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大規(guī)模間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)技術(shù)評(píng)估報(bào)告

2013-11-30 09:08陳津郭子寬王立生崔春萍胡澤斌吳朝暉吳祖澤
關(guān)鍵詞:保護(hù)劑充質(zhì)骨髓

陳津,郭子寬,王立生,崔春萍,胡澤斌,吳朝暉,吳祖澤

20 世紀(jì) 70年代,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種來(lái)源于中胚層、成纖維樣貼壁生長(zhǎng)的細(xì)胞,后來(lái)確定為間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSC)[1-2]。MSC 是一群具有高度自我更新能力和分化潛能的成體干細(xì)胞。因其具有免疫調(diào)控、分泌細(xì)胞因子、取材方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)而倍受關(guān)注,成為細(xì)胞治療的理想種子細(xì)胞[3]。間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞研究日益受到廣泛關(guān)注并顯示出越來(lái)越廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,在細(xì)胞治療、組織工程等領(lǐng)域具有極為重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,是繼造血干細(xì)胞之后臨床應(yīng)用研究最多,也是最成熟的一種成體干細(xì)胞。

1995年首次報(bào)道 MSC 應(yīng)用于臨床實(shí)驗(yàn),現(xiàn)在培養(yǎng)的 MSC 已被廣泛地用于臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,如移植物抗宿主?。℅VHD)、充血性心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死、2 型糖尿病、脊髓損傷、軟骨和骨損傷、克羅恩病等,而且在腎臟、肌肉和肺的損傷修復(fù)中也有初步進(jìn)展[3]。雖然成體干細(xì)胞在許多疾病的臨床研究中表現(xiàn)出令人振奮的療效,但迄今為止,除了造血干細(xì)胞用于治療血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤外,尚未有其他成熟的成體干細(xì)胞作為常規(guī)的治療方法進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)踐。其中涉及的問(wèn)題很多,包括干細(xì)胞療法進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)踐的政策法規(guī)保障、用來(lái)驗(yàn)證干細(xì)胞療法安全性與有效性的合適的動(dòng)物模型、臨床治療的評(píng)價(jià)方法與體系尚未完善、干細(xì)胞產(chǎn)品臨床應(yīng)用的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及規(guī)范尚未健全以及相關(guān)的倫理學(xué)論證等。同時(shí),MSC 培養(yǎng)工藝從實(shí)驗(yàn)研究模式轉(zhuǎn)向大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)臨床級(jí)的 MSC 還需要根據(jù)臨床應(yīng)用的要求,對(duì)培養(yǎng)技術(shù)各方面進(jìn)行深層次的評(píng)估。本報(bào)告主要對(duì)大規(guī)模培養(yǎng)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的技術(shù)做一評(píng)估。通過(guò)對(duì)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),為制定間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞臨床研究管理規(guī)定提供相關(guān)信息,為細(xì)胞治療準(zhǔn)入制度的建立提供方法學(xué)依據(jù)。主要明確間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的來(lái)源、分離方法、培養(yǎng)體系、保存、安全性、質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及質(zhì)量監(jiān)控評(píng)估等問(wèn)題。

1 資料與方法

1.1 資料來(lái)源

① PubMed 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、EMBASE 和 MEDLIN數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)以主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞檢索間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stromal cells)和細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)技術(shù)(cell culture techniques),限制研究對(duì)象為人類(human),文獻(xiàn)檢索時(shí)間不限,再根據(jù)不同的技術(shù)方法的主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞分別二次檢索細(xì)胞來(lái)源(mesenchymal stem cell sources),無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基(serum free medium),培養(yǎng)過(guò)程(culture processes, good manufacturing practices),細(xì)胞凍存技術(shù)(cryopreservation),基因組不穩(wěn)定性(genome instability),腫瘤形成(tumor formation),質(zhì)量控制(quality control),臨床研究(clinical trial,clinical grade 和 clinical use)等。根據(jù)檢索結(jié)果分類評(píng)估,根據(jù)問(wèn)題和摘要逐一進(jìn)行人工篩選。②廣泛收集有關(guān)網(wǎng)站(如 NIH 臨床試驗(yàn)登記網(wǎng)站 http://www.clinicaltrial.gov/、FDA 網(wǎng)站 http://www.fda.gov/ 和國(guó)際細(xì)胞治療協(xié)會(huì)網(wǎng)站 http://www.isscr.org/ 等)的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。③其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)有關(guān)的細(xì)胞治療管理法案和技術(shù)報(bào)告。

1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

⑴以間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞研究為對(duì)象;

⑵涉及細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)技術(shù)方面;

⑶涉及評(píng)估目標(biāo)內(nèi)容;

