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AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)人宮頸癌細(xì)胞細(xì)胞周期和侵襲能力的影響及其機(jī)制*

2013-10-24 06:22秦瑞英夏永華任艷芳王慧玲王玉紅
中國(guó)病理生理雜志 2013年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:鱗癌細(xì)胞周期宮頸

秦瑞英, 夏永華, 任艷芳, 潘 瑩, 楊 君, 王慧玲, 王玉紅

(新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 1婦產(chǎn)科, 2皮膚科, 河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453100; 3新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第三附屬醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453003)

AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)人宮頸癌細(xì)胞細(xì)胞周期和侵襲能力的影響及其機(jī)制*

秦瑞英1△, 夏永華2, 任艷芳1, 潘 瑩3, 楊 君1, 王慧玲1, 王玉紅1

(新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院1婦產(chǎn)科,2皮膚科, 河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453100;3新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第三附屬醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453003)

目的研究星形細(xì)胞上調(diào)基因1(astrocyte elevated gene-1,AEG-1)在人宮頸鱗癌細(xì)胞和組織中的表達(dá),探討AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞細(xì)胞周期和侵襲能力的影響,并分析其可能的分子機(jī)制。方法采用Western blotting檢測(cè)正常宮頸組織、宮頸鱗癌組織、HeLa、SiHa和CaSki細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá)。將對(duì)照siRNA和AEG-1 siRNA分別轉(zhuǎn)染SiHa細(xì)胞,利用Western blotting檢測(cè)SiHa細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá),采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞周期分布的變化,采用Boyden小室檢測(cè)細(xì)胞侵襲能力的變化,最后采用Western blotting檢測(cè)cyclin D1、細(xì)胞周期素依賴(lài)性激酶 2(CDK2)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(MMP-9)蛋白表達(dá)的變化。結(jié)果宮頸鱗癌組織中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)顯著高于正常宮頸組織(P<0.05),同時(shí)3株宮頸癌細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)均顯著高于正常宮頸組織,其中SiHa細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)最高(P<0.05)。此外,AEG-1 siRNA能顯著下調(diào)SiHa細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá)(P<0.05),其表達(dá)下調(diào)能明顯促使SiHa細(xì)胞在G0/G1期的比例增加和降低其侵襲能力。Western blotting結(jié)果表明,AEG-1 siRNA組中cyclin D1、CDK2和MMP-9蛋白的表達(dá)均顯著低于未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論AEG-1在宮頸癌中的高表達(dá)可能與宮頸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),其表達(dá)下調(diào)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞周期靜止和侵襲能力降低可能與cyclin D1、CDK2和MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)密切相關(guān)。

星形細(xì)胞上調(diào)基因1; 宮頸腫瘤; 小干擾RNA; 細(xì)胞周期; 腫瘤侵襲

星形細(xì)胞上調(diào)基因1(astrocyte elevated gene-1,AEG-1)最初在人胎兒星形細(xì)胞中作為人免疫缺陷病毒1(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)誘導(dǎo)基因被鑒定[1]。在2004年,研究人員采用噬菌體篩選表明AEG-1介導(dǎo)的小鼠乳腺癌細(xì)胞向肺轉(zhuǎn)移,提示AEG-1與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)[2]。進(jìn)一步研究表明,AEG-1作為癌基因已經(jīng)被證實(shí)在許多人類(lèi)的腫瘤中過(guò)表達(dá),包括食管鱗癌[3]、肝癌[4]、非小細(xì)胞肺癌[5]、乳腺癌[6]、神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤[7]、腎癌等[8]。然而,檢索國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)迄今為止尚未見(jiàn)AEG-1在宮頸癌中的研究報(bào)道,因此在本研究中,我們檢測(cè)宮頸癌細(xì)胞和組織中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá),并利用脂質(zhì)體將AEG-1 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染宮頸癌細(xì)胞,研究其表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)宮頸癌細(xì)胞周期和侵襲能力的影響,并分析AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)、細(xì)胞周期素依賴(lài)性激酶2(cyclin-dependent kinase 2,CDK2)和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶 9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)蛋白表達(dá)的變化,該研究旨在為以AEG-1為靶點(diǎn)的宮頸癌分子靶向治療提供理論依據(jù)。

材 料 和 方 法

1材料

人宮頸鱗癌組織和正常宮頸組織均通過(guò)病理學(xué)證實(shí),取自新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院,并經(jīng)液氮保存?zhèn)溆?。人宮頸癌細(xì)胞株HeLa、SiHa和CaSki購(gòu)自中國(guó)典型培養(yǎng)物保藏中心。DMEM培養(yǎng)液、胰酶和胎牛血清均購(gòu)自Gibco;兔多克隆抗體AEG-1、AEG-1 siRNA和對(duì)照siRNA均購(gòu)自Zymed,鼠單克隆抗體cyclin D1、CDK2及MMP-9購(gòu)自Santa Cruz;細(xì)胞裂解液購(gòu)自寶生物工程(大連)有限公司。

