菌DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,涂布于含ampicillin抗性的LB平板上,37 ℃培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜,挑取單克隆菌落,置于含有ampicillin抗性的LB培養(yǎng)基中,37 ℃、200 r/min過(guò)夜。收集菌液,采用質(zhì)粒提取試劑盒提取質(zhì)粒。
2.3重組質(zhì)粒的鑒定 提取的質(zhì)粒用XhoI做酶切鑒定。空質(zhì)粒pRS的DNA序列中不存在XhoI的酶切位點(diǎn),而在插入的shRNA片段中,我們加入了1個(gè)XhoI的酶切位點(diǎn)。若重組質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建成功,就能被XhoI酶切。對(duì)酶切鑒定正確的質(zhì)粒送大連寶生物公司測(cè)序。鑒定正確的質(zhì)粒分別命名為pRS-Notch1和pRS-non。
2.4細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)染 用含10%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基,于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)MCF-7細(xì)胞,每隔48 h更換1次細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液。當(dāng)細(xì)胞匯合度達(dá)80%以上時(shí)換為不含胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜。將重組質(zhì)粒pRS-Notch1和pRS-non分別轉(zhuǎn)染MCF-7細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)染方法參照Lipofectamine 2000操作說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)6 h后用PBS洗去轉(zhuǎn)染試劑,加入新鮮的培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h。MCF-7細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染分組:(1)shControl組:轉(zhuǎn)染重組質(zhì)粒pRS-non;(2)shNotch1組:轉(zhuǎn)染重組質(zhì)粒pRS-Notch1。
2.5流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡 制備各實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞懸液,用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,加入結(jié)合緩沖液懸浮細(xì)胞,加入Annexin V-FITC輕輕混勻后于4 ℃避光孵育10 min。800 r/min離心5 min,棄上清,重懸細(xì)胞于結(jié)合緩沖液中,加入PI染色液輕輕混勻后于4 ℃避光孵育5 min,送流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。
2.6Western blotting檢測(cè)蛋白水平 裂解各組細(xì)胞提取總蛋白,用BCA法定量后,進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE電泳并轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜。封閉液(5%BSA/TBST)封閉1 h,加入Ⅰ抗(1∶1 000稀釋),4 ℃孵育過(guò)夜,TBST洗膜3次,加入Ⅱ抗(1∶1 000稀釋)室溫下孵育1 h,TBST洗膜3次,加入ECL進(jìn)行發(fā)光反應(yīng),壓片、顯影、定影,觀察蛋白印記,運(yùn)用ImageJ軟件測(cè)定各蛋白條帶灰度值。
2.7流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)線粒體膜電位 羅丹明123(rhodamine 123, Rh123)是一種可以通過(guò)細(xì)胞膜的選擇性染色活細(xì)胞線粒體的熒光染料,細(xì)胞內(nèi)Rh123的平均熒光強(qiáng)度(mean fluorescence intensity, MFI)與線粒體跨膜電位呈正相關(guān)。制備各實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞懸液,用PBS洗滌細(xì)胞2次,重懸細(xì)胞于培養(yǎng)基中,加入Rh123(終濃度為5 mg/L),37 ℃孵育箱中放置30 min,再用細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基洗滌細(xì)胞2次,送流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)。
3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行分析。數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,兩組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1pRS-shRNA重組質(zhì)粒的鑒定
將重組質(zhì)粒和空質(zhì)粒分別用XhoI進(jìn)行單酶切鑒定??召|(zhì)粒pRS因其序列中無(wú)XhoI的酶切位點(diǎn)而不能被XhoI酶切;但在重組質(zhì)粒pRS-Notch1和pRS-non的序列中插入了XhoI的酶切位點(diǎn),可被XhoI酶切,酶切產(chǎn)生的線狀DNA因空間位阻較環(huán)狀質(zhì)粒大導(dǎo)致電泳速度慢于環(huán)狀質(zhì)粒。對(duì)酶切鑒定正確的質(zhì)粒測(cè)序, 經(jīng)過(guò)比對(duì),2個(gè)重組質(zhì)粒中含有目的shRNA片段,表明重組質(zhì)粒構(gòu)建成功,見(jiàn)圖1。
Figure 1. Single restriction endonuclease digestion of pRS-Notch1 and pRS-non. M: 1 kb DNA marker; 1~3: pRS, pRS-Notch1 and pRS-non without digestion,respectively; 4~6: pRS, pRS-Notch1 and pRS-non digested byXhoI,respectively.
圖1重組質(zhì)粒pRS-Notch1和pRS-non的單酶切鑒定
2shRNA干擾對(duì)Notch1和Hes-1蛋白表達(dá)的影響
Western blotting結(jié)果顯示,shNotch1組Notch1/β-actin灰度比顯著低于shControl組(P<0.01)。Hes-1基因是Notch1的主要下游基因之一,當(dāng)shNotch1組Notch1蛋白表達(dá)被抑制后,該組Hes-1蛋白表達(dá)較shControl組明顯下降(P<0.01),這表明Notch1信號(hào)途徑受到明顯抑制,見(jiàn)圖2。
Figure 2. Expression of Notch1 and Hes-1 proteins in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells after pRS-non/pRS-Notch1 transfection. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsshControl group.
