許化致,李建策,王美豪,王溯源,陳勇春,聞彩云,陳偉建
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 放射科,浙江 溫州 325015)
磁共振釓劑延遲增強(qiáng)在冠狀動脈疾病心肌評估中的應(yīng)用價值
許化致,李建策,王美豪,王溯源,陳勇春,聞彩云,陳偉建
(溫州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 放射科,浙江 溫州 325015)
目的:探討心血管磁共振釓劑延遲增強(qiáng)(LGE-CMR)在冠狀動脈疾病(CAD)中的應(yīng)用價值。方法:收集我院自2010年1月-2013年3月期間確診為CAD且有LGE-CMR圖像病例共19例(男15例,女4例,年齡范圍36~79歲,中位年齡57歲),冠狀動脈粥樣硬化5例,冠狀動脈硬化性心臟病14例,其中5例合并急性心肌梗死,5例患者有陳舊心肌梗死。由2位影像學(xué)診斷醫(yī)生獨(dú)立盲法評估心血管磁共振(CMR)圖像中釓劑延遲增強(qiáng)(LGE)征象的有無、部位(心內(nèi)膜下、透壁、壁間)及形態(tài)(斑點(diǎn)/斑片樣、線條樣、條片/片狀),并行Kappa一致性檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果:2位影像診斷醫(yī)生對LGE征象的有無、部位、形態(tài)的判定一致性較好(Kappa=0.908、0.733、0.724,均P<0.05)。84.2%(16/19)CAD患者CMR可見LGE征象,且LGE主要位于心內(nèi)膜下(7/16)和透壁(6/16),占81.25%(13/16);條片/片狀強(qiáng)化占43.75%(7/16)、線條樣強(qiáng)化占31.25%(5/16)、斑點(diǎn)/斑片占25.00%(4/16)。結(jié)論:LGE-CMR可以顯示CAD患者心肌損害的有無及范圍,可為臨床醫(yī)生提供心肌層面影像學(xué)信息。
心血管磁共振;釓劑延遲增強(qiáng);冠狀動脈疾病
流行病學(xué)研究表明冠狀動脈疾?。╟oronary artery disease,CAD)已成為世界上發(fā)病率和病死率較高的疾病之一[1]。傳統(tǒng)的介入性冠狀動脈造影(coronary angiography,CA)仍是目前CAD診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。近年來,心血管磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)成像快速發(fā)展,特別是釓劑延遲增強(qiáng)(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE)可以很好地顯示CAD心肌層面病灶特征[2-4]。本研究回顧分析我院自2010年1月-2013年3月期間所有具有完整CMR及CA資料的病例,探討LGE-CMR對CAD心肌評估的價值。
1.1 一般資料以所有臨床數(shù)據(jù)(包括CA及CMR資料)作為診斷CAD的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共有19例確診為CAD納入研究,其中男15例,女4例,年齡36~79歲,中位年齡57歲。其中冠狀動脈粥樣硬化5例,冠狀動脈硬化性心臟病14例,包括5例合并急性心肌梗死,5例患者有陳舊心肌梗死。既往有高血壓病史10例,其中3例合并有高血壓性心臟病,5例有高脂/高膽固醇血癥史,4例有糖尿病病史,2例患者合并脂肪肝。
1.2 CA檢查采用飛利浦Allura Xper FD10心血管造影系統(tǒng),患者取仰臥位,常規(guī)行右橈動脈消毒鋪巾,右橈動脈穿刺,置入一根6F動脈鞘管,隨后沿鞘管全程于透視下送入一根泥鰍鋼絲至主動脈竇部,再沿鋼絲送入5F多用途造影導(dǎo)管分別至左、右冠狀動脈開口,注入造影劑投造顯影并予動態(tài)多體位攝片。
1.3 MRI檢查均于CA后1周內(nèi)行CMR檢查,采用GE/Signa/HDx 3.0T磁共振成像儀,掃描前進(jìn)行呼吸訓(xùn)練。患者取仰臥位,將8通道心臟專用相控陣線圈置于患者左前胸及背部,所有圖像采集均在吸氣末屏氣狀態(tài)下完成。掃描序列:①穩(wěn)態(tài)進(jìn)動快速成像(fast imaging employing steady state acquisition,F(xiàn)IESTA)序列行左室短軸位、二腔心、四腔心層面電影成像。視野(field of view,F(xiàn)OV)160×192,重復(fù)時間(time of repetition,TR)隨心率變動,范圍1 000~2 000 ms,回波時間(time of echo,TE)1.4 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角(flip angle,F(xiàn)A)45°,層厚8 mm,層間距2 mm。②雙反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(double IR):FOV 256×192,TE 80 ms,TR時間隨心率變動,回波鏈長度(echo train length,ETL)24,層厚8 mm,層距2 mm。③心肌灌注掃描:經(jīng)肘靜脈以4 mL/s速率注入對比劑釓雙胺注射液0.1 mmol/kg,注入對比劑的同時開始連續(xù)左室短軸位掃描,覆蓋左室心底部至心尖短軸位靶區(qū)成像。采用快速梯度回波鏈序列(fast gradient recalled echo train,F(xiàn)GRET),F(xiàn)OV 128×128,TR時間隨心率變動,TE 1.4 ms,反轉(zhuǎn)時間TI 250 ms,翻轉(zhuǎn)角25°,層厚10 mm,層間距0 mm,ETL 4。