2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)、轉(zhuǎn)染及分組

HeLa、SiHa和CaSki細(xì)胞復(fù)蘇后置于含10%胎牛血清DMEM培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng),當(dāng)細(xì)胞傳代到細(xì)胞狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定后,采用Western blotting檢測(cè)3株細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá)。將上述AEG-1表達(dá)量最高的SiHa細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)至細(xì)胞融合度為90%左右時(shí),將AEG-1 siRNA和對(duì)照siRNA采用脂質(zhì)體介導(dǎo)法轉(zhuǎn)染至SiHa細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)染后將細(xì)胞分為3組進(jìn)行相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn):未處理組(不作任何處理)、對(duì)照siRNA組(利用對(duì)照siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染)和AEG-1 siRNA組(采用AEG-1 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染)。

3細(xì)胞周期分析

收集轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h的3組宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞,每組細(xì)胞數(shù)為1×106個(gè)。離心后采用PBS漂洗細(xì)胞3次,接著將細(xì)胞放置于4 ℃ 70%冰乙醇中固定30 min,采用預(yù)冷的PBS漂洗3次,然后重懸細(xì)胞于含40 μg碘化丙啶和100 μg RNase A的PBS溶液中,于37 ℃孵育30 min。最后用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)3組樣品中的DNA含量。

4Boyden小室體外侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)

收集轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h的3組宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞,每組細(xì)胞數(shù)為105個(gè)。將收集的細(xì)胞離心后分別重懸于含有0.2%的胎牛血清的800 μL的培養(yǎng)基中,依次接種至Boyden 小室的上層,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)6 h。然后收集濾膜下層的細(xì)胞,用甲醇固定,并通過(guò)HE染色觀(guān)察下層細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,最后通過(guò)30個(gè)視野(×200)計(jì)算濾膜下層的細(xì)胞數(shù),評(píng)估其侵襲的細(xì)胞數(shù)量。

5Westernblotting檢測(cè)蛋白的表達(dá)

收集轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h的3組宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞,利用細(xì)胞裂解液提取總蛋白,并采用Bradford法測(cè)定各組蛋白濃度。將50 μg總蛋白在上樣緩沖液中煮5~10 min,采用10% SDS-PAGE電泳進(jìn)行蛋白分離,接著將凝膠上的蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維素膜(NC)上。將NC用含5%脫脂奶粉的TBST于室溫封閉2 h,分別加Ⅰ抗(AEG-1、cyclin D1、CDK2、MMP-9和β-actin;按1∶200稀釋)于含5%脫脂奶粉的TBST中,于4 ℃過(guò)夜孵育,接著用TBST洗膜3次,每次5 min,洗膜結(jié)束后加Ⅱ抗室溫孵育2 h,然后曝光。最后用Gene Tools軟件分析蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量(目的基因表達(dá)量與內(nèi)參照β-actin表達(dá)量的比值)。

6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS 13.0分析,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(mean±SD)表示,3組之間比較采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

1宮頸鱗癌組織和細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)

宮頸鱗癌組織中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)顯著高于正常宮頸組織,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與正常宮頸組織相比,3株宮頸癌細(xì)胞系中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)均顯著上調(diào)(P<0.05)。在所有檢測(cè)的組織和細(xì)胞中,SiHa細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)顯著高于其它各組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)圖1。

Figure 1. Expression of AEG-1 protein in cervical carcinoma tissues and cells.N: normal cervical tissues; T:cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues.Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsN;#P<0.05vsother groups.

圖1AEG-1蛋白在宮頸鱗癌組織和細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)

2AEG-1siRNA下調(diào)宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá)

AEG-1 siRNA組中AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組,差異顯著(P<0.05)。未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組之間AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)圖2。

3AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞周期的影響

AEG-1 siRNA組中SiHa細(xì)胞在G0/G1期細(xì)胞的比例(59.23%±1.05%)顯著高于未處理組(42.88%±1.33%)和對(duì)照siRNA組(43.13%±0.88%)(P<0.01)。AEG-1 siRNA組中SiHa細(xì)胞在S期的比例(26.46%±0.87%)顯著低于未處理組(32.59%±1.19%)和對(duì)照siRNA組(31.83%±1.11%)(P<0.01),見(jiàn)表1。

4AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)抑制宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞的侵襲能力

AEG-1 siRNA組中SiHa細(xì)胞的穿膜數(shù)(43.45±4.22)顯著低于未處理組(113.34±5.15)和對(duì)照siRNA組(109.26±4.05)(P<0.01),而未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組之間SiHa細(xì)胞的穿膜數(shù)無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。

Figure 2. Expression of AEG-1 protein in cervical carcinoma SiHa cells after transfection with AEG-1 siRNA. Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsnon-treatment or control siRNA.

