熊革 鄭煒 孫燕琨 張友樂(lè)
示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能的療效及解剖學(xué)研究
熊革 鄭煒 孫燕琨 張友樂(lè)
目的探討示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能術(shù)后對(duì)拇指和示指功能的影響及其解剖學(xué)機(jī)制。方法對(duì) 12 例進(jìn)行回顧性研究,男 7 例,女 5 例,年齡 18~78 歲,平均 42.3 歲,拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱損傷的平面為 III 區(qū) 4 例,IV 區(qū) 5 例,V 區(qū) 3 例。采用示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能,術(shù)后 8~83 ( 33.5±29.9 ) 個(gè)月進(jìn)行電話隨訪。評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)包括拇指和示指的功能。拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo):( 1 ) 患手手掌向下平置于桌面,能否主動(dòng)將拇指指尖抬離桌面;( 2 ) 能否完成“挑大拇指”的動(dòng)作;( 3 ) 在保持拇指掌指關(guān)節(jié)和指間關(guān)節(jié)伸直的情況下,能否完成以第一腕掌關(guān)節(jié)為支點(diǎn)的拇指劃圈運(yùn)動(dòng);( 4 ) 在拇指處于中立位時(shí),能否較好地完成拇指指間關(guān)節(jié)屈曲動(dòng)作。示指功能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo):( 1 ) 患手手掌向下平置于桌面時(shí),能否主動(dòng)將示指指尖單獨(dú)抬離桌面;( 2 ) 在第 3~5 指呈握拳位時(shí),能否將示指伸直至與手背同一平面,完成指示的動(dòng)作;( 3 ) 能否完成“蘭花指”的動(dòng)作;( 4 ) 示指能否自如地使用鼠標(biāo),并完成連續(xù)雙擊左鍵的動(dòng)作。另外,對(duì) 5 具成年男性尸體的前臂標(biāo)本進(jìn)行解剖學(xué)研究,重點(diǎn)測(cè)量了指總伸肌腱中示指和中指伸肌腱腱性起點(diǎn)的位置。結(jié)果術(shù)后所有患者都能使用患手較為順利地完成日常生活和工作中的常用動(dòng)作,年輕患者中除 1 例外,均恢復(fù)了原工作。12 例中有 11 例主觀評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)療效滿意,1 例表示對(duì)療效不滿意。其中有 8 例能完成全部 4 項(xiàng)拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)的動(dòng)作,有 3 例可以完成拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)作的 3 項(xiàng),1 例僅能完成拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)作中的 2 項(xiàng)。12 例均能使用示指自如地使用鼠標(biāo),有 9 例能夠在患手手掌向下平置于桌面時(shí)主動(dòng)將示指指尖單獨(dú)抬離桌面。12 例均能單獨(dú)伸示指,完成指示動(dòng)作,但僅有 7 例能在第 3~5 指呈握拳位時(shí)將示指伸直至與手背同一平面,另 5 例單獨(dú)伸示指時(shí)為 -20° 和 -30°。解剖學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在指總伸肌腱中,示指的肌腹比較獨(dú)立,示、中指的肌腱起點(diǎn)位置較高。結(jié)論示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能在適應(yīng)證恰當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下能夠獲得較好的伸拇功能,對(duì)示指的功能影響非常小。指總伸肌腱中的示指伸肌肌腹獨(dú)立分化較好,去除示指固有伸肌腱后仍能完成獨(dú)立伸示指的功能。
肌腱??;修復(fù)外科手術(shù);解剖學(xué),局部;手;隨訪研究