④延遲掃描于心肌灌注掃描結(jié)束即刻以2 mL/s速率注入對比劑0.2 mmol/kg,延遲15 min后,采用二維反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)梯度回波序列(2-dimention myocardial delay enhancement,2DMDE序列),行心肌延遲左室短軸位、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二腔心及四腔心軸面成像掃描,F(xiàn)OV 224×192,調(diào)整TI使正常心肌信號為零(黑色),TI為200~300 ms,TR時間隨心率變動,TE1.4 ms,激勵次數(shù)(number of excitation,NEX)2,F(xiàn)A 25°,層厚8 mm,層間距2 mm。
1.4 圖像分析所有圖像通過影像歸檔和通信系統(tǒng)(picture archiving and communication systems,PACS)調(diào)取,采用雙盲法,由2位資深專長于心血管疾病影像學(xué)診斷的醫(yī)生分別獨(dú)立評估CMR圖像。評估內(nèi)容及標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有無LGE。②LGE部位(左室短軸位):包括心內(nèi)膜下型(強(qiáng)化區(qū)域位于心內(nèi)膜下,且病灶厚度<相應(yīng)室壁厚度50%);透壁型(強(qiáng)化區(qū)域厚度≥50%室壁厚度);壁間型(心肌內(nèi)強(qiáng)化,無心內(nèi)外膜下受累)。③LGE形態(tài):包括斑點(diǎn)/斑片樣;線條樣;條片/片狀。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理方法使用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。由2名影像醫(yī)師對LGE有無、強(qiáng)化部位以及形態(tài)判定一致性應(yīng)用Kappa檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 CA結(jié)果共57段冠脈,一二級狹窄3段,三四級狹窄15段,具體分布見表1。
表1 19例冠脈病變患者DSA狹窄段分布
2.2 CAD患者LGE部位及形態(tài)分布2位影像學(xué)診斷醫(yī)生對LGE征象的有無、部位及形態(tài)判定一致性較好(Kappa=0.908、0.733、0.724,均P<0.05)。84.20%(16/19)CAD病例CMR可見LGE征象,且LGE主要位于心內(nèi)膜下(7/16)和透壁(6/16),占81.25%(13/ 16);LGE形態(tài)多樣,43.75%(7/16)條片/片狀、31.25%(5/16)線條樣及25.00%(4/16)斑點(diǎn)/斑片樣均可見,見圖1-3。不同CAD亞型LGE部位及形態(tài)分布如表2所示,冠狀動脈粥樣硬化LGE傾向于心內(nèi)膜下(4/5),斑點(diǎn)/斑片強(qiáng)化(3/5);而冠狀動脈硬化性心臟病(含急慢性心肌梗死)則透壁(6/ 14)、片狀強(qiáng)化(7/14)多見。由于本組病例數(shù)較少,未能對CAD亞型與LGE部位分布及形態(tài)做進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。
圖1 冠心病合并急性心肌梗死(透壁、片狀LGE)
圖2 冠心病合并慢性心內(nèi)膜下心肌梗死(心內(nèi)膜下、線條型L GE)
圖3 冠脈粥樣硬化(壁間、線條型LGE)
圖4 冠心?。ū陂g、斑點(diǎn)/斑片LGE)
表2 CAD病例LGE-CMR部位及形態(tài)分布(n=19)
LGE-CMR顯示CAD心肌病變機(jī)制基于:①釓螯合物是一種細(xì)胞外分布對比劑,不能穿越細(xì)胞膜[5-7]。②正常心肌細(xì)胞密集,心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)間隙占總間隙絕大部分(~85%)[8]。因此,正常心肌內(nèi)釓對比劑分布容積很少。當(dāng)發(fā)生急性心肌梗死時,心肌細(xì)胞膜破裂,釓分子擴(kuò)散至細(xì)胞內(nèi)間隙,導(dǎo)致單位像素釓濃度增加,在MR T1WI呈高信號,即LGE。而當(dāng)慢性心肌損害時,正常心肌細(xì)胞被膠原瘢痕取代,相應(yīng)細(xì)胞外間隙擴(kuò)大,因而單位像素心肌內(nèi)釓濃度增高,也會出現(xiàn)LGE[7]。國內(nèi)外研究[9-12]認(rèn)為,上述機(jī)制可解釋急慢性心肌梗死的LGE現(xiàn)象,并且認(rèn)為LGE所反映的心肌損傷是不可逆性的。本組84.20% (16/ 19)的CAD患者檢測到LGE征象。另外3例患者未觀測到LGE征象,可能的原因是病灶太小,超出CMR最低分辨力或類島狀分布的小病灶,在LGE-CMR 圖像表現(xiàn)為灰色信號,肉眼很難與正常心肌區(qū)分。有研究認(rèn)為低多巴酚丁胺負(fù)荷CMR可能會比LGE-CMR更可靠,進(jìn)一步提高LGE診斷的準(zhǔn)確性[13]。