⑷以臨床研究為目的;

⑸細(xì)胞治療管理規(guī)定。

1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

⑴研究對(duì)象為動(dòng)物;

⑵文獻(xiàn)不含培養(yǎng)技術(shù)相關(guān)內(nèi)容;

⑶其他干細(xì)胞研究?jī)?nèi)容;

⑷以基礎(chǔ)研究為主;

⑸不含評(píng)估目標(biāo)內(nèi)容。

1.4 專家討論

形成初步評(píng)估報(bào)告后,由衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科教司和中國(guó)醫(yī)藥生物技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)組織相關(guān)專家進(jìn)行討論分析,形成評(píng)估報(bào)告和建議。

2 評(píng)估結(jié)果

2.1 MSC 的來(lái)源

MSC 可以來(lái)源于骨髓、脂肪、臍帶、臍帶血、胎盤(pán)、蛻膜、羊膜、羊水、皮膚、肌肉、牙髓、血管、滑液、心臟、脾、腎周脂肪、胚胎組織或胚胎干細(xì)胞、腸上皮組織、經(jīng)動(dòng)員的外周血等眾多組織[2, 4-25]。

⑴骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:骨髓一直是 MSC 的主要來(lái)源,成纖維細(xì)胞集落形成單位(CFU-F)分析揭示,骨髓中 MSC 的量大約占單個(gè)核細(xì)胞數(shù)的萬(wàn)分之一到百萬(wàn)分之一。骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(BMSC)是目前研究較為深入的一類成體干細(xì)胞。BMSC 易于外源基因的轉(zhuǎn)染和表達(dá),是細(xì)胞治療、組織器官缺損修復(fù)及基因治療的理想種子細(xì)胞。目前在 NIH 登記的骨髓 MSC 臨床試驗(yàn)有 144 項(xiàng),PubMed 上已發(fā)表的人骨髓 MSC 臨床試驗(yàn)文章有 91 篇。

⑵臍帶血間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:臍帶血是間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的一個(gè)潛在的來(lái)源,Erices 等[26]在 2000年就報(bào)道了臍帶血來(lái)源的單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中包含具有 MSC特征性表面抗原的細(xì)胞,并具有多向分化能力。與骨髓相比,MSC 在臍血中的比例更低,大約每 105~ 108個(gè)單個(gè)核細(xì)胞含有 1 個(gè)。但是由于臍帶血庫(kù)等網(wǎng)絡(luò)的存在,臍帶血有更為充足的來(lái)源,而且臍血的免疫原性較弱,不易發(fā)生免疫排斥反應(yīng),臍血受胎盤(pán)屏障的保護(hù),其成分被病毒、細(xì)菌污染的概率低,有利于臨床的實(shí)際應(yīng)用等優(yōu)點(diǎn),使得臍帶血有可能成為生產(chǎn)臨床級(jí) MSC 的來(lái)源。事實(shí)上,早有以臍血成功治療 HLA配型不完全匹配的惡性血液病和免疫缺陷病的報(bào)道[27]。目前在 NIH 登記的臍帶血來(lái)源 MSC 臨床試驗(yàn)有 10 項(xiàng)。

⑶臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:Covas 等[28]和 Romanov等[29]分別從臍靜脈內(nèi)皮和內(nèi)皮下分離出一種成纖維樣細(xì)胞,可分化為脂肪細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞。同年,Mitchell 等[30]從臍帶 Wharton’s jelly 中分離出間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。臍帶 MSC 表達(dá)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF),提示其具有治療心腦梗死、脊髓損傷的可能。與骨髓 MSC相比,臍帶 MSC 的 CFU-F 數(shù)、增殖能力和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)分化能力均高于骨髓 MSC,HLA-I 和CD106 分子表達(dá)低于骨髓 MSC,使它成為更理想的細(xì)胞治療的種子細(xì)胞。目前在 NIH 登記的臍帶來(lái)源 MSC 臨床試驗(yàn)有 53 項(xiàng)。

⑷脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:2001年,Zuk 等[31]首次從人脂肪組織中分離出一種多向分化干細(xì)胞,因其與骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞形態(tài)相似而稱為脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(ASC)。此后幾個(gè)研究小組也先后采用相似的分離方法分別從脂肪組織中分離得到ASC。近年來(lái)許多研究表明,脂肪干細(xì)胞具有向脂肪、骨、軟骨、肌肉、內(nèi)皮、造血、肝、胰島和神經(jīng)等多種細(xì)胞方向分化的多分化潛能[6-7,25]。ASC和 BMSC 均表達(dá) CD13、CD29、CIM4、CD105,均不表達(dá) CD31、CD34、CINS、HLA-DR。脂肪干細(xì)胞作為一種來(lái)源廣泛的自體干細(xì)胞有著不可比擬的優(yōu)勢(shì)。目前在 NIH 登記的脂肪來(lái)源 MSC 臨床試驗(yàn)有 30 項(xiàng)。

