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BRAF突變型甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌的侵襲性

2013-10-26 10:59梁智勇林巖松
關(guān)鍵詞:灶性突變型轉(zhuǎn)移率

楊 雪,梁智勇,孟 超,梁 軍,于 壯,林巖松

1青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,山東青島 266003 中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院 2病理科 3核醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730

BRAF突變型甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌的侵襲性

楊 雪1,梁智勇2,孟 超1,梁 軍1,于 壯1,林巖松3

1青島大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院腫瘤科,山東青島 266003 中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院2病理科3核醫(yī)學(xué)科,北京 100730

目的研究BRAF突變型甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌(PTMC)的侵襲性。方法在131I治療前綜合評(píng)估中,選擇99例甲狀腺全切術(shù)后BRAF突變型PTMC,同時(shí)納入97例腫塊大于1 cm 的BRAF突變型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(PTC)進(jìn)行比較,分析其局部及遠(yuǎn)處侵襲性,如淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、甲狀腺外侵犯及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移等與預(yù)后及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)的指標(biāo)。結(jié)果PTMC組甲狀腺外侵犯率達(dá)16.10%,頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率達(dá)71.74%;直徑≤0.3 cm組、0.3 cm<直徑≤0.6 cm組和0.6 cm<直徑≤1.0 cm組的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為60.00%、72.50%和73.81%,甲狀腺外侵犯率分別為10.00%、9.09%和24.44%,腫瘤多灶率分別為60.00%、38.64%和57.78%;單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,腫塊大小與PTMC的腫瘤多灶性(χ2=3.752,P=0.153)、頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=0.780,P=0.677)、甲狀腺外侵犯(χ2=4.182,P=0.124)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=1.212,P=0.545)均沒有明顯相關(guān)性。PTMC和PTC組在腫瘤多灶性方面差異沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.742,P=0.187),在甲狀腺外侵犯(χ2=13.000,P=0.000)、頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=12.819,P=0.000)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=5.316,P=0.021)方面差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,PTC組與PTMC組與腫塊大小密切相關(guān)的因素包括頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.001)及甲狀腺外侵犯(P=0.003);PTMC組和PTC組的甲狀腺外侵犯率分別為16.10%和39.18%,頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為71.74%和91.75%,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為1.01%和9.28%。結(jié)論BRAF突變型PTMC伴有較高的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和甲狀腺外侵犯能力,并表現(xiàn)出與PTC相似的多灶性侵襲性。當(dāng)BRAF突變型PTMC伴有甲狀腺外侵犯或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等危險(xiǎn)因素時(shí),應(yīng)給予131I治療。

甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌;BRAF突變;侵襲性;復(fù)發(fā);放射性碘治療

ActaAcadMedSin,2013,35(4):398-403

近年來,隨著甲狀腺超聲技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用與進(jìn)步、病理檢查水平的不斷提高以及人們對(duì)甲狀腺疾病認(rèn)識(shí)程度的增加,甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)(直徑≤1 cm的癌)的檢出率顯著升高。以往認(rèn)為,與大于1 cm的甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)相比,PTMC具有更低的侵襲性[1- 2]。然而近來研究顯示,以局部組織受侵、頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移甚至遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的PTMC時(shí)有發(fā)生[3- 4],因此對(duì)其侵襲性的研究有待深入。Park等[5]研究顯示,PTMC及PTC發(fā)生率相似,兩者的生物學(xué)行為相似。但是,美國(guó)甲狀腺協(xié)會(huì)(American Thyroid Association,ATA)指南對(duì)于直徑小于1 cm的單灶微小癌甚至多灶微小癌沒有關(guān)于放射性131I治療的明確推薦[6]。BRAF突變作為PTC最常見的基因變異形式,與PTC的侵襲性,如甲狀腺外侵犯、淋巴結(jié)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤進(jìn)展或復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)[7- 8]。本研究觀察了影響B(tài)RAF突變PTMC患者復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移的侵襲性臨床及病理特征,以期為PTMC的131I治療決策提供分子依據(jù)。

對(duì)象和方法

對(duì)象2011年9月至2013年4月在北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院就診的BRAFV600E突變型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌患者196例,其中,PTMC(腫瘤直徑≤1 cm)99例,PTC(1 cm<腫瘤直徑≤2 cm)97例。

方法PTMC組按腫塊大小分為直徑≤0.3 cm(n=10)、0.3 cm<直徑≤0.6 cm(n=44)、0.6 cm<直徑≤1.0 cm(n=45)3組,選取性別、年齡、甲狀腺外侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、多灶、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移作為反映患者預(yù)后及復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素分析,比較不同腫塊大小間的侵襲性。然后,將PTMC組與PTC組進(jìn)行上述指標(biāo)的比較,將有顯著差異的指標(biāo)采用多因素二元Logistic回歸分析,探討PTMC與PTC的侵襲性差異。

統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,單因素分析采用卡方檢驗(yàn),多因素分析采用二元Logistic回歸模型,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié) 果

臨床病理特征PTMC組99例患者中,男28例,女71例,男∶女=1∶2.54,中位年齡41歲(22~78歲)。PTC組97例患者中,男28例,女69例,男∶女=1∶2.46,中位年齡39歲(14~64歲)。