由于示指有兩套伸指系統(tǒng),所以,當(dāng)拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱損傷或缺損時(shí),常常將示指固有伸肌腱移位來(lái)重建拇指伸指功能,這一術(shù)式經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的臨床實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)其重建伸拇功能的療效可靠,并且對(duì)示指的伸指功能影響不太顯著[1-2]。以往文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為在行此手術(shù)以后,因示指的單獨(dú)伸直功能喪失,所以對(duì)于某些特殊職業(yè)的患者 ( 如:需要做“蘭花指”的戲曲演員 ) 不太適合。但近年來(lái),隨著電腦的迅速普及,使用鼠標(biāo)已經(jīng)成為不少人工作和生活中一個(gè)重要的組成部分。在使用鼠標(biāo)時(shí),示指的獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)能力及其靈活性至關(guān)重要[3]。因此,更為準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估示指固有伸肌腱移位后對(duì)示指伸指功能的影響顯得非常重要。另外,在我們的臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)不少此類患者在術(shù)后仍能很好地完成“蘭花指”動(dòng)作,為準(zhǔn)確判斷這一術(shù)式對(duì)示指的功能影響,并探討其潛在的原因,進(jìn)行了本組的臨床和解剖學(xué)研究。
一、一般資料
選取從 1999 年至 2006 年,在本院住院采用示指固有伸肌腱移位重建拇指伸指功能的患者,采用統(tǒng)一問(wèn)卷內(nèi)容進(jìn)行電話隨訪。得到有效隨訪病例12 份,其中男 7 例,女 5 例,右手患病 8 例,左手4 例,就診年齡 18~78 ( 42.3±20.6 ) 歲,拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱損傷的平面為 III 區(qū) 4 例,IV 區(qū) 5 例,V 區(qū) 3 例。
致傷原因:有 6 例為切割損傷,1 例為擠壓傷,2 例繼發(fā)于橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折,另有 3 例老年女性患者為自發(fā)性斷裂。5 例閉合性損傷的患者除了繼發(fā)于橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折的患者曾經(jīng)行骨折的手法復(fù)位和石膏固定外,均未行特殊治療。對(duì)于開(kāi)放損傷的患者,在受傷后均在當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院接受了清創(chuàng)縫合術(shù),其中 2 例聲稱急診手術(shù)時(shí)曾行拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱的吻合,但在二次手術(shù)探查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)其近斷端回縮,斷端間廣泛瘢痕連接。1 例擠壓損傷患者在術(shù)中探查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱不僅在指間關(guān)節(jié)水平呈瘢痕連接,而且存在近端的廣泛粘連,肌腱滑動(dòng)性差。
二、治療方法
所有患者都采用示指固有伸肌腱移位重建拇指伸指功能的手術(shù)治療,從受傷到接受手術(shù)治療的時(shí)間間隔為 3 周至 10 個(gè)月。在手術(shù)前先通過(guò)手法檢查明確診斷以及損傷部位和范圍,并確定示指固有伸肌腱有無(wú)缺如。在手術(shù)中首先探查拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱的遠(yuǎn)斷端,修整斷端至肌腱的正常部分,并適當(dāng)松解肌腱的遠(yuǎn)端,至牽拉肌腱可以實(shí)現(xiàn)充分伸拇。然后通過(guò)示指掌指關(guān)節(jié)背側(cè)切口,切取位于尺側(cè)的示指固有伸肌腱 ( 有 1 例手術(shù),在切取了示指固有伸肌腱后將其遠(yuǎn)斷端與示指伸指總肌腱縫合 ),將切取的肌腱在腕背切口抽出,并轉(zhuǎn)位至拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱的遠(yuǎn)斷端部位,在伸腕 30° 位,調(diào)整張力至拇指充分伸直,編織縫合肌腱。術(shù)后伸腕伸拇位石膏固定,術(shù)后3~4 周拆除石膏時(shí)一并拆線。然后在醫(yī)師指導(dǎo)下開(kāi)始主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)地功能鍛煉。
三、隨訪內(nèi)容
由于本次回顧性研究是采用電話隨訪的方式進(jìn)行的,所以,難以取得非常準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)字資料,我們主要設(shè)計(jì)了一些與日常生活和工作相關(guān)的動(dòng)作來(lái)評(píng)估術(shù)后拇指的背伸功能和示指的功能損失情況。主要隨訪內(nèi)容包括主觀部分 ( 患者自己對(duì)手術(shù)療效的評(píng)價(jià) ) 和客觀部分 ( 各種動(dòng)作的完成情況 )。