⑸胎盤(pán)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:Zhang 等[32]首次從胎盤(pán)灌流液中培養(yǎng)出 MSC,并從生物學(xué)特征和功能等方面進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究。Fukuchi 等[33]從成熟胎盤(pán)小葉中得到間充質(zhì)干/祖細(xì)胞,可表達(dá)數(shù)種干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志性基因及組織特異性基因。后來(lái)學(xué)者陸續(xù)從人成熟胎盤(pán)的羊膜、絨毛膜、胎盤(pán)小葉、底蛻膜和壁蛻膜分離培養(yǎng)出間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞,且 RT-PCR 分析胎盤(pán)來(lái)源的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞表達(dá)中胚層、外胚層和內(nèi)胚層的相關(guān)基因。體外培養(yǎng)的胎盤(pán)間充質(zhì)干/祖細(xì)胞具有多向分化潛能及造血支持和免疫抑制效應(yīng),其擴(kuò)增能力優(yōu)于成人骨髓 MSC。胎盤(pán)來(lái)源豐富、取材方便,MSC 易于分離,是 MSC 又一新來(lái)源。目前在NIH 登記的胎盤(pán)來(lái)源 MSC 臨床試驗(yàn)有 7 項(xiàng)。

⑹羊水間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:羊水與胎兒直接接觸,除胎兒表皮、體腔管道等處的脫落細(xì)胞外,羊水中還可能存在來(lái)源于胎盤(pán)或桑葚胚的內(nèi)細(xì)胞群的原始細(xì)胞[34]。1993年,Torricelli等[35]首次報(bào)道孕 12周之前羊水中有造血祖細(xì)胞,它可能來(lái)源于胚胎期卵黃囊。1996年,Streubel等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)羊水中存在向成肌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的羊水細(xì)胞,可能為具有多向分化潛能的非造血祖細(xì)胞。 最近,In't Anker 等[37]證實(shí)孕中期(17~22 周)羊水中能夠分離培養(yǎng)出胎兒MSC,但孕晚期(平均 38+ 周)羊水分離胎兒 MSC的成功率僅為 20%。目前的研究均采用超聲引導(dǎo)下羊水穿刺技術(shù)在臨床妊娠中期婦女做產(chǎn)前診斷時(shí)抽取少量羊水提取胎兒 MSC,這種操作技術(shù)雖已成熟,但取材過(guò)程中仍可能對(duì)胎兒和母體造成傷害,甚至引起流產(chǎn)、宮內(nèi)感染等并發(fā)癥。

⑺其他組織來(lái)源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞:研究者還分別從分血管大隱靜脈壁[28]、骨組織、骨骼肌、軟骨及胎兒肺臟、胰臟、肝臟、腎臟來(lái)源的貼壁細(xì)胞和胎兒的真皮、腸上皮組織中成功分離出間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。還有研究者使用胚胎干細(xì)胞分化成間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。但是這些組織并沒(méi)有穩(wěn)定的來(lái)源,或者從倫理上并不適合作為臨床大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) MSC 的組織來(lái)源。Kassis 等[24]還從 G-CSF 動(dòng)員的外周血中分離出 MSC。雖然有些報(bào)道稱在外周血中檢測(cè)到具有MSC 特征的細(xì)胞,但是通常 MSC 是不存在于正常供者的外周血中的[38-40]。

2.2 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分離純化技術(shù)

不同組織來(lái)源的 MSC 分離方法不同,歸納起來(lái)主要可以分為兩大類:①骨髓、臍帶血、羊水來(lái)源的 MSC 以單個(gè)細(xì)胞存在于細(xì)胞群中,采用全骨髓法或全血直接培養(yǎng)方法,以及密度梯度離心分離、免疫磁珠或流式細(xì)胞分選的方式進(jìn)行分離,利用 MSC 貼壁生長(zhǎng)的特性進(jìn)行純化。如利用STRO-1 進(jìn)行流式細(xì)胞分選可以獲得 950 倍富集的 CFU-Fs[41],其他細(xì)胞抗原如 a1-integrin subunit(CD49a)或 CD271(LNGFR)可以被用來(lái)富集骨髓單個(gè)核細(xì)胞[42-43],但是這些方法富集的 MSC還沒(méi)有達(dá)到完全純化。而且許多抗體作為實(shí)驗(yàn)研究篩選使用,還需要發(fā)展臨床級(jí)富集分選 MSC的抗體。②臍帶、胎盤(pán)、羊膜、脂肪來(lái)源的 MSC 存在于組織中,需要用膠原酶、胰酶、透明質(zhì)酸酶等消化分離成單個(gè)細(xì)胞后,再進(jìn)行分離純化,也可采用組織塊法,利用 MSC 具有遷移能力的特性獲得直接貼壁的 MSC。