不同大小PTMC侵襲性比較將PTMC組按腫塊大小分為直徑≤0.3cm(n=10)、0.3cm<直徑≤0.6 cm(n=44)、0.6 cm<直徑≤1.0 cm(n=45)3組,比較其侵襲性指標(biāo),結(jié)果顯示3組的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為60.00%、72.50%、73.81%,甲狀腺外侵犯率分別為10.00%、9.09%、24.44%,腫瘤多灶率分別為60.00%、38.64%、57.78%。

單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,腫塊大小與性別(χ2=0.919,P=0.632)、年齡(χ2=0.987,P=0.611)、腫瘤多灶性(χ2=3.752,P=0.153)、頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=0.780,P=0.677)、甲狀腺外侵犯(χ2=4.182,P=0.124)及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=1.212,P=0.545)均沒有明顯相關(guān)性(表1)。

PTMC與PTC的侵襲性差異單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,PTMC和PTC組在性別(χ2=0.008,P=0.928)、年齡(χ2=0.246,P=0.620)和腫瘤多灶性(χ2=1.742,P=0.187)方面差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,在甲狀腺外侵犯(χ2=13.000,P=0.000)、頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=12.819,P=0.000)和遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(χ2=5.316,P=0.021)方面差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表2)。

多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,PTC組與PTMC組與腫塊大小密切相關(guān)的因素包括頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(P=0.001)及甲狀腺外侵犯(P=0.003)(表3)。

PTMC組和PTC組的甲狀腺外侵犯率分別為16.10%和39.18%,頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為71.74%和91.75%,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為1.01%和9.28%。

表 1 不同腫塊直徑PTMC患者的侵襲性比較[n(%)]Table 1 Comparison of invasiveness among PTMC patients with tumors of different sizes[n(%)]

PTMC:甲狀腺微小乳頭狀癌;0.3 cm<直徑≤0.6 cm和0.6 cm<直徑≤1.0 cm 2組分別有3和4例患者未行頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃

PTMC:papillary thyroid microcarcinoma;three patients from the 0.3 cm- 0.6 cm subgroup and 4 patients from the 0.6 cm- 1.0 cm subgroup did not undergo cervical lymph nodes dissection

表 2 PTMC與PTC侵襲性的比較[n(%)]Table 2 Comparison of invasiveness between PTMC group and PTC group[n(%)]

PTC:甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;PTMC組有7例患者未行頸部淋巴結(jié)清掃

PTC:papillary thyroid carcinoma;7 patients with PTMC didn’t undergo cervical lymph nodes dissection

表 3 臨床病理因素與腫塊大小關(guān)系的多因素回歸分析Table 3 Multivariate regression analysis of association between clinicopathologic factors and tumor size

討 論

目前國(guó)際上對(duì)于PTMC的定義存在分歧,本研究采用的是世界衛(wèi)生組織的定義方式,將腫塊≤1 cm納入PTMC的范圍進(jìn)行研究[9]。有關(guān)PTMC的臨床處置亦存在爭(zhēng)議,Pacini[10]認(rèn)為復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層中的影響因素對(duì)PTMC的預(yù)后無決定性作用,ATA指南(2009)對(duì)腫瘤≤1 cm的甲狀腺癌未提出明確131I治療推薦[6]。但應(yīng)該指出支持上述觀點(diǎn)的循證證據(jù)中未將分子特征及腫瘤的分化程度納入其權(quán)衡范圍。有關(guān)PTMC生存率與復(fù)發(fā)的研究顯示,其10年復(fù)發(fā)率可達(dá)10.8%[11]。美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所SEER數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)18 445例PTMC術(shù)后患者的生存分析亦提示,其15年生存率降至90.7%,并證實(shí)存在2個(gè)及以上危險(xiǎn)因素會(huì)影響PTMC的生存率[12]。因此,PTMC的臨床處置,如術(shù)后131I治療決策尚待來自分子特征等方面的研究證據(jù)。

近年來,PTC的分子特征及通路研究日漸深入。BRAFV600E突變是目前其最常見的變異形式,近期一項(xiàng)Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,BRAF突變與患者的復(fù)發(fā)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、甲狀腺外侵犯及AJCC分期(Ⅲ/Ⅳ期)有關(guān)[7]。Xing等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BRAF突變與PTC死亡率相關(guān)。但有關(guān)BRAF突變與PTMC的侵襲性關(guān)系不盡一致。來自韓國(guó)的研究顯示,BRAF突變型與PTMC的腫瘤直徑和被膜受累有關(guān),并易導(dǎo)致其多灶性[13]。但亦有研究顯示,BRAF突變與PTMC不良預(yù)后無必然聯(lián)系[14]。本研究首次針對(duì)我國(guó)BRAF突變型PTMC人群,觀察了影響復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移的侵襲性臨床及病理特征。

