邱鵬,寧昆,蔡林,劉奇,汪葆玥,翟新驗(yàn),遇秀玲,倪建強(qiáng),田克恭
中國動(dòng)物疫病預(yù)防控制中心 OIE豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征參考實(shí)驗(yàn)室/農(nóng)業(yè)部獸醫(yī)診斷中心,北京 100125
豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征 (Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS) 是由豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征病毒 (Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)引起的,以母豬繁殖障礙、早產(chǎn)、流產(chǎn)、死胎、木乃伊胎及仔豬呼吸綜合征為特征的高度接觸性傳染病,是威脅全球養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的重要疫病[1-2]。PRRSV分離株根據(jù)抗原性和核酸序列上的差異[3-4],可以分為歐洲型 (EU)和美洲型 (NA)毒株,雖然兩種毒株引起的臨床癥狀相似,但抗原性差異較大,診斷技術(shù)和防控疫苗等均有不同,快速、準(zhǔn)確的分型診斷技術(shù)是防控該病的重要基礎(chǔ)[5]。
1995年,我國首次暴發(fā)PRRS,其病原為美洲型 PRRSV,隨后該病蔓延至全國各地,成為影響我國養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的重要疫病[6]。2006年我國暴發(fā)了由美洲型 PRRSV變異毒株引起的高致病性PRRS,以高度接觸性傳播、全身出血、發(fā)病率高、死亡率高為主要臨床特征,給我國養(yǎng)豬業(yè)造成了沉重打擊[7-9]。近年來,歐洲型PRRSV在我國豬場的發(fā)生也屢有報(bào)道,學(xué)者們相繼從浙江、福建、內(nèi)蒙古和北京等地分離到多株歐洲型PRRSV[10-11]。美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV在我國豬群中的廣泛流行預(yù)示我國急需建立可用于分型檢測的診斷技術(shù),以滿足該病防控的需要。
美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV毒株基因組核苷酸序列同源性為 55%~80%,ORF1a編碼的 Nsp7蛋白在型間免疫原性差異顯著,可用于研制PRRSV的血清學(xué)分型診斷技術(shù)[12-14]。本研究通過體外基因重組表達(dá)技術(shù),獲得了缺失相似抗原表位的美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV Nsp7截短蛋白,為PRRSV感染的血清學(xué)分型檢測技術(shù)的研制奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
1.1.1 載體、菌株、病毒、血清和細(xì)胞
表達(dá)載體pET-32a由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存;表達(dá)菌株 Transetta (DE3)購自北京全式金生物技術(shù)有限公司。美洲型PRRSV JXA1株 (EF112445)、歐洲型 PRRSV BJEU06-1株 (GU047344)以及美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV參考陽性血清、PRRSV陰性血清各 3份均由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備保存。Marc-145傳代細(xì)胞和原代豬肺泡巨嗜細(xì)胞(PAM)由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室保存。
1.1.2 酶和主要試劑
AMV反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶、Rnase抑制劑、Go Taq DNA聚合酶均購自 Promega公司。限制性內(nèi)切酶BamHⅠ、EcoRⅠ、Hind Ⅲ購自TaKaRa公司。RNA 提取試劑盒 (RNeasy? Mini Kit)購自QIAGEN 公司。膠回收試劑盒 (E.Z.N.A.? Gel Extraction Kit)、質(zhì)?;厥赵噭┖?(E.Z.N.A.?Plasmid Mini Kit)購自O(shè)MEGA公司。蛋白純化試劑 (Ni-NTA His?Bind 樹脂柱)為 Invitrogen 公司產(chǎn)品。IPTG、HRP標(biāo)記兔抗豬IgG及其他化學(xué)試劑購自Sigma公司。
根據(jù)GenBank公布的PRRSV美洲型和歐洲型毒株基因組序列 (登錄號分別為 EF112445和GU047344),利用Oligo 6軟件設(shè)計(jì)PCR及融合PCR所用引物,用于擴(kuò)增獲得完整 Nsp7基因(NA-Nsp7和 EU-Nsp7)和相似抗原表位編碼序列缺失的基因片段(NA-?Nsp7 和 EU-?Nsp7)。引物序列和PCR 擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物大小見表1。
將已長成單層的Marc-145細(xì)胞和PAM細(xì)胞棄去生長液,按 1% (V/V)分別接種美洲型PRRSV JXA1株和歐洲型PRRSV BJEU06-1株,加入含2%牛血清的DMEM或RPMI 1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,37 ℃培養(yǎng)觀察3~5 d,當(dāng)70%以上細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)病變時(shí)收獲,置-40 ℃下凍融2次,-70 ℃保存,備用。使用RNA提取試劑盒提取病毒基因組。
