陶功福,張楓
1.馬鞍山市人民醫(yī)院 導(dǎo)管室,安徽 馬鞍山 243000;
2.馬鞍山市衛(wèi)生局衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督所,安徽 馬鞍山 243000
導(dǎo)管室放射防護(hù)評(píng)價(jià)
陶功福1,張楓2
1.馬鞍山市人民醫(yī)院 導(dǎo)管室,安徽 馬鞍山 243000;
2.馬鞍山市衛(wèi)生局衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督所,安徽 馬鞍山 243000
目的 評(píng)價(jià)放射防護(hù)在導(dǎo)管室介入治療中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 在導(dǎo)管室60例介入手術(shù)中應(yīng)用各類防護(hù)措施,利用BH3103B便攜式輻射儀檢測(cè)X線輻射平均劑量率,分析防護(hù)措施的效果。結(jié)果 鉛玻璃防護(hù)屏有效防護(hù)率為95.2%,鉛防護(hù)服防護(hù)效率為94.9%,床下鉛橡膠簾防護(hù)效率為88.9%,上述防護(hù)器材前后輻射劑量率差異均具統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。距X線球管1~2 m處的射線衰減量為60.2%,距球管1~3 m處的射線衰減量為90.9%,1~2m和1~3m之間的X線劑量率差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 采用防護(hù)措施后可明顯降低X射線對(duì)醫(yī)護(hù)人員的危害。
輻射防護(hù);介入治療;便攜式輻射儀;防護(hù)器材
隨著介入放射學(xué)的飛速發(fā)展,其在臨床的應(yīng)用亦日趨廣泛。但相對(duì)于其他X線檢查而言,介入放射病人及醫(yī)護(hù)人員所接受到的X線輻射劑量大大增加。國內(nèi)外不斷有關(guān)于介入手術(shù)操作導(dǎo)致輻射損傷的案例報(bào)道[1]。因此,介入放射學(xué)的合理應(yīng)用以及放射防護(hù)的實(shí)施至關(guān)重要。本文針對(duì)放射防護(hù)問題,對(duì)各類防護(hù)器材進(jìn)行防護(hù)評(píng)價(jià),以期為嚴(yán)格的放射防護(hù)管理體制的制定提供參考。
1.1 病例資料
我院2012年10月~2014年2月采取了輻射防護(hù)措施的60例介入手術(shù)。
1.2 設(shè)備與器材
飛利浦FD-20平板DSA,美國medrad高壓注射器,造影劑為碘必醇非離子型;X線劑量測(cè)試儀器為BH3103B便攜式輻射儀。
1.3 防護(hù)措施
床下鉛橡膠簾(0.5 mmPb鉛當(dāng)量),鉛防護(hù)服(0.5 mmPb鉛當(dāng)量),鉛玻璃防護(hù)屏(0.5 mmPb鉛當(dāng)量)。其他方法:縮小光圈、縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間、充分利用DSA設(shè)備固有防護(hù)設(shè)施。
1.4 X線劑量測(cè)量方法
在鉛玻璃防護(hù)屏前后、鉛防護(hù)服前后、床下鉛橡膠簾前后及距球管1、2、3 m處,光圈縮小50%前后通過BH3103B 便攜式輻射儀進(jìn)行放射劑量測(cè)定,計(jì)算每種防護(hù)措施的防護(hù)效率。計(jì)算方法:X線衰減量=(H0-H1) /H0×100%,H0為防護(hù)措施前測(cè)得的輻射數(shù)據(jù),H1為防護(hù)措施后的讀數(shù)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
測(cè)定防護(hù)措施前后劑量分別為:鉛玻璃防護(hù)屏(放置于距球管40 cm處)前后X線輻射劑量率分別為(42.75±59.42)μSv/h和(2.01±5.36)μSv/h,X線衰減量為95.2%。鉛防護(hù)服(放置于距球管50 cm處,相當(dāng)于主刀介入醫(yī)師位置)前后劑量率分別為(39.1±35.8)μSv/h和(1.98±5.36)μSv/h,X線衰減量為94.9%。床下鉛橡膠簾前后劑量率分別為(60.38±80.56)μSv/h和(6.65±5.23)μSv/h,X線衰減量為88.9%。以上防護(hù)措施前后劑量率差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。距球管1、2、3 m處測(cè)得的輻射劑量率分別為(18.64±25.49)μSv/h、(7.22±9.75)μSv/h和(1.68±1.2)μSv/h。1~2 m、1~3 m處的X線衰減量分別為61.2%和90.9%。1~2 m和1~3 m之間的輻射劑量率差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。光圈縮小50%前后于距離球管1 m處測(cè)得的劑量率分別為(18.64±25.49)μSv/h和(12.55±21.54)μSv/h,光圈縮小50%后的X線衰減量為32%(P<0.01)。
國際放射防護(hù)委員會(huì)(ICRP)2000年發(fā)表的《避免來自介入放射學(xué)操作的放射損傷》中列舉了介入放射學(xué)不良操作引發(fā)患者和操作人員受過度照射引發(fā)放射損傷的案例[2]。大量研究表明,放射性介入操作可能給患者和操作者帶來高輻射[3-5]。因此,提高醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)輻射危害的認(rèn)識(shí),自覺利用必要手段降低輻射劑量尤為重要[6]。
X線照射機(jī)體時(shí)與細(xì)胞、組織、體液等物質(zhì)相互作用可引起原子或分子電離,從而破壞機(jī)體某些大分子結(jié)構(gòu)。電離輻射還可以直接使細(xì)胞中的染色體或其他成分?jǐn)嗔眩鸱钦<?xì)胞的出現(xiàn)。如果損傷的是體細(xì)胞,則可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致晶狀體混濁、放射性皮炎、皮膚癌以及造血系統(tǒng)疾病等。甲狀腺、乳腺、骨骼、肺等也都有發(fā)生病變的可能。如損傷的是生殖細(xì)胞,則受照個(gè)體后代可能會(huì)受到影響。
X線輻射防護(hù)包括:屏蔽防護(hù)、時(shí)間防護(hù)、距離防護(hù)以及X線機(jī)的自身防護(hù)。其中綜合性屏蔽加距離防護(hù)是介入診療手術(shù)的基本防護(hù)措施。本組資料研究結(jié)果表明,采取屏蔽加距離防護(hù)可大大減少介入醫(yī)護(hù)人員的受照劑量。因此在手術(shù)過程中,醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)盡量佩戴鉛帽、鉛眼鏡、鉛圍脖、鉛手套、加長鉛衣長度或床下鉛吊簾長度等,并合理使用其他輔助防護(hù)設(shè)施[7-8];并充分應(yīng)用距離對(duì)X線的衰減作用,盡量遠(yuǎn)離球管[9-10]。