圖2pRS-non/pRS-Notch1轉(zhuǎn)染MCF-7細(xì)胞后Notch1和Hes-1蛋白的表達(dá)
3沉默Notch1基因?qū)?xì)胞凋亡的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示,shNotch1組MCF-7細(xì)胞凋亡率為23.8%±1.7%,較shControl組(2.1%±0.5%)顯著升高(P<0.01),見(jiàn)圖3。
4沉默Notch1基因?qū)NK1和p53磷酸化的影響
shNotch1組p-JNK1/β-actin和p-p53/β-actin的灰度比分別為1.050 3±0.071 2和0.830 2±0.063 5,均顯著高于shControl組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖4。
5沉默Notch1基因?qū)UMA、NOXA和cleavedcaspase-3蛋白表達(dá)的影響
shNotch1組PUMA/β-actin、NOXA/β-actin和cleaved caspase-3/β-actin的灰度比分別為0.827 1±0.070 8、1.737 6±0.096 3和1.234 1±0.078 2,均顯著高于shControl組,(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖5。
Figure 3. Effect ofNotch1 silencing on apoptosis of MCF-7 cells detected by flow cytometry. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsshControl group.
圖3流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)沉默Notch1對(duì)MCF-7細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
Figure 4. Effect ofNotch1 silencing on phosphorylations of JNK1 and p53 in MCF-7 cells. Mean±SD.n=3.**P<0.01vsshControl group.
圖4沉默Notch1對(duì)MCF-7細(xì)胞JNK1和p53磷酸化的影響
Figure 5. Effect ofNotch1 silencing on the protein levels of PUMA,NOXA and cleaved caspase-3 in MCF-7 cells. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01vsshControl group.
圖5沉默Notch1對(duì)MCF-7細(xì)胞PUMA、NOXA和cleavedcaspase-3蛋白水平的影響
6沉默Notch1基因?qū)€粒體膜電位的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)結(jié)果顯示,shControl組的FI為5 576±410,以此為對(duì)照,沉默Notch1基因后MCF-7細(xì)胞的FI降為4 332±338 (P<0.05),表明抑制Notch1蛋白表達(dá)可引起MCF-7細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位下降,見(jiàn)圖6。
Figure 6. Effect ofNotch1 silencing on mitochondrial membrane potential of MCF-7 cells detected by flow cytometry. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsshControl group.
圖6流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)沉默Notch1基因?qū)CF-7細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位的影響
Notch1單鏈前體(300 kD)首先在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)合成,運(yùn)輸至高爾基體后被Furin 樣轉(zhuǎn)化酶切割成含胞外區(qū)的N端片段(180 kD)與含跨膜區(qū)和胞內(nèi)區(qū)的C端片段(120 kD),兩者通過(guò)非共價(jià)鍵結(jié)合為異源二聚體后被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞膜。當(dāng)Notch與相鄰細(xì)胞表面的配體結(jié)合后,Notch1相繼發(fā)生2次蛋白水解。先由ADAM10/Kuz或ADAM17/TACE酶切其C端片段的胞外部分產(chǎn)生Notch1胞外截短體(Notch extracellular truncation, NEXT),再由γ-促分泌酶復(fù)合體酶切NEXT釋放Notch1胞內(nèi)段 (Notch intracellular domain,NICD),NICD進(jìn)入細(xì)胞核與CSL [CBF1/Su(H)/LAG1]結(jié)合[8]。CSL蛋白是一種轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子,在哺乳動(dòng)物中又被稱(chēng)為C-啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合因子1 (C-promoter binding factor 1, CBF1)或轉(zhuǎn)錄因子重組信號(hào)結(jié)合蛋白 Jκ (recombination signal binding protein-Jκ, RBP-Jκ)。沒(méi)有NICD存在時(shí),CSL與Notch1靶基因啟動(dòng)子結(jié)合并抑制其轉(zhuǎn)錄,當(dāng)NICD與CSL結(jié)合并募集Mastermind組成轉(zhuǎn)錄激活復(fù)合體后,CSL由轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檗D(zhuǎn)錄激活因子,激活Notch1靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,如Hes-1、Hey-1、CDK8和CCND1等[9]。
本研究針對(duì)Notch1的開(kāi)放讀碼框設(shè)計(jì)了特異性的shRNA干擾序列,以此構(gòu)建的重組質(zhì)粒pRS-Notch1在轉(zhuǎn)染人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞后有效抑制了Notch1基因的表達(dá)。為進(jìn)一步明確Notch1信號(hào)通路是否被有效抑制,我們檢測(cè)了Notch1信號(hào)通路的特異性靶基因Hes-1的表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果顯示,隨著Notch1蛋白表達(dá)的抑制,Hes-1蛋白的表達(dá)顯著降低,這表明重組質(zhì)粒pRS-Notch1能夠有效沉默Notch1基因和抑制Notch1信號(hào)通路。