2.3 MSC 體外培養(yǎng)技術(shù)

不管是來(lái)源于骨髓還是其他組織的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞原始數(shù)量都是很有限的,要達(dá)到臨床應(yīng)用的細(xì)胞數(shù)量級(jí),就必須經(jīng)過(guò)體外的擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)。因此間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞體外擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)技術(shù)是 MSC 臨床應(yīng)用技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵。主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面:

2.3.1 培養(yǎng)方式(培養(yǎng)體系)的選擇 MSC 具有貼壁生長(zhǎng)的特性,貼壁生長(zhǎng)細(xì)胞常采取兩種大規(guī)模的培養(yǎng)方法:①傳統(tǒng)的平面培養(yǎng)方式:即保持相同細(xì)胞密度的前提下只是簡(jiǎn)單地增加細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)體積。通過(guò)采用培養(yǎng)瓶或培養(yǎng)皿進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),為了培養(yǎng)大量的細(xì)胞,需要很大的表面積,因此需要大量的培養(yǎng)瓶和培養(yǎng)空間。Nunc 和 Coring 等公司生產(chǎn)了大的、多層的培養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)(1~10 層或者更多),可以疊加在培養(yǎng)箱中。這些培養(yǎng)瓶近似于一個(gè)封閉的系統(tǒng),大大減少了培養(yǎng)瓶的使用數(shù)量,降低了被微生物污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[44]。傳統(tǒng)的培養(yǎng)方式簡(jiǎn)便易行,但是也容易污染,所以必須在符合 GMP 的潔凈實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。②生物反應(yīng)器3D 培養(yǎng)方式[44-51]:在生物反應(yīng)器里培養(yǎng) MSC 的優(yōu)勢(shì)包括相同體積下培養(yǎng)的表面積比較大、封閉的系統(tǒng)以及種植和收獲的自動(dòng)化[52]。這些技術(shù)能夠?yàn)榉?GMP 條件下生產(chǎn)臨床級(jí) MSC 提供可選工具[3,53]。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)全封閉培養(yǎng),減少細(xì)胞污染的幾率,一些公司推出了細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)工作平臺(tái),如美國(guó) Biospherix 干細(xì)胞工作站(stem cell workstation),引進(jìn)低氧培養(yǎng)和低氧操作環(huán)境,適用于干細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)及臨床移植前的干細(xì)胞樣品的制備。工作站完全密閉不受外界干擾,杜絕由于實(shí)驗(yàn)員操作不當(dāng)引起的細(xì)胞污染。不足之處就是這樣的系統(tǒng)成本昂貴。

2.3.2 培養(yǎng)基的選擇 培養(yǎng)基是 MSC 培養(yǎng)效率和安全的關(guān)鍵。選擇使用的培養(yǎng)基需要能夠維持MSC 在經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)次傳代培養(yǎng)后的表型、功能和基因穩(wěn)定,因此必須采用優(yōu)化的培養(yǎng)條件。目前主要用于培養(yǎng) MSC 的培養(yǎng)基有以下幾種:

⑴含胎牛血清(FBS)的培養(yǎng)基:胎牛血清含有豐富的細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子、營(yíng)養(yǎng)等物質(zhì)。經(jīng)典的 MSC培養(yǎng)條件就是基礎(chǔ)培養(yǎng)基添加 FBS,但是 FBS 活性具有明顯的批次間差異,而且在培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,MSC 胞漿蛋白中可能殘留 FBS,由此可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者過(guò)敏反應(yīng),以及可能引起如瘋牛?。˙SE)、克雅?。–reutzfeldt-Jakob disease)等疾病[54]。FDA 管理規(guī)范關(guān)于 GMP 生產(chǎn)細(xì)胞并沒(méi)有絕對(duì)禁止使用FBS,但需要有安全證明(TSA)確保沒(méi)有傳染病傳播的危險(xiǎn)。也有一些權(quán)威的管理機(jī)構(gòu),如德國(guó)的PEI,就禁止使用 FBS。此外,從使用 MSC 的安全性角度要求有更安全的產(chǎn)品替代 FBS[55],如人源的血清或成分確定的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基[56]。