對(duì)拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)的動(dòng)作包括:( 1 ) 將患手手掌向下平置于桌面上時(shí)能否主動(dòng)將拇指指尖抬離桌面;( 2 ) 能否很好地完成“挑大拇指”的動(dòng)作;( 3 ) 在保持拇指掌指關(guān)節(jié)和指間關(guān)節(jié)伸直的情況下能否完成以第一腕掌關(guān)節(jié)為支點(diǎn)的拇指劃圈運(yùn)動(dòng);( 4 ) 在拇指處于中立位時(shí),能否較好地完成拇指指間關(guān)節(jié)屈曲動(dòng)作。對(duì)示指功能評(píng)價(jià)的動(dòng)作包括:( 1 ) 將患手手掌向下平置于桌面上時(shí)能否主動(dòng)將示指指尖單獨(dú)抬離桌面;( 2 ) 在第 3~5 指呈握拳位時(shí)示指能否伸直至與手背同一平面,完成指人的動(dòng)作;( 3 ) 能否完成“蘭花指”的動(dòng)作;( 4 ) 示指能否自如地使用鼠標(biāo),并完成鼠標(biāo)左鍵的連續(xù)雙擊動(dòng)作。
四、解剖學(xué)研究
隨機(jī)選取 5 具新鮮成年男性尸體的前臂標(biāo)本進(jìn)行解剖學(xué)研究,重點(diǎn)解剖指總伸肌腱的構(gòu)成,并測(cè)量示指和中指伸肌腱腱性起點(diǎn)的位置。
一、術(shù)后一般情況
本組患者術(shù)后隨訪 8~83 個(gè)月,平均 ( 33.5± 29.9 ) 個(gè)月。傷口均一期愈合,去石膏后未見(jiàn)所轉(zhuǎn)位的肌腱斷裂。術(shù)后所有患者都能使用患手較為順利地完成日常生活和工作中的常用動(dòng)作,年輕患者中除 1 例外,均恢復(fù)了原工作。12 例中有 11 例主觀評(píng)價(jià)手術(shù)療效滿意,1 例患者因從事繪畫(huà)工作,術(shù)后患手的靈活性不能滿足其藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作的需要,表示對(duì)療效不滿意。
二、患手拇指功能恢復(fù)情況
12 例中有 8 例能較為輕松地完成全部 4 項(xiàng)拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)的動(dòng)作,但 8 例中,2 例表示在保持拇指掌指關(guān)節(jié)和指間關(guān)節(jié)伸直的情況下完成以第一腕掌關(guān)節(jié)為支點(diǎn)的拇指劃圈運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),感覺(jué)“較累”。3 例可以完成拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)作的 3 項(xiàng),1 例僅能完成拇指功能評(píng)價(jià)動(dòng)作中的 2 項(xiàng)。
三、患手示指的功能狀況
12 例均能完成“蘭花指”的動(dòng)作,并能用示指自如地點(diǎn)擊鼠標(biāo),并完成鼠標(biāo)左鍵的連續(xù)雙擊動(dòng)作。有 9 例能夠在患手手掌向下平置于桌面時(shí)主動(dòng)將示指指尖單獨(dú)抬離桌面。12 例均能單獨(dú)伸示指,完成指示動(dòng)作,但僅有 7 例能在第 3~5 指呈握拳位時(shí)將示指伸直至與手背同一平面,另 5 例單獨(dú)伸示指時(shí)為 -20° 和 -30°。
四、前臂解剖學(xué)研究 (圖1 )
圖1 示指伸指肌腱的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。圖中 EDC-II 表示示指指總伸肌腱,EDC-III 表示中指指總伸肌腱,EIP 表示示指固有伸肌腱A:示前臂及手背部肌肉和肌腱分布情況,可見(jiàn) EDC-II 和 EDCIII 的肌腱向前臂近側(cè)延續(xù)了較長(zhǎng)的距離,且 EDC-II 的肌腹呈單羽狀分布;B:示 EDC-II 的肌腹較為獨(dú)立,僅在靠近肘部與 EDC的肌腹有肌肉纖維的交錯(cuò),兩者肌腹的分叉點(diǎn)顯著地高于 EDC-II肌腱的近端Fig.1 The anatomical structure of the extensor tendon of the index finger. EDC-II referred to the extensor digitorum communis of the index finger, EDC-III referred to the extensor digitorum communis of the middle fnger and EIP referred to the extensor indicis propriusA: The distribution of muscles and tendons of the forearm and the back of the hand. The EDC-II and EDC-III were extended for a long distance towards the proximal forearm, with the unipennate EDCII; B: The EDC-II was relatively independent, and intertwined with muscle tissues only close to the muscle belly of the elbow or the EDC. The bifurcation of both tendons was obviously higher than the proximal end of the EDC-II
