倪曼麗 李可
現(xiàn)在分詞是非謂語動詞的一種,它可以做定語、賓語補足語和狀語,本文不做長篇大論,只跟同學(xué)們談?wù)勂渲械默F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。
一、現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語可以與狀語從句之間互相轉(zhuǎn)化
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,句子的主語一般就是其邏輯主語,表示時間、條件、原因等,通常放在句首,中間用逗號與主句隔開,可轉(zhuǎn)化為if, unless, when, while, after, as, since, because等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句;表示伴隨情況、結(jié)果時通常放在句末,可轉(zhuǎn)化為并列句;表示方式、讓步時,可前可后,并可以轉(zhuǎn)化為as if, though, although等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。
Being tired, I stopped to take a rest. (= Because I was tired, I stopped to take a rest.) 因為疲倦,我停下來休息。(表示原因)
Turning to the left, you will find the school. (= If you turn to the left, you will find the school.) 向左轉(zhuǎn),你就會找到那所學(xué)校。(表示條件)
I stood there, waiting for her. (=I stood there and waited for her.) 我站在那兒等她。(表示伴隨)
Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. (= Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.) 盡管他知道我的住處,但從沒來看過我。(表示讓步)
二、如何判斷該用什么非謂語形式
判斷用什么形式的非謂語動詞,關(guān)鍵是看該動詞與其邏輯主語的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。如果是主謂(主動)關(guān)系或者表示正在進(jìn)行的動作,就用現(xiàn)在分詞;如果是動賓(被動)關(guān)系,或者表示已經(jīng)完成的動作,就用過去分詞;如果表示動作還沒有發(fā)生,就用不定式。試比較:
1. Misunderstandings arising from lack of social communication, unless handled properly,may lead to serious problems. 因缺少社會溝通而產(chǎn)生的誤解,如果不妥善處理,很可能會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的問題。
2. He has given us several telephone calls convincing us of his honesty and determination. 他給我們打了很多電話,讓我們相信他的誠意和決心。
3. With some details to discuss, I cant give you a definite answer now. 還有許多細(xì)節(jié)需要討論,所以我現(xiàn)在不能給你確切的答復(fù)。
三、了解幾種與現(xiàn)在分詞有關(guān)的固定結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 常見的有g(shù)enerally/frankly/strictly/roughly speaking, judging from/by等等。這些結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示說話人的觀點和看法,不用考慮現(xiàn)在分詞和句子主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。例如:
Generally speaking, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. 一般來說,越貴的相機,質(zhì)量越好。
2. 下面兩句中的supposing和considering雖然是分詞形式卻已經(jīng)變成了連詞,成了固定用法:
Supposing (that) they are right, would you put your money into shares of Chinese companies? 假如他們是正確的,你會拿自己的錢去購買中國企業(yè)的股票嗎?
Considering that you are pretty safe,I feel relaxed. 考慮到你很安全,我感到很輕松。
3. 現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)(分詞有自己獨立的邏輯主語,通常用逗號與句子隔開。)
(1)【誤】 The train had gone, we had to wait another day.
(2)【正】 The train having gone, we had to wait another day.
(3)【正】 Because the train had gone, we had to wait another day.
解析 1句錯在,中間是逗號,故不可前后都是獨立分句,改正的方法是像3句一樣加上連詞。另外,分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句,故2句可以和3句互相轉(zhuǎn)換。再補充一例:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 易犯錯誤:把being寫成was。
四、現(xiàn)在分詞的易錯點和考點
(一)使用現(xiàn)在分詞,不要和并列句弄混了。
現(xiàn)在分詞短語做狀語時,它和句子之間不能用并列連詞(如but, and),因為并列連詞連接的是兩個獨立的分句,而現(xiàn)在分詞短語只是全句的一個狀語成分。所以,同學(xué)們要細(xì)心,不要搞混淆了。請比較:
【誤】 Having been told many times, but he still couldnt understand it.
【正】 He had been told many times, but he still couldnt understand it.endprint
【正】 Having been told many times, he still couldnt understand it.
(二)混淆現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞,多了或少了being。
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語是不能畫蛇添足加上being的,但是,以下三種情形卻要加上being:
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作某些后面要帶動詞-ing形式的動詞賓語時。
I really appreciate being given such a good opportunity. I wont let you down. 我十分感激你給我這么好的機會,我不會讓你失望的。
(2)介詞后面的現(xiàn)在分詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時。
The famous film director lost his temper for being exposed to so many entertainment reporter and their questions about his private life. 這位著名的電影導(dǎo)演發(fā)脾氣了,這是因為暴露在如此多的娛樂記者面前以及他們關(guān)于他私人生活的問題。
(3)現(xiàn)在分詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時。
being caught in a heavy traffic jam while you are hurrying to the airport is quite an unpleasant experience. 趕往機場時,遭遇交通堵塞是很不快的經(jīng)歷。
Not being allowed to go hiking with her friends made Jane a little unhappy all day. 不準(zhǔn)和朋友們一起去遠(yuǎn)足讓Jane一整天都不太高興。
(三)現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的否定形式,not不要放錯了位置?,F(xiàn)在分詞的否定式不管何種時態(tài)都是放在分詞的前面,而不是后面。
Not having completed the programme, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks. 由于沒有完成那項計劃,他們不得不在那里再待2周。
1. Dont be too hard on yourself. , what you have is the key to happiness. (content)
不要對自己太苛刻,滿足于你所擁有的是幸福的關(guān)鍵。
2. Ever since her childhood, she has dreamed of to go abroad for further study. (there)
自從孩童時代她就夢想有機會出國深造。
3. The girl under the tall tree was seen all the afternoon. (sit)
有人看見大樹下的那個女孩坐在那里讀了一下午的書.
4. from her brothers since the age of seven, she made several attempts to get in touch with them but in vain.(separate)
她自從七歲就與兄弟們分開了,她多次嘗試和他們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系但都沒有結(jié)果。
5. He squeezed his eyes shut and shook his head, sadly, not . ( say)
他緊閉雙眼,傷心地?fù)u搖頭,一句話也沒說。
6. a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use)
不能用電腦使他做學(xué)術(shù)研究更困難。
1. Being content with
2. there being a chance
3. sitting there reading
4. Having been separated
5. saying a word
6. Not being able to use