抑制Notch1信號(hào)通路可促進(jìn)多種細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡,然而在不同的細(xì)胞環(huán)境中,分子機(jī)制不盡相同。運(yùn)用γ-分泌酶抑制劑(γ-secretase inhibitor,GSI)阻斷Notch信號(hào)通路可下調(diào)骨髓瘤細(xì)胞Akt、Bcl-2和Bcl-xL蛋白的表達(dá)[10];通過(guò)siRNA沉默前列腺癌細(xì)胞Notch1基因可抑制Akt和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子FoxM1的表達(dá)[11],下調(diào)Bcl-2蛋白和上調(diào)Bax蛋白的表達(dá)[12]。在轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌細(xì)胞中通過(guò)下調(diào)Notch1或Jagged1蛋白的表達(dá)抑制Notch1信號(hào)通路后,Akt和mTOR蛋白的表達(dá)均受到抑制,同時(shí)NF-κB信號(hào)通路及其下游蛋白MMP-9、VEGF和uPA的表達(dá)也均受到抑制[7]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),沉默乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞Notch1基因可促進(jìn)JNK1和p53的磷酸化。這可能是由于Notch1信號(hào)通路活化產(chǎn)生的NICD可與JNK1競(jìng)爭(zhēng)結(jié)合JNK相互作用蛋白1(JNK-interacting protein 1, JIP1),從而干擾了JIP1-JNK1信號(hào)通路的活化[13],沉默Notch1基因后,解除了NICD對(duì)JIP1-JNK1信號(hào)通路的抑制,促進(jìn)了JNK1的磷酸化。JNK1激活后可磷酸化p53使之活性增強(qiáng)[14]。在人肝癌HepG2細(xì)胞中,DNA損傷可引起p53蛋白磷酸化(Ser15), PUMA、NOXA、Bax和Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)增多,繼而促使細(xì)胞色素C和Smac/DIABLO蛋白從線粒體膜間腔釋放至胞漿,激活caspase-9和caspase-3導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[15]。
BH3-only蛋白PUMA和NOXA為p53的下游蛋白,可與Bcl-2蛋白家族中抗凋亡蛋白結(jié)合,促進(jìn)Bax的活化,活化的Bax可插入線粒體外膜并寡聚成孔道,也可與線粒體外膜中的電壓依賴(lài)性陰離子通道 (voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC)結(jié)合引起線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)變孔 (mitochondrial permeability transition pore, MPTP)的持續(xù)開(kāi)放,進(jìn)而引起線粒體外膜通透化 (mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, MOMP)和線粒體膜電位消散,釋放線粒體膜間腔中的促凋亡蛋白,激活半胱天冬酶(caspase),最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞凋亡[16-17]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在沉默乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞Notch1基因后,隨著p53蛋白磷酸化水平的升高,PUMA和NOXA蛋白的表達(dá)明顯增強(qiáng),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致線粒體膜電位降低和caspase-3活化。
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Notch-1genesilencingpromotesphosphorylationsofJNK1andp53inhumanbreastcancerMCF-7cells
YUAN Lei, CHEN Xu-dong, FAN Wen-juan, YANG Xu-guang, WANG Jian-guo
(LuoheMedicalCollege,Luohe462002,China.E-mail:wr0395@sina.com)
AIM: To investigate the effect ofNotch1 gene silencing on phosphorylations of JNK1 and p53 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.METHODSshRNA-Notch1 eukaryotic expression plasmid was constructed and transfected into MCF-7 cells. The expression of Notch1 and Hes-1 was observed by Western blotting after transfction. Apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was also used to determine the protein levels of p-JNK1, p-p53, PUMA, NOXA and cleaved caspase-3 afterNotch1 silencing was performed in MCF-7 cells.RESULTSSilencing ofNotch1 significantly reduced the expression of Notch1 and Hes-1 in MCF-7 cells (P<0.01). In shNotch1 group, the number of apoptotic cells was much higher (P<0.01) and mitochondrial membrane potential was much lower (P<0.05) than those in shControl group. The protein levels of p-JNK1, p-p53, PUMA, NOXA and cleaved caspase-3 increased obviously after silencing ofNotch1 was performed in MCF-7 cells (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONNotch1 silencing induces apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through promoting phosphorylations of JNK1 and p53, and increasing the production of PUMA, NOXA and cleaved caspase-3.
Notch1 protein; Short hairpin RNA; JNK1 protein; p53 protein; MCF-7 cells
R737.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2013.06.010
1000- 4718(2013)06- 1014- 06
2012- 12- 31
2013- 04- 02
河南省基礎(chǔ)與前沿技術(shù)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.122300410277);漯河醫(yī)學(xué)高等專(zhuān)科學(xué)??蒲谢鹳Y助項(xiàng)目(No.2010-S10)
△通訊作者 Tel: 0395-2112681; E-mail: wr0395@sina.com