5 具尸體前臂的解剖,發(fā)現(xiàn)指總伸肌的肌腹雖然從外觀上看是一個(gè)整體,但是,如果順著示指和中指伸肌腱的間隙縱行切開(kāi)肌膜和表層的一薄層肌肉,就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)指總伸肌的肌腹可以分為橈側(cè)和尺側(cè)兩個(gè)部分。橈側(cè)肌腹從比較高位單獨(dú)發(fā)出示指伸肌腱,該肌腱周?chē)募±w維呈半羽狀排列;尺側(cè)肌腹在更高位發(fā)出中指伸肌腱,在比較低位發(fā)出環(huán)、小指伸肌腱。橈側(cè)和尺側(cè)肌腹的分叉點(diǎn)顯著地高于示指伸肌腱的近端 (圖1 )。測(cè)量示指伸肌腱的起點(diǎn)到橈骨頭的平均距離為 ( 12.2±1.0 ) cm,中指伸肌腱的起點(diǎn)到橈骨頭的平均距離為 ( 10.4±1.4 ) cm。
示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能已經(jīng)是一項(xiàng)較為經(jīng)典的術(shù)式了[1-2],本研究的總體療效也充分地證實(shí)了這一術(shù)式的實(shí)用性。絕大多數(shù)患者移位后拇指的功能均能滿足其日常工作和生活的需要,主觀反應(yīng)均表示滿意。但仔細(xì)分析本組中惟一 1 例主觀評(píng)價(jià)療效不滿意的病例,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該病例為擠壓損傷,存在較為廣泛的粘連,拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱斷端以遠(yuǎn)的部分滑動(dòng)性也較差,在這種情況下,雖然在肌腱移位時(shí)也進(jìn)行了拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱的松解,但由于術(shù)后仍要經(jīng)過(guò) 4 周的石膏固定,原粘連部位可能形成新的較為廣泛的瘢痕,從而增加了拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱滑動(dòng)的阻力,影響了療效。這也提示我們?cè)诓捎眠@一術(shù)式的時(shí)侯應(yīng)注意控制手術(shù)適應(yīng)證。
即往認(rèn)為示指固有伸肌腱是示指單獨(dú)伸直的解剖基礎(chǔ),所以,在切取示指固有伸肌腱前往往要再三權(quán)衡。尤其是在電腦廣泛普及和應(yīng)用的今天,示指單獨(dú)運(yùn)動(dòng)的靈活性成為使用鼠標(biāo)的關(guān)鍵,這就更給患者和手術(shù)醫(yī)生增加了顧慮。正是基于這一考慮,我們開(kāi)展了此項(xiàng)回顧性研究,并將使用鼠標(biāo)情況作為隨訪的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。研究結(jié)果表明,在切取了示指固有伸肌腱以后,對(duì)于示指的獨(dú)立伸指和靈活性影響較小,究其原因,我們認(rèn)為是在解剖學(xué)上,指總伸肌的示指束肌腹分化較好,在高位就從指總伸肌肌腹中分離出來(lái)而形成比較獨(dú)立的肌腹,而且獨(dú)立的肌腹的近端緣均高于示指伸肌腱的近端緣??紤]到伸指肌腱的滑動(dòng)是肌腱在其被包裹的肌腹內(nèi)的滑動(dòng),所以,上述的解剖特點(diǎn)決定了示指伸肌腱在功能上具有較高的獨(dú)立性,能夠在一定程度上完成獨(dú)立伸示指的動(dòng)作。其他學(xué)者的臨床觀察結(jié)果也證實(shí)了我們的觀點(diǎn)[4-6]。
雖然在隨訪中有 7 例表示能在第 3~5 指呈握拳位時(shí)將示指伸直至與手背同一平面,但由于此項(xiàng)研究采用的是電話隨訪的方式,這一結(jié)果的客觀準(zhǔn)確性還有待推敲。因?yàn)槲覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)即使是在正常的人群中,完全握緊 3~5 指,也有相當(dāng)一部分的人不能將示指伸直至與手背同一平面。比較常見(jiàn)的情況是,當(dāng)人們想要將示指伸直至與手背同一平面時(shí),常常會(huì)略為放松第 3 指的掌指關(guān)節(jié),只是這一細(xì)微的變化不易為人所察覺(jué)罷了。很有可能在上述 7 例隨訪中也存在患者本人并沒(méi)有注意到的情況,即使是這樣,也提示其示指的獨(dú)立伸指功能已能滿足其各方面的需求了。
[1] Gelb RI. Tendon transfer for rupture of the extensor pollicis longus. Hand Clin, 1995, 11(3):411-422.
[2] Noordanus RP, Pot JH, Jacobs PB, et al. Delayed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon: a retrospective study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1994, 113(3):164-166.