⑵不含動(dòng)物血清的培養(yǎng)基:許多研究者采用人源產(chǎn)品,如輸血安全級(jí)的人 AB 血清或血小板裂解物來(lái)替代動(dòng)物血清。這些產(chǎn)品來(lái)自于輸血中心,可確保微生物的安全。經(jīng)許多研究小組證明,使用血小板裂解物可以有效地替代 FBS[54-56],很多臨床研究單位也倡議使用血小板裂解物來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)臨床級(jí)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)[57]。

⑶成分確定的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基[4,11,58-76]:無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基(serum free medium,SFM)就是不需要添加血清,通過(guò)像雞尾酒式的添加生長(zhǎng)因子(如FGF2、PDGF、TGF-β)就可以維持細(xì)胞在體外較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間生長(zhǎng)繁殖,能夠維持培養(yǎng)的 MSC 主要的表型和功能特征[66],但是它們可能包含個(gè)別蛋白或大量蛋白組分。MSC 是貼壁生長(zhǎng)細(xì)胞,無(wú)血清、無(wú)蛋白培養(yǎng)基缺乏血清中的各種黏附貼壁因子如纖連蛋白、層黏連蛋白等,因此需要添加這些組分以保證細(xì)胞貼壁。這就要求這些添加的蛋白需要在避免基因污染條件下生產(chǎn)。目前市場(chǎng)上的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基主要由幾家國(guó)外大公司生產(chǎn),其中一家已獲得FDA 批準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用與臨床研究(表 1)。然而事實(shí)上,目前的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基并不向商業(yè)公司說(shuō)的那么好。許多研究證明了用含血清的培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)的 MSC不發(fā)生變異,但是對(duì)無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)的 MSC 還需要進(jìn)行相似的安全性研究,判斷無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基對(duì)MSC 基因穩(wěn)定性的影響是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤的形成。雖然理想的 MSC 培養(yǎng)基還沒(méi)有形成共識(shí),但無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基是臨床級(jí)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的最終方向。

2.4 細(xì)胞凍存技術(shù)

細(xì)胞凍存技術(shù)是間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞臨床應(yīng)用中很關(guān)鍵的技術(shù)。分離和生產(chǎn)的大量不同組織來(lái)源的MSC 需要可靠的長(zhǎng)期保存方法,以備將來(lái)臨床應(yīng)用[77-87]。

2.4.1 凍存保護(hù)劑 凍存保護(hù)劑是深低溫保存組織細(xì)胞不可缺少的部分。目前常用的低溫保護(hù)劑有二甲基亞砜(DMSO)、甘油、糖類、羥乙基淀粉等。低溫保護(hù)劑二甲基亞砜的濃度,以 10%(v/v)保存效果較佳;甘油則以 10%~15%(v/v)濃度為好。復(fù)蘇后低溫保護(hù)劑必須進(jìn)行洗滌,從細(xì)胞懸液中清除,以降低低溫保護(hù)劑的毒性影響。幾種低溫保護(hù)劑混合使用可減輕毒性,提高細(xì)胞存活率。如保護(hù)劑 CP-1 的主要成分為 DMSO 和羥乙基淀粉,這兩種不同性質(zhì)的冷凍保護(hù)劑聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,共同發(fā)揮作用,冷凍保護(hù)效果優(yōu)于單獨(dú)應(yīng)用其中任何一種。

表1 市場(chǎng)上主要的無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基

2.4.2 細(xì)胞凍存方式 干細(xì)胞的冷凍最好采用程控降溫儀進(jìn)行。利用程控降溫儀嚴(yán)格控制降溫速度(1~3)℃/min,經(jīng)過(guò)相變(–11~–15 ℃)熱釋放之后加快降溫速度,降至 –80 ℃ 或 –90 ℃,再轉(zhuǎn)入液氮中(–196 ℃) 長(zhǎng)期保存。有些研究者用乙二醇、丙二醇和蔗糖作為基礎(chǔ)的細(xì)胞凍存保護(hù)劑來(lái)替代 DMSO,用聚乙烯醇作為輔料建立的直接放入液氮的玻璃化凍存方式實(shí)現(xiàn)了較好的細(xì)胞保存效果。

大量研究證明,保存的 MSC 并不改變 MSC的生物學(xué)特性,如分化、生長(zhǎng)和表面標(biāo)志物。在臨床使用中最主要的問(wèn)題是凍存保護(hù)劑的毒性,但DMSO 的毒性也可能被過(guò)度地評(píng)估,因?yàn)閮龃娴腗SC 在臨床使用前需要進(jìn)行稀釋,從而會(huì)減輕其毒性。