本研究將男性、年齡>45歲、腫塊大小、多灶、甲狀腺外侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移因素納入影響復(fù)發(fā)及轉(zhuǎn)移的危險(xiǎn)權(quán)重[15- 17],結(jié)果顯示:BRAF突變型PTMC淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率及甲狀腺外侵犯率分別高達(dá)71.74%、16.10%;結(jié)合SEER數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)PTMC的甲狀腺外侵犯率及淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率僅有6.3%、12.4%的數(shù)據(jù)[12],提示BRAF突變型PTMC局部侵襲性明顯增強(qiáng)。本組BRAFV600E突變型PTMC呈現(xiàn)了與PTC同樣的多灶性侵襲能力;病灶大小與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移及甲狀腺外侵犯性相關(guān);在PTMC中,隨腫塊增大,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率、甲狀腺外侵犯率的總體呈上升趨勢(shì)。此外,即使腫塊大小≤0.3 cm,其頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率仍高達(dá)60.00%,甲狀腺外侵犯率達(dá)10.00%,提示腫塊大小僅為影響上述淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移與甲狀腺外侵犯等侵襲性的因素之一,而BRAF突變與腫塊的侵襲性有更加密切的關(guān)系。

PTC術(shù)后131I治療是基于其復(fù)發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)分層,中高?;颊呤切g(shù)后推薦131I治療的人群。ATA指南及我國(guó)《甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)和分化型甲狀腺癌診治指南》[18]的復(fù)發(fā)危險(xiǎn)分層中,頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移是中危分層指征之一,肉眼可見的甲狀腺外侵犯、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移是高危分層的指征。本研究結(jié)果顯示,BRAF突變型PTMC的頸部淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率高達(dá)71.74%、甲狀腺外侵犯率高達(dá)16.10%,根據(jù)ATA指南,這些具有中高危復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的PTMC患者應(yīng)行131I治療。

綜上,本研究結(jié)果顯示,BRAF突變型PTMC伴有較高的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和甲狀腺外侵犯能力,并表現(xiàn)出與PTC相似的多灶性侵襲性。當(dāng)BRAF突變型PTMC伴有甲狀腺外侵犯或淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等危險(xiǎn)因素時(shí),應(yīng)給予131I治療。

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InvasivenessofPapillaryThyroidMicrocarcinomawithBRAFMutation

YANG Xue1,LIANG Zhi-yong2,MENG Chao1,LIANG Jun1,YU Zhuang1,LIN Yan-song3

1Department of Oncology,the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College,Qingdao,Shandong 266003,China2Department of Pathology,3Department of Nuclear Medicine,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China

LIN Yan-song Tel:010- 69155610,E-mail:linys@pumch.cn;YU Zhuang Tel:0532- 82913151,E-mail:yuzhuang2002@163.com

ObjectiveTo explore the invasiveness of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC)with BRAF mutation.MethodsTotally 99 patients with PTMC with BRAF mutation were enrolled in this study,meanwhile another 97 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC)(tumor size>1 cm)with BRAF mutation were included as controls.The clinicopathologic factors including extrathyroidal invasion,multifocality,and distant metastasis were analyzed.ResultsThe rates of extrathyroidal invasion and nodal metastasis in PTMC group were as high as 16.10%and 71.74%,respectively.In the PTMC group and PTC group,the extrathyroidal invasion rate was 16.10%and 39.18%,cervical lymph node metastasis rate was 71.74%and 91.75%,and distant metastasis rate was 1.01%and 9.28%,respectively.In the PTMC subgroups with tumor sizes ≤0.3 cm,0.3- 0.6 cm,and 0.6- 1.0 cm,the cervical lymph node invasion rate was 60.00%,72.50%,and 73.81%,the extrathyroidal invasion rate was 10.00%,9.09%,and 24.44%,and the multifocality rate was 60.00%,38.64%,and 57.78%,respectively.Univariate analysis showed that the tumor size was not significantly correlated with multifocality(χ2=3.752,P=0.153),cervical lymph node metastasis(χ2=0.780,P=0.677),extrathyroidal invasion(χ2=4.182,P=0.124),and distant metastasis(χ2=1.212,P=0.545).While the BRAF group and PTC group were not significantly different in multifocality(χ2=1.742,P=0.187),they were significantly different in terms of extrathyroidal invasion(χ2=13.000,P=0.000),nodal involvement(χ2=12.819,P=0.000),and distant metastasis(χ2=5.316,P=0.021).Multivariate analysis showed that nodal metastasis was independently associated with size>1 cm(P=0.001)and extrathyroidal invasion(P=0.003).ConclusionsBRAF mutant PTMC manifests relative high extrathyroidal involvement and nodal metastasis,and the similar multifocality as BRAF mutant PTC.Radioactive iodine should be considered in PTMC with the presence of BRAF mutation combined with extrathyroidal invasion or nodal metastasis.

papillary thyroid microcarcinoma;BRAF mutation;invasiveness;recurrence;radioiodine therapy

林巖松 電話:010- 69155610,電子郵件:linys@pumch.cn; 于 壯 電話:0532- 82913151,電子郵件:yuzhuang2002@163.com

R736.1

A

1000- 503X(2013)04- 0398- 06

2013- 05- 27)

衛(wèi)生部行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(201202012)Supported by the Ministry of Health Industry Special Scientific Research Project(201202012)

10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2013.04.008

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