[3] 熊革, 鄭煒, 劉沐青, 等. 拇長(zhǎng)伸肌腱腱鞘炎合并肌腱嵌頓. 中華手外科雜志, 2006, 22(2):128.
[4] Moore JR, Weiland AJ, Valdata L. Independent index extension after extensor indicis proprius transfer. J Hand Surg Am, 1987, 12(2):232-236.
[5] Lemmen MH, Schreuders TA, Stam HJ, et al. Evaluation of restoration of extensor pollicis function by transfer of the extensor indicis. J Hand Surg Br, 1999, 24(1):46-49.
[6] 詹海華, 闞世廉, 費(fèi)起禮. 食指固有伸肌腱移位重建拇長(zhǎng)伸肌功能及評(píng)價(jià). 中國(guó)修復(fù)重建外科雜志, 2004, 8(4):301-303.
( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Surgical results and related anatomy research of extensor indicis proprius transfer for reconstruction of thumb extension
XIONG Ge, ZHENG Wei, SUN Yan-kun, ZHANG You-le. Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, PRC
ObjectiveTo explore the effects on the functions of the thumb and index fnger and the related anatomical mechanism of extensor indicis proprius ( EIP ) transfer for reconstruction of thumb extension.MethodsA total of 12 patients were retrospectively studied, including 7 males and 5 females, whose mean age was 42.3 years old ( range; 18-78 years ). The extensor pollicis longus ( EPL ) was injured in zone III in 4 cases, in zone IV in 5 cases and in zone V for 3 cases. All the patients received EIP transfer for reconstruction of thumb extension. After the operation, the follow-up was carried out through telephone for a mean period of ( 33.5±29.9 ) months ( range; 8-83 months ). The functions of the thumb and index fnger were evaluated. The evaluation indexes of the thumb function were stated as following. ( 1 ) Whether the patient could actively lift the tip of the thumb from the table when the operated hand was placed on the table with the palm down. ( 2 ) Whether the patient could pick the thumb. ( 3 ) Whether the thumb could circle with the first carpometacarpal joint as the pivot when the metacarpophalangeal joint and the interphalangeal joint were maintained unbent. ( 4 ) Whether the interphalangeal joint of the thumb could bend well when the thumb was in the neutral position. The evaluation indexes of the index fnger function were stated as following. ( 1 ) Whether the patient could actively lift the tip of the index fnger from the table alone when the operated hand was placed onthe table with the palm down. ( 2 ) Whether the patient could extend the index fnger to the same level of the back of the hand and complete the action of pointing to somebody when the patient clenched the 3rd-5th fingers. ( 3 ) Whether the patient could stife an arethusa. ( 4 ) Whether the patient could use the mouse without any diffculty or click the left mouse button twice continuously. In addition, the anatomy research was carried out on 5 adult male cadaver forearm specimens. The original points of the index fnger and middle fnger extensor tendons in the extensor digitorum communis ( EDC ) tendons were measured.ResultsAll the patients could use their operated hands for almost all kinds of the daily life and work activities after the operation. Among the young patients, all but one returned to their original jobs. As to the subjective evaluation, 11 patients were satisfed with the surgical results while 1 patient were unsatisfed. Among the 12 patients, 8 patients could fulfll all the 4 pre-designed actions of the thumb, while 3 patients could fulfll 3 actions and 1 patient could fulfll only 2 actions. All the patients can use the mouse without any diffculties. Nine patients could lift the index fnger from the table when the operated hand was placed on the table with the palm down. All the patients could extend their index fngers independently, and completed the action of pointing to somebody. Only 7 patients could extend their index fngers to the same level of the back of the hand with the 3rd and 5th fngers clenched, while the others could just extend their index fngers to -20° or -30°. Anatomy research showed that the muscle belly of the index fnger in the EDC tendon was fairly independent, and the original points of the index fnger and middle fnger tendons were quite high.ConclusionsEIP transfer for reconstruction of thumb extension can achieve satisfactory results if the indication is proper, with good function of the involved thumb and little functional impairment of the index fnger. The muscle belly of the index fnger in the EDC tendons is well differentiated and almost become independent, and the index fnger can extend independently without the EIP.
Tendinopathy; Reconstructive surgical procedures; Anatomy, regional; Hand; Follow-up studies
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.03.011
R658.1
100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院手外科
2014-01-16 )