圖2轉(zhuǎn)染AEG-1siRNA后宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá)

表1AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)對(duì)宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞周期的影響

Table 1. Effect of down-regulation of AEG-1 expression on cell cycle of cervical carcinoma SiHa cells (%.Mean±SD.n=3)

GroupG0/G1SG2/MNon-treatment42.88±1.3332.59±1.1924.53±0.31ControlsiRNA43.13±0.8831.83±1.1125.03±0.68AEG-1siRNA59.23±1.05**26.46±0.87**14.30±0.46**

**P<0.01vscontrol siRNA.

5Westernblotting檢測(cè)cyclinD1、CDK2和MMP-9的表達(dá)

AEG-1 siRNA組中cyclin D1、CDK2和MMP-9蛋白的表達(dá)均顯著低于未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組(P<0.05),而未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組之間cyclin D1、CDK2和MMP-9蛋白的表達(dá)無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05),見(jiàn)圖3。

討 論

近幾年來(lái),AEG-1在腫瘤中的作用日益成為廣大科研工作者關(guān)注的對(duì)象,可能成為腫瘤潛在的預(yù)后指標(biāo)和分子靶點(diǎn)[9]。研究顯示,AEG-1牽涉腫瘤發(fā)展過(guò)程中的多種細(xì)胞生物學(xué)過(guò)程,包括:細(xì)胞存活、血管生成、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡和化療抗性[4, 10-12]。最初對(duì)于AEG-1與腫瘤關(guān)系的研究集中在乳腺癌、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤和前列腺癌中[6, 11, 13]。在乳腺癌中,AEG-1的表達(dá)水平與乳腺癌的臨床階段和TNM分期密切相關(guān),可能是乳腺癌潛在的預(yù)后指標(biāo)[6]。通過(guò)拷貝數(shù)的變化和基因表達(dá)相關(guān)性分析,AEG-1已經(jīng)被鑒定作為轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)基因,其過(guò)表達(dá)有助于乳腺癌中的基因組擴(kuò)增[14]。在食管鱗癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌和肝癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)AEG-1水平上調(diào)與病人的臨床分期和較差的預(yù)后相關(guān)[3-5],因而進(jìn)一步提示AEG-1可能在不同類(lèi)型的腫瘤中作為癌基因而發(fā)揮其相應(yīng)的生物學(xué)功能。在本研究中,我們檢測(cè)了正常宮頸組織、宮頸鱗癌組織和3株宮頸癌細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)宮頸鱗癌組織中AEG-1蛋白的表達(dá)顯著高于正常宮頸組織,并且3株宮頸癌細(xì)胞中AEG-1蛋白的水平也明顯高于正常宮頸組織,提示AEG-1可能在宮頸鱗癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要的作用,但其確切的分子機(jī)制和表達(dá)模式尚需進(jìn)一步探討。

Figure 3. Down-regulation of AEG-1 expression inhibited the expression of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 proteins in cervical carcinoma SiHa cells.Mean±SD.n=3.*P<0.05vsnon-treatment or control siRNA.

圖3AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)抑制宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞中cyclinD1、CDK2和MMP-9的表達(dá)

許多研究支持AEG-1通過(guò)激活增殖途徑和抗凋亡效應(yīng)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[11, 15]。在前列腺癌和乳腺癌中的研究表明,AEG-1表達(dá)上調(diào)與細(xì)胞周期抑制子表達(dá)的下調(diào)密切相關(guān),從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖加速[11, 15]。此外,Liu等[16-17]研究證實(shí),在神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤中,AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞周期靜止在G0/G1期,從而抑制腫瘤的增殖。為了進(jìn)一步分析AEG-1在宮頸癌中的功能,我們選擇AEG-1表達(dá)量最高的SiHa細(xì)胞作為研究對(duì)象,利用AEG-1 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染SiHa細(xì)胞,結(jié)果表明AEG-1 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h,AEG-1蛋白表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),這為進(jìn)一步研究AEG-1在宮頸癌中的功能提供理想的研究平臺(tái)。進(jìn)一步我們采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析轉(zhuǎn)染前后SiHa細(xì)胞周期分布的變化,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)AEG-1 siRNA組中SiHa細(xì)胞在G0/G1期的比率顯著高于未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組,而S期的比率顯著高于未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組,提示AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)通過(guò)靜止細(xì)胞周期在G0/G1期,從而抑制宮頸癌細(xì)胞的增殖。進(jìn)一步我們分析與細(xì)胞周期密切相關(guān)的cyclin D1和cdk2蛋白的表達(dá),AEG-1 siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染后cyclin D1和cdk2蛋白的表達(dá)均顯著下調(diào),這一結(jié)果提示AEG-1介導(dǎo)的宮頸癌細(xì)胞周期靜止可能與細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白cyclin D1和cdk2表達(dá)下調(diào)密切相關(guān)。