此外,還應(yīng)充分使用DSA設(shè)備自帶功能,如路標(biāo)功能、脈沖透視、專用于電生理的cardiac EP模式、球管X線遮擋器等。資料表明,X線的輸出量隨著照射野面積的增大而增大[11]。進(jìn)行介入手術(shù)時(shí),一般都要用到透視和照相采集兩種模式:透視模式一般包括連續(xù)透視和數(shù)字脈沖透視,脈沖透視比連續(xù)透視劑量要小,低脈沖率透視比高脈沖率透視的劑量要小。所以在不影響觀察圖像的情況下,應(yīng)盡量采用低脈沖率透視。提高介入診療操作技術(shù)水平和診斷水平,避免重復(fù)操作,降低手術(shù)時(shí)間也可明顯降低輻射劑量;同時(shí)應(yīng)重視對(duì)患者進(jìn)行輻射防護(hù),根據(jù)檢查部位選擇性對(duì)甲狀腺、性腺等加以遮蓋,盡量減少曝光次數(shù)和透視時(shí)間[12]。
目前,介入工作者多采用測(cè)量佩戴在左胸前鉛衣內(nèi)的熱釋光劑量計(jì)或其他劑量計(jì)讀數(shù)值來評(píng)估其受照劑量,但在實(shí)際工作中真正佩戴劑量計(jì)或佩戴正確的不多見。所以,介入工作人員的定期防護(hù)知識(shí)培訓(xùn)以及放射衛(wèi)生管理部門的監(jiān)督管理尤為重要。介入工作者需定期進(jìn)行體格檢查,建立個(gè)人健康檔案,如發(fā)現(xiàn)異常則應(yīng)該及時(shí)休息或進(jìn)行工作人員的輪換,嚴(yán)格杜絕帶病操作。
總之,放射防護(hù)設(shè)備的合理配置,防護(hù)措施的合理引用,介入工作人員技術(shù)的提高,嚴(yán)格的操作制度和放射管理制度的制定是有效減少醫(yī)務(wù)人員和患者X線劑量的關(guān)鍵。
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Evaluation of Radiological Protection in Catheter Room
TAO Gong-fu1, ZHANG Feng2
1.Catheter Room, Municipal People’s Hospital of Ma’anshan, Ma’anshan Anhui 243000, China; 2.Health Supervision Institute of Ma'anshan Municipal Health Bureau, Ma’anshan Anhui 243000, China
Objective To evaluate the application value of radiological protection in interventional treatments conducted in catheter room. Methods The effects of various kinds of radiological protection measures used in 60 cases of interventional operations were analyzed with BH3103B portable radiation detector which was used to measure the average dose rate of X-ray. Results There were significant differences between the radiation dose rate which was measured in front of lead-glass protecting screen and the radiation dose rate which was measured behind of lead-glass protecting screen (P<0.01), whose effective protection rate was 95.2%. There were signif i cant differences between the radiation dose rate which was measured in front of lead protective clothing and the radiation dose rate which was measured behind of lead protective clothing (P<0.01), whose effective protection rate was 94.9%. There were signif i cant differences between the radiation dose rate which was measured in front of under-bed leadrubber shield and the radiation dose rate which was measured behind of under-bed lead-rubber shield (P<0.01), whose effective protection rate was 88.9%. The attenuation rate of X-ray which was 1~2 m away from the tube was 60.2% while that of X-ray which was 1~3 m away from the tube was 90.9%. There were signif i cant differences between X-ray dose rate which was 1~2 m away from the tube and X-ray dose rate which was 1~3 m away from the tube (P<0.01). Conclusion The adoption of radiological protection measures can signif i cantly reduce the damage of X-ray to medical staff.
radiological protection; interventional treatment; portable radiation detector; protective devices
R142+.2;R146
B
10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.2014.10.040
1674-1633(2014)10-0115-02
2014-05-26
2014-06-20
作者郵箱:gip_nj@163.com