以提取的病毒基因組為模板進(jìn)行 RT-PCR,擴(kuò)增體系為:5×Buffer 5 μL,上游引物 1 μL,下游引物 1 μL,2.5 mmol/L dNTPs 2 μL,Go Taq酶1 μL,基因組RNA模板1 μL,AMV反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶 0.3 μL,RNase 抑制劑 0.2 μL,RNase free dH2O 13.5 μL。反應(yīng)條件為:42 ℃ 45 min ;94 ℃5 min;94 ℃ 1 min ,52 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 2 min,34個(gè)循環(huán);72 ℃ 1 0 min。PCR產(chǎn)物膠回收純化后,經(jīng)限制性內(nèi)切酶消化,回收目的片段定向克隆于pET-32a表達(dá)載體中,轉(zhuǎn)化Transetta (DE3)感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,經(jīng)PCR鑒定篩選獲得陽性菌落。
表1 基因克隆所用的引物和PCR預(yù)期產(chǎn)物大小Table 1 Primers used for gene cloning and expected PCR products
將陽性菌落接種到含卡那霉素 (50 mg/L)LB液體培養(yǎng)基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培養(yǎng)至OD600為0.6時(shí)加入IPTG至終濃度1 mmol/ L,誘導(dǎo)3 h,同時(shí)設(shè)誘導(dǎo)的空載體作對照,收集菌體采用超聲波裂解處理 (200 W,間隔10 s,共超聲作用30次),12 000 r/min離心20 min,分別收集上清液及沉淀進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE。
表達(dá)菌體經(jīng)超聲波裂解后收集上清液,用Ni-NTA His?Bind樹脂柱按說明書推薦的可溶性蛋白純化方法純化蛋白,用紫外分光光度計(jì)測定蛋白含量后進(jìn)行 SDS-PAGE檢測和 Western blotting鑒定。具體過程為:取純化的重組蛋白經(jīng) SDS-PAGE后,電轉(zhuǎn)移到 PVDF膜上,用0.01 mol/L PBS (pH 7.4)配制的3%脫脂乳封閉液 37 ℃作用 1 h,經(jīng) PBST (加入0.1% Tween 20的PBS)漂洗3次,每次3 min,之后加入1∶500稀釋的PRRSV陽性血清,37 ℃作用1 h,用PBST同樣方法漂洗3次,每次3 min,加入HRP酶標(biāo)兔抗豬IgG 抗體 (1:30 000),37 ℃作用1 h,洗滌后加入底物 TMB與過氧化物酶溶液,顯色15 min,蒸餾水終止反應(yīng)。
運(yùn)用DNAstar軟件,分析PRRSV Nsp7的抗原性 (Antigenicity)、Hopp-Woods親水性(Hydrophilicity)、可接近性 (Accessibility)、主鍵活動(dòng)性 (Flexibility)和抗原決定簇(Determinant),研究美洲型與歐洲型PRRSV Nsp7的相似抗原表位。
以克隆獲得的含歐洲型或美洲型Nsp7基因的pET-32a載體為模板,采用PCR分段擴(kuò)增Nsp7基因片段,NA-Nsp7基因片段分別為103 bp (引物 NA-Nsp7F 和 NA-Nsp7R1)和 636 bp (引物NA-Nsp7F2和 NA-Nsp7R);EU-Nsp7基因片段分別為 103 bp (引物 EU-Nsp7F和 EU-Nsp7R3)和668 bp (引物EU-Nsp7F4和EU-Nsp7R)?;厥丈鲜銎?,分別用 NA-Nsp7F/NA-Nsp7R和EU-Nsp7F/EU-Nsp7R進(jìn)行融合PCR擴(kuò)增,獲得相似抗原表位編碼序列缺失的基因片段 (缺失24~58aa的編碼序列)。
回收目的片段定向克隆于pET-32a載體中,轉(zhuǎn)化大腸桿菌,經(jīng) PCR鑒定獲得陽性轉(zhuǎn)化菌落。利用Ni-NTA His?Bind樹脂柱純化獲得重組蛋白 NA-?Nsp7和 EU-?Nsp7,測定純化蛋白含量,進(jìn)行 SDS-PAGE檢測和 Western blotting鑒定。
以Marc-145細(xì)胞和PAM細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的美洲型PRRSV JXA1株和歐洲型PRRSV BJEU06-1株為模板,擴(kuò)增獲得NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7編碼基因,PCR產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳,紫外燈下可見794 bp和825 bp的目的條帶 (圖1),目的片段定向克隆于表達(dá)載體pET 32a中,誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)后經(jīng)SDS-PAGE分析表明,NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7在大腸桿菌中均獲得了高效表達(dá),所表達(dá)的蛋白大小約為47 kDa,與預(yù)期大小相符,超聲波處理后所表達(dá)蛋白主要集中在上清液中,蛋白為可溶性表達(dá) (圖2)。
將NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7表達(dá)菌株經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)、收集、超聲波裂解,之后收集上清液,用親和層析法純化,重組蛋白的濃度測定分別為0.8 mg/mL和1.5 mg/mL。取純化產(chǎn)物 (上樣量均為5 μL)進(jìn)行SDS-PAGE檢測,結(jié)果表明蛋白純度高,無明顯的非特異性條帶 (圖 3)。取重組NA-Nsp7 和 EU-Nsp7 各 2 μg、1 μg 分別與美洲型或歐洲型PRRSV陽性血清、陰性血清各3份進(jìn)行Western blotting反應(yīng),結(jié)果均顯示,純化的NA-Nsp7和 EU-Nsp7分別與美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV陽性血清發(fā)生較強(qiáng)的特異性反應(yīng);同時(shí),NA-Nsp7與歐洲型PRRSV陽性血清,EU-Nsp7與美洲型PRRSV陽性血清有微弱的免疫反應(yīng),所純化的重組蛋白不能有效用于美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV血清抗體的分型檢測 (圖3),重組蛋白與陰性血清之間無特異性雜交條帶 (數(shù)據(jù)未顯示)。