2.5 大規(guī)模培養(yǎng) MSC 的安全性

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞雖然在許多組織中都存在,但是其豐度都極低。因此,體外培養(yǎng)是完成細(xì)胞治療必需的步驟。然而,與新鮮分離的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞不同,細(xì)胞經(jīng)體外培養(yǎng)擴(kuò)增后,其生物學(xué)特性可能發(fā)生很大的變化。從培養(yǎng)體系的安全性來(lái)講,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在體外培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,與培養(yǎng)皿、分離液、血清、細(xì)胞因子等開(kāi)放接觸,易于受到熱原和內(nèi)毒素的污染,有造成受者醫(yī)源性感染等不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[88]。

2.5.1 基因穩(wěn)定性[89-110]人體組織中原始 MSC含量很少,但是經(jīng)過(guò)體外長(zhǎng)期培養(yǎng)后可以擴(kuò)增到很大的數(shù)量級(jí)??梢詾榕R床應(yīng)用提供大量的 MSC。通常,成人骨髓 MSC 可以穩(wěn)定培養(yǎng) 6~10 代,而胎盤(pán)臍帶 MSC 可以傳 30~40 代。經(jīng)過(guò)高分辨技術(shù)分析體外擴(kuò)增的人骨髓 MSC,并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA 復(fù)制數(shù)的畸變。但是在 MSC 長(zhǎng)期培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)與衰老相關(guān)的 CpG 位點(diǎn)發(fā)生修飾改變。研究者對(duì)不同供者來(lái)源的 MSC 的核型分析的結(jié)果表明,一般 10 代以內(nèi)的 MSC 核型比較穩(wěn)定,未發(fā)現(xiàn)變異情況。超過(guò) 10 代的細(xì)胞,核型發(fā)生變異,成瘤性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增大。人間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)連續(xù)傳代超過(guò) 20 次后,雖然細(xì)胞不具備裸鼠致瘤性,但其原癌基因和抑癌基因表達(dá)特征與 Ewing肉瘤相似。即使早期和晚期代數(shù)的 MSC 在基因組學(xué)上沒(méi)有差異,也不能說(shuō)明經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期培養(yǎng)后基因組沒(méi)有發(fā)生突變。突變的 MSC 可能不能存活或者因?yàn)檎?MSC 的優(yōu)勢(shì)生長(zhǎng),使得突變的 MSC 在長(zhǎng)期培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中檢測(cè)不出來(lái)。相反,如果突變的 MSC具有優(yōu)勢(shì)生長(zhǎng)或者耐受衰老,那么對(duì)于臨床應(yīng)用更具有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

2.5.2 腫瘤形成[57,88,111-115]干細(xì)胞具有一些腫瘤細(xì)胞的特征,如能夠長(zhǎng)期的自我復(fù)制,壽命周期長(zhǎng),凋亡耐受等。此外,兩者的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)控機(jī)制很相似,因此干細(xì)胞可能惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,這是使用干細(xì)胞藥物產(chǎn)品安全性的主要擔(dān)憂之一。一些研究報(bào)道通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)染端粒酶的MSC 可以在體外發(fā)生惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[116],然而,現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)證據(jù)證明常規(guī)體外擴(kuò)增的MSC 具有致瘤性。NOD 小鼠體內(nèi)毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,MSC 在體內(nèi)沒(méi)有形成腫瘤。短尾猴的體內(nèi)毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步證明輸注 MSC 后,短尾猴體內(nèi)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)改變。細(xì)胞毒性結(jié)果顯示,MSC 并不影響試驗(yàn)猴的身體各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)。Centeno 等[57,111]從2006年到 2010年,總共進(jìn)行了 339 例患者的實(shí)驗(yàn),MRI 檢測(cè)并沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)新生瘤的形成,隨訪至今是安全的。此外,許多 MSC 的臨床研究報(bào)告也未報(bào)告安全問(wèn)題。雖然 MSC 在培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中是否會(huì)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化還不確定,但還是存在 MSC 在長(zhǎng)期培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中發(fā)生突變的可能。因此必須在臨床研究中應(yīng)用 SNP 等分析手段來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)基因組的完整性。從 MSC 的增殖及分化、病毒學(xué)檢測(cè)、核型分析、STR、HLA 等多個(gè)方面系統(tǒng)考察體外擴(kuò)增過(guò)程中MSC 生物學(xué)特性和遺傳學(xué)特性。

2.6 MSC 的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控

臨床使用 MSC 的安全性直接與整個(gè)過(guò)程的質(zhì)量控制相聯(lián)系。生產(chǎn)安全的細(xì)胞產(chǎn)品要求對(duì)整個(gè)過(guò)程進(jìn)行監(jiān)管,確保培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的基因型和功能性,確保培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞未分化和無(wú)微生物的污染。在MSC 擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中面臨著許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如細(xì)菌污染、細(xì)胞變異、衰老等。