有文獻(xiàn)[2-4]報道稱,典型缺血性心肌病LGE位于冠狀動脈供血區(qū)心內(nèi)膜下或透壁,這主要是由于供應(yīng)心內(nèi)膜下區(qū)冠狀動脈穿支在心肌內(nèi)行走,受心肌收縮擠壓的影響,容易首先出現(xiàn)供血區(qū)缺血。本組數(shù)據(jù)顯示LGE主要位于心內(nèi)膜下(7/16)和透壁(6/16),占81.25%(13/16),與文獻(xiàn)報道類似。由于缺血性心肌病產(chǎn)生的瘢痕僅限于受影響冠狀動脈支配區(qū),而且心肌瘢痕的形成模式由心內(nèi)膜下向心外膜不同程度上傳遞[10],因此在形態(tài)上多表現(xiàn)為片狀或楔形,我們數(shù)據(jù)顯示LGE形態(tài)多樣,與文獻(xiàn)報道有所不同,可能與患者人群的差異、臨床入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不同以及LGE形態(tài)定義不同有關(guān)[14]。此外,有研究者認(rèn)為LGE-CMR可發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床上無法識別的心肌小梗死患者,即所謂無癥狀型或亞臨床心肌梗死[10,15-17],因其雖有心內(nèi)膜瘢痕但無伴發(fā)嚴(yán)重心律失常事件以及左室功能不全,而不出現(xiàn)明顯的臨床癥狀。本組資料數(shù)據(jù)則顯示4/5冠狀動脈粥樣硬化患者出現(xiàn)LGE,且LGE均位于心內(nèi)膜下,與文獻(xiàn)報道類似。又有研究認(rèn)為將LGE的存在作為冠狀動脈粥樣硬化的標(biāo)志[2]。
總之,LGE-CMR可以顯示CAD患者是否有心肌損害以及損害的范圍,可為臨床醫(yī)生提供心肌層面影像學(xué)的信息。
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(本文編輯:胡苗苗)
The application of late gadolinium enhancement in coronary artery disease
XU Huazhi, LI Jiance,WANG Meihao, WANG Suyuan, CHEN Yongchun, WEN Caiyun, CHEN Weijian.Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015
Objective:To explore the application in coronary artery disease with the use of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR) images.Methods:A total of 19 cases diagnosed as coronary artery disease (CAD) with LGE-CMR images in our hospital between January 2010 to March 2013. were accepted (15 men, 4 women, ages range from 36 to 79 years, median age 57 years), including 5 cases of coronary atherosclerosis, 14 cases of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. There were 5 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 5 patients with chronic myocardial infarction in the group of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. 2 radiologists evaluated whether LGE or not, LGE localizations (subendocardial, transmural, midwall) and LGE morphology (spot/spots, linear, patchy) independently and blindly, Kappa test for consistency.Results:LGE present/absent, LGE localization and morphology had a good consistency (Kappa=0.908, 0.733, 0.724, P all <0.05) between 2 radiologists. LGE signs were observed in 84.2% (16/19) CAD cases, and 81.25%(13/ 16) located in subendocardial (7/16) or transmural (6/16). 43.75% (7/16) patchy, 31.25% (5/16) lines and 25. 00% (4/16) spot/spots enhancement were seen. Conclusion: LGE-CMR is helpful to detect cardiac lesion and its range on CAD patients and also useful to identify the extent of myocardial lesions.
cardiac magnetic resonance; late gadolinium enhancement; coronary artery disease
R816.2
B
1000-2138(2014)04-0290-04
2013-04-24
溫州市科技局科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(Y20130159)。
許化致(1977-),男,浙江蒼南人,主治醫(yī)師,碩士。
李建策,主任醫(yī)師,Email:lijiance000@126. com。