圖1 NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7的RT-PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物Fig. 1 RT-PCR products of NA-Nsp7 and EU-Nsp7.M: DL2000 DNA marker; 1: negative control; 2:EU-Nsp7; 3: NA-Nsp7.
圖2 NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7表達(dá)產(chǎn)物的SDS-PAGE電泳圖譜Fig. 2 Over-expression of NA-Nsp7 and EU-Nsp7 in E. coli analyzed by SDS-PAGE. (A)Protein of pET 32a-NA-Nsp7. (B)Protein of pET 32a-EU-Nsp7. M: protein marker; 1, 5: un-induced control; 2, 6: pET 32a vector control;3: sediment protein of pET 32a-NA-Nsp7 after inducing; 4: soluble protein of pET 32a-NA-Nsp7 after inducing; 7:sediment protein of pET 32a-EU-Nsp7 after inducing; 8: soluble protein of pET 32a-EU-Nsp7 after inducing.
圖3 純化NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7的SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鑒定結(jié)果Fig. 3 Identification of purified NA-Nsp7 and EU-Nsp7 by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. (A)SDS-PAGE of purified NA-Nsp7and EU-Nsp7 expressed in E. coli. (B?E)Western blotting of NA-Nsp7and EU-Nsp7protein expressed in E. coli interacting with antibodies against NA-PRRSV or EU-PRRSV. M: protein marker; 1: NA-Nsp7 protein; 2: EU-Nsp7 protein; 3?4: NA-Nsp7 interacting with antibodies against NA-PRRSV (2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively); 5?6: NA-Nsp7 protein interacting with antibodies against EU-PRRSV (2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively); 7?8: EU-Nsp7 protein interacting with antibodies against EU-PRRSV (2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively); 9?10: EU-Nsp7 interacting with antibodies against NA-PRRSV (2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively).
經(jīng) DNAstar軟件分析,預(yù)測 NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7分別包含有10個(gè)和11個(gè)抗原表位,其中 NA-Nsp7的第 1個(gè)和第 2個(gè)表位分別與EU-Nsp7的第2個(gè)和第3個(gè)表位在氨基酸序列、疏水圖譜上較為相似 (24~58aa),推測是抗原抗體交叉免疫反應(yīng)的主要表位 (表2)。
表2 美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV Nsp7的抗原表位預(yù)測Table 2 Prediction of antigenic epitopes of Nsp7 of NA and EU-PRRSV
缺失相似抗原表位 (24~58aa)的編碼序列,美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV Nsp7的基因片段大小分別為672 bp和702 bp (圖4)。將目的片段定向克隆于pET-32a載體中,轉(zhuǎn)化大腸桿菌,經(jīng)表達(dá)和純化獲得重組蛋白 NA-?Nsp7和 EU-?Nsp7,重組蛋白濃度分別為 1.3 mg/mL和 1.0 mg/mL。SDS-PAGE檢測 (上樣量均為5 μL)表明蛋白純度高,無明顯的非特異性條帶 (圖5)。取重組蛋白 NA-?Nsp7 和 EU-?Nsp7 各 4 μg、2 μg、1 μg分別與美洲型或歐洲型PRRSV陽性血清、陰性血清各3份進(jìn)行Western blotting反應(yīng),結(jié)果均顯示,純化蛋白NA-?Nsp7和EU-?Nsp7分別與美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV陽性血清發(fā)生較強(qiáng)的特異性反應(yīng);蛋白NA-?Nsp7與歐洲型PRRSV陽性血清,蛋白EU-?Nsp7與美洲型PRRSV陽性血清無交叉免疫反應(yīng) (圖5),且重組蛋白與陰性血清之間無特異性雜交條帶 (數(shù)據(jù)未顯示),所純化的重組蛋白可用于美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV血清抗體的分型檢測。
圖4 NA-?Nsp7和EU-?Nsp7基因片段的融合PCR擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物Fig. 4 Fusion PCR products of NA-?Nsp7 and EU-?Nsp7. M: DL2000 DNA marker; 1: negative control; 2: EU-?Nsp7; 3: NA-?Nsp7.