2.6.1 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞能表達(dá)多種表面抗原但不特異,這些表面抗原也可在基質(zhì)細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和表皮細(xì)胞出現(xiàn),但不表達(dá)造血干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物?,F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)的表面抗原表達(dá)陽(yáng)性的有CD29、CD44、CD59、CD71、SH2、CD73、CD105、CD106、CD166、CD271 等,而 HSC 表面標(biāo)志CD3、CD14、CD34、CD38、CD45、CD56、CD117、人白細(xì)胞抗原(HLA-DR)表達(dá)均為陰性。不同研究者選用不同的組合來(lái)鑒定,各研究結(jié)果之間很難相互比較[117]。為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題,國(guó)際細(xì)胞治療協(xié)會(huì)提出了一個(gè)鑒定 MSC 的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[118]:首先,MSC 必須是貼壁生長(zhǎng)的;其次,MSC 必須表達(dá)CD105、CD73 和 CD90,同時(shí)不表達(dá) CD45、CD34、CD14/CD11b、CD79α/CD19 以及 HLA-DR;第三,在體外 MSC 必須能夠分化成骨、脂肪和軟骨。

2.6.2 間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控[3,53,57,119-130]MSC質(zhì)量監(jiān)控包括生產(chǎn)環(huán)境的細(xì)菌和真菌的檢測(cè),藥品化生產(chǎn) MSC 的環(huán)境要求每 2 周至少進(jìn)行一次無(wú)菌的檢測(cè)[131]。收獲細(xì)胞質(zhì)量控制必須確保含有足夠量的干/祖細(xì)胞,能夠達(dá)到臨床應(yīng)用的數(shù)量要求,還應(yīng)排除傳播傳染性疾病的可能。質(zhì)量控制應(yīng)包括細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的全過(guò)程。包括分離細(xì)胞前的供體血清學(xué)檢測(cè),主要是免疫缺陷病毒、乙肝病毒、丙肝病毒等。對(duì)于原始干細(xì)胞數(shù)量的檢測(cè),現(xiàn)在唯一的定量檢測(cè)是 CFU-F,但是檢測(cè)時(shí)間太長(zhǎng),不可能在取樣時(shí)得到結(jié)果,只能作為后續(xù)的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此,只有檢測(cè)有核細(xì)胞數(shù)和活性來(lái)驗(yàn)證起始干細(xì)胞。培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中,要不斷監(jiān)測(cè)細(xì)胞。當(dāng) MSC 被分離出來(lái)后,確保分離的細(xì)胞質(zhì)量良好。這些質(zhì)控包括細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、細(xì)胞活性鑒定、表型分析、CFU-F 形成分析,細(xì)菌污染檢測(cè)等。在治療前必須對(duì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行質(zhì)量判定,根據(jù)質(zhì)控結(jié)果判定這些細(xì)胞是否能夠被用于臨床。這些質(zhì)控方法必須快速、精確,適用于臨床治療要求。這樣的質(zhì)控包括細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、評(píng)價(jià)細(xì)胞活性和流式測(cè)定細(xì)胞表型、細(xì)菌學(xué)檢測(cè)、細(xì)胞功能、基因穩(wěn)定性等。通常的 MSC 分化能力鑒定中,誘導(dǎo)分化需要 2~3 周才能知道結(jié)果,有研究者提出采用 PCR 方式檢測(cè)一些可用于鑒別的基因,以檢測(cè) MSC 是否保持未分化狀態(tài)以及它們的分化潛能[132]。近來(lái),MSC 在培養(yǎng)過(guò)程中的變異風(fēng)險(xiǎn)引起了大家的注意,如何判定臨床使用經(jīng)體外擴(kuò)增培養(yǎng)的 MSC 基因是否突變、細(xì)胞是否發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化、細(xì)胞是否已經(jīng)老化等問(wèn)題成為研究者關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。細(xì)胞發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程主要表現(xiàn)在端粒酶表達(dá)、核型突變和注射到免疫缺陷小鼠內(nèi)生長(zhǎng)腫瘤。這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)使得必須進(jìn)行特殊的質(zhì)控,最快速的方法就是通過(guò) QPCR檢測(cè)端粒酶。