對(duì)于AEG-1對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)功能和惡性表型的影響已經(jīng)成為腫瘤生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn),最初的證據(jù)表明AEG-1過(guò)表達(dá)有助于乳腺癌細(xì)胞向肺轉(zhuǎn)移[2],這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步被后來(lái)的體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)所證實(shí)[14]。此外,AEG-1被證實(shí)能促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,Liu等[18]研究表明,AEG-1促進(jìn)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲。為了探討AEG-1與宮頸癌細(xì)胞侵襲的關(guān)系,我們采用Boyden小室檢測(cè)了轉(zhuǎn)染AEG-1 siRNA前后宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞侵襲能力的變化,結(jié)果顯示AEG-1 siRNA組中宮頸癌SiHa細(xì)胞穿膜數(shù)顯著低于未處理組和對(duì)照siRNA組,提示AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)能顯著降低宮頸癌細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。眾所周知,MMP-9是一種廣泛被研究的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶家族的成員之一,是腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中侵襲細(xì)胞的ECM降解和細(xì)胞因子活化所必需的因子[19]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AEG-1能直接靶向和反式激活MMP-9基因的啟動(dòng)子,從而抑制腫瘤的侵襲能力[18]?;诖耍覀円苍趯m頸癌細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)染AEG-1 siRNA前后MMP-9蛋白的表達(dá),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)能明顯引起MMP-9的下調(diào),但其在宮頸癌中確切的分子作用機(jī)制尚需要進(jìn)一步探討,但我們的結(jié)果可以初步表明AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)介導(dǎo)的侵襲能力降低可能與MMP-9蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào)密切相關(guān)。

總之,我們這里呈現(xiàn)的結(jié)果顯示,AEG-1表達(dá)下調(diào)能顯著靜止宮頸癌細(xì)胞周期和降低宮頸癌細(xì)胞侵襲能力,這可能與cyclin D1、CDK2和MMP-9表達(dá)下調(diào)密切相關(guān),后續(xù)進(jìn)一步研究AEG-1在宮頸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的分子機(jī)制有望為宮頸癌的分子靶向治療提供新的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。

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Effectsofdown-regulationofAEG-1expressiononcellcycleandinvasionofhumancervicalcarcinomacells

QIN Rui-ying1, XIA Yong-hua2, REN Yan-fang1, PAN Ying3, YANG Jun1, WANG Hui-ling1, WANG Yu-hong1

(1DepartmentofObstetrics&Gynecology,2DepartmentofDermatology,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofXinxiangMedicalUniversity,Xinxiang453100,China;3DepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,TheThirdAffiliatedHospitalofXinxiangMedicalUniversity,Xinxiang453003,China.E-mail:qinruiying666@163.com)

AIM: To investigate the effects of down-regulation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) expression on cell cycle and invasion of human cervical carcinoma SiHa cells.METHODSThe protein expression of AEG-1 was detected by Western blotting in normal cervical tissues, cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues, HeLa cells, SiHa cells and CaSki cells. Control siRNA or AEG-1 siRNA was transfected into SiHa cells, and the protein expression of AEG-1 in SiHa cells was detected by Western blotting. The changes of cell cycle distribution and cell invasion were determined by flow cytometry and Boyden chamber, respectively. The protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were analyzed by Western blotting.RESULTSThe protein expression of AEG-1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal cervical tissues (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expression of AEG-1 in the 3 cervical carcinoma cell lines was obviously higher than that in normal cervical tissues, in which SiHa cells displayed the highest AEG-1 protein level (P<0.05). In addition, AEG-1 siRNA effectively down-regulated the protein expression of AEG-1 in SiHa cells, which led to increase the percentage at G0/G1phase and reduced the invasion of SiHa cells. Furthermore, the protein levels of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 in AEG-1 siRNA group were markedly lower than those in non-treatment group and control siRNA group (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONOver-expression of AEG-1 may be closely associated with the occurrence and development of cervical carcinoma, and the AEG-1 down-regulation-mediated cell cycle arrest and attenuation of invasion may be tightly related to the down-regulations of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 at protein levels.

Astrocyte elevated gene-1; Uterine cervical neoplasms; Small interfering RNA; Cell cycle; Neoplasm invasiveness

R737.33

A

10.3969/j.issn.1000- 4718.2013.06.011

1000- 4718(2013)06- 1020- 05

2012- 12- 03

2013- 03- 26

河南省衛(wèi)生廳科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(No. 200802009); 河南省教育廳自然科學(xué)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2008A320011)

△通訊作者 Tel: 0373-4404665; E-mail: qinruiying666@163.com

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