圖5 純化NA-?Nsp7和EU-?Nsp7的SDS-PAGE和Western blotting鑒定Fig. 5 Analysis and identification of NA-?Nsp7 and EU-?Nsp7 by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. (A)SDS-PAGE of purified NA-?Nsp7 and EU-?Nsp7 protein expressed in E. coli. (B?E)Western blotting of NA-?Nsp7 and EU-?Nsp7 protein expressed in E. coli, interacting with antibodies against NA-PRRSV or EU-PRRSV. M: protein marker; 1: NA-?Nsp7 protein; 2: EU-?Nsp7 protein; 3?5: NA-?Nsp7 interacting with antibodies against NA-PRRSV(4 μg, 2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively); 6?8: NA-?Nsp7 protein interacting with antibodies against EU-PRRSV(4 μg, 2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively); 9?11: EU-?Nsp7 protein interacting with antibodies against EU-PRRSV(4 μg, 2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively); 12?14: EU-?Nsp7 interacting with antibodies against NA-PRRSV (4 μg,2 μg and 1 μg loading respectively).
豬繁殖與呼吸綜合征病毒基因組為單股正鏈不分節(jié)段RNA分子,約15 kb,含有9個(gè)開放閱讀框架,依次為5¢-NCR-ORF1a/1b-ORF2-GP3-GP4-GP5-M-N-NCR-3¢[15-16]。ORFla 編碼的寡聚蛋白pp1a經(jīng)加工后合成9個(gè)非結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,依次為 Nsp1α、Nsplβ、Nsp2~8[17]。其中,Nsp7 的氨基酸序列在型內(nèi)保守,同源性約90%,型間差異較大,同源性約50%[18-20]。同時(shí),Nsp7具有較強(qiáng)的免疫原性,是PRRSV的血清學(xué)分型診斷技術(shù)研制的理想靶蛋白[21-23]。
國外研究學(xué)者通過體外重組表達(dá)全長的Nsp7蛋白,嘗試建立了美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV抗體分型檢測技術(shù),但尚無臨床使用效果的評價(jià)[24-27]。本研究最初同樣選擇全長Nsp7編碼基因進(jìn)行了原核表達(dá)、純化和免疫印跡鑒定,結(jié)果表明,雖然重組Nsp7蛋白與同型的血清抗體具有較強(qiáng)的反應(yīng)活性,但與不同型的抗體也呈微弱的交叉免疫反應(yīng),預(yù)示兩種蛋白存在有交叉抗原表位,難以實(shí)現(xiàn)兩種抗體的分型檢測。
生物學(xué)軟件分析Nsp7氨基酸序列,并對預(yù)測的抗原表位比對分析,表明 NA-Nsp7和EU-Nsp7兩種蛋白之間存在有兩個(gè)相似抗原表位。通過融合PCR,將相似抗原表位的編碼序列缺失后,利用原核表達(dá)系統(tǒng)表達(dá)和純化,獲得截短蛋白 NA-?Nsp7 和 EU-?Nsp7。NA-?Nsp7 和EU-?Nsp7分別與美洲型和歐洲型 PRRSV陽性血清有較強(qiáng)的特異性反應(yīng),且無交叉免疫反應(yīng),表明缺失相似抗原表位后不僅不會(huì)影響重組蛋白的免疫反應(yīng)性,而且顯著提高了反應(yīng)的特異性。在本研究中,重組蛋白 NA-?Nsp7和EU-?Nsp7兩種截短蛋白在大腸桿菌中均獲得了可溶性高效表達(dá),蛋白易于純化,免疫反應(yīng)性強(qiáng),適合大規(guī)模制備,為進(jìn)一步開發(fā)美洲型和歐洲型PRRSV分型診斷試劑奠定了基礎(chǔ),對我國PRRS的防控具有重要意義。
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