3 討論

通過(guò)對(duì)現(xiàn)有綜述、書(shū)籍和專利等文獻(xiàn)資料進(jìn)行綜合對(duì)比分析,對(duì)大規(guī)模臨床級(jí)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的各方面技術(shù)進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)估。MSC 的來(lái)源廣泛,骨髓來(lái)源研究最早最多,尤其在免疫調(diào)控和分泌因子方面具有其特有的優(yōu)勢(shì)。胎盤(pán)、臍帶、羊膜作為分娩后的廢棄物獲取干細(xì)胞簡(jiǎn)單,對(duì)于新生兒及產(chǎn)婦沒(méi)有任何痛苦和不良影響,且易于接受,不會(huì)涉及社會(huì)、倫理及法律方面的更多爭(zhēng)議。其他組織來(lái)源如羊水、肌肉、血管、骨組織、骨骼肌、軟骨等從材料來(lái)源或倫理上并不適用于臨床大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)。因此骨髓、臍帶、臍帶血、胎盤(pán)、脂肪等更適用于作為臨床大規(guī)模培養(yǎng) MSC 的來(lái)源。

間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分離方法可以采用最少處理的全骨髓法、組織塊法的方式來(lái)進(jìn)行分離,經(jīng)典的密度梯度分離或流式分選的方式是目前較常用的方法。密度梯度分離液最好使用 GMP 級(jí)別的[44]。MSC 大規(guī)模培養(yǎng)方式最好選用全封閉條件下的生物反應(yīng)器培養(yǎng),但是該方法設(shè)備價(jià)格比較昂貴,技術(shù)要求較高,不好觀察細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)情況。因此,目前多數(shù)還是在 GMP 實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)采用傳統(tǒng)的平面培養(yǎng)方式[53]。在培養(yǎng)基的選擇上,動(dòng)物源的成分需要用人源的或化學(xué)成分確定的成分來(lái)代替,以減少可能引起患者致病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果使用動(dòng)物源的物質(zhì)必須根據(jù)現(xiàn)有藥品指南的規(guī)定,在用于人體前進(jìn)行殘留量檢測(cè)。無(wú)血清培養(yǎng)基是臨床級(jí)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的最終方向。

凍存的 MSC 并不改變 MSC 的生物學(xué)特性,如分化能力,生長(zhǎng)和表面標(biāo)志物等。選擇適宜的冷凍保護(hù)劑種類和濃度,應(yīng)確定間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在不同凍存保護(hù)液下適宜的降溫速率。同時(shí)亦需考慮干細(xì)胞解凍復(fù)蘇后保護(hù)劑的清除及保護(hù)劑對(duì)臨床輸注的影響。DMSO 作為 FDA 批準(zhǔn)可以用于臨床的冷凍保護(hù)劑,是當(dāng)前最常用的。其對(duì)人體的毒副作用日益受到重視。因此,MSC 凍存保護(hù)劑中的DMSO 應(yīng)在臨床使用前被洗滌和稀釋。玻璃化凍存還有待于進(jìn)一步得到研究者的公認(rèn)。開(kāi)發(fā)毒副作用輕微的新型冷凍保護(hù)劑也頗為重要。

安全性仍然是細(xì)胞治療的主要擔(dān)憂之一。培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞在 8~10 代以內(nèi)安全穩(wěn)定,無(wú)變異,未發(fā)現(xiàn)致瘤性,可以安全用于臨床研究使用。為了確保細(xì)胞的安全性和有效性,必須建立嚴(yán)格的質(zhì)量控制,包括供體來(lái)源,培養(yǎng)過(guò)程的微生物檢測(cè),細(xì)胞表型、功能分析,細(xì)胞活性、數(shù)量以及基因穩(wěn)定性檢測(cè)等。

隨著 MSC 臨床應(yīng)用的增加,建立臨床級(jí)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的規(guī)范直接關(guān)系到這個(gè)領(lǐng)域能否健康發(fā)展。目前,國(guó)際組織及一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,如美國(guó)、歐盟、日本、澳大利亞等已經(jīng)制定了體細(xì)胞治療的許多管理規(guī)范和標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如國(guó)際細(xì)胞治療協(xié)會(huì)的《干細(xì)胞臨床轉(zhuǎn)化指南》、美國(guó) FDA 的《人類細(xì)胞、組織,及細(xì)胞和組織相關(guān)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)良操作規(guī)范(cGTP)》、歐盟的《人類組織和細(xì)胞捐獻(xiàn)、采集、檢測(cè)、處理、保存、儲(chǔ)存和分發(fā)的質(zhì)量和安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》以及國(guó)際細(xì)胞治療認(rèn)證委員會(huì)的《細(xì)胞治療產(chǎn)品收集、處理和管理國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》等[133-143]。我國(guó)干細(xì)胞治療還缺乏相關(guān)的管理規(guī)范,亟需權(quán)威部門(mén)制定一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指南,引導(dǎo)我國(guó)干細(xì)胞臨床研究的健康發(fā)展。

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