尹磊淼(綜述) 王 宇 徐玉東 魏 穎 王文倩 楊永清(審校)
(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)上海市針灸經(jīng)絡(luò)研究所 上海 200030)
金屬硫蛋白-2(MT-2)表達調(diào)控和蛋白相互作用研究進展
尹磊淼(綜述) 王 宇 徐玉東 魏 穎 王文倩 楊永清△(審校)
(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)上海市針灸經(jīng)絡(luò)研究所 上海 200030)
金屬硫蛋白-2(metallothionein-2,MT-2)作用廣泛,具有多種生物學(xué)功能。本文介紹了MT-2生物學(xué)特性、表達調(diào)控機制和蛋白相互作用等研究進展,以期對MT-2蛋白有更全面的認識,并基于某一特定疾病進行系統(tǒng)性研究。
金屬硫蛋白-2(MT-2); 表達調(diào)控;蛋白相互作用
金屬硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)最早由Margoshes和Vallee博士[1]于1957年研究金屬生物學(xué)作用時被發(fā)現(xiàn),因其含有豐富巰基且能螯合大量金屬離子,故被稱為金屬硫蛋白。經(jīng)金屬硫蛋白命名委員會統(tǒng)計的20個成員雖然普遍分子量較低,僅含有60~63個氨基酸,但半胱氨酸含量占23%~33%,且均呈保守性分布[2]。金屬硫蛋白多肽鏈不含芳香族氨基酸,但每個蛋白分子可通過半胱氨酸巰基結(jié)合7~12個金屬離子,從而具有特殊的金屬巰基化合物光譜特性[3]。哺乳動物金屬硫蛋白可分為4個亞型[4],其中MT-1和MT-2在肺臟、大腦等全身組織和器官中表達,并且肝臟和腎臟中表達水平最高,MT-3僅在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和男性生殖系統(tǒng)表達,MT-4僅在層狀上皮細胞表達[5-6]。
MT-2是金屬硫蛋白家族中的重要成員之一,主要生理特性表現(xiàn)為金屬離子結(jié)合性和還原性,能與鋅、銅、鐵、鎘等二價離子可逆性結(jié)合以維持體內(nèi)金屬離子平衡[3],也可通過巰基(-SH)與機體氧自由基結(jié)合,具有較強的還原性[7]。MT-2還參與細胞增殖、凋亡、分化等生物學(xué)過程,并和癌癥、呼吸及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等疾病密切相關(guān)[8-9]。本文對MT-2的生物學(xué)特性、表達調(diào)控機制和生物學(xué)效應(yīng)及其與某些重大疾病的關(guān)系進行綜述。
MT-2蛋白分子生物學(xué)特性
結(jié)合二價金屬離子 人類MT-2蛋白相對分子質(zhì)量(Mr)為6×103,但蛋白SDS-PAGE電泳條帶位置特殊,出現(xiàn)在相對分子質(zhì)量為(12~15)×103區(qū)域。等電點為p H4.0,基因染色體定位于第16號染色體長臂13區(qū),編碼61個氨基酸,其中20個為半胱氨酸[6]。金屬離子與半胱氨酸相結(jié)合形成四面體,存在于MT-2蛋白呈啞鈴狀空間結(jié)構(gòu)的α和β兩個獨立功能域中[10]。MT-2蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖見圖1。
結(jié)合的金屬離子在特定條件下可以解離以獲得還原狀態(tài)下Apo-MT-2。Liang等[11]將30μmol/L MT-2重組蛋白加入到含10 mmol/L二硫蘇糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)的緩沖液中(10mmol/L Tris-Hcl,100 mmol/L KCl,p H=7.4),4℃孵育3 h,透析后即可去除結(jié)合的二價金屬離子和DTT。Koh等[12]將2.4 mg MT-2蛋白在0.5 mol/L HCl中孵育3 min脫去金屬離子,再通過分子篩層析回收Apo-MT-2。研究同時發(fā)現(xiàn)利用DTNB法檢測MT-2蛋白結(jié)合不同金屬離子親和度高低依次為:銅離子>鉻離子>鋅離子,而抗氧化性能強弱依次為:Apo-MT-2>Zn-MT-2>Cd-MT-2>Cu-MT-2[11]。在氧化劑存在條件下,MT-2巰基和二價離子親和性降低[1]。
參與氧化應(yīng)激 MT-2蛋白多肽鏈半胱氨酸除了能與金屬離子結(jié)合外,也是蛋白還原性的活性位點,能與機體氧自由基反應(yīng),清除游離活性氧,減輕細胞氧化損傷,并廣泛參與體內(nèi)氧化還原反應(yīng)[7]。其分子機制主要包括促自由基形成化合物能顯著增強MT-2表達,MT-2蛋白對自由基的清除及細胞抗氧化保護作用等。Bauman等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)給予小鼠皮下注射0.1~0.5 mmol/kg百草枯(Paraquat)能使肝臟MT-2蛋白表達增強36倍。注射氮基三醋酸鐵可使肝MT-2蛋白表達在4 h內(nèi)提高2.5倍,腎MT-2蛋白提高4倍[14]。表達增高的MT-2蛋白可直接清除自由基等活性基團,對肝、腎等細胞產(chǎn)生良好保護作用。Wang等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MT-2蛋白可有效抑制雙氧水對心肌細胞產(chǎn)生的脂質(zhì)過氧化作用。腹腔注射2.5 mg/kg MT蛋白可通過促進胞內(nèi)雙氧水分解,有效保護鉈元素對大鼠肝臟的氧化應(yīng)激損傷[16]。MT-2還可抑制DNA氧化損傷產(chǎn)物8-羥基脫氧鳥苷(8-OHDG)的產(chǎn)生,保護細胞DNA不受破壞[17]。
MT-2蛋白誘導(dǎo)表達機制MT-2表達受到多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)節(jié)。Heuchel等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)鋅、鎘等金屬離子刺激機體表達MT主要通過激活金屬反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(metal-responsive transcription factor-1, MTF-1)實現(xiàn)。利用小鼠MTF-1基因敲除細胞,Bi等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)己酰亞胺可通過作用MTF-1使MT表達增加5倍以上,且呈現(xiàn)明顯時效和量效關(guān)系。Kelly等[20]研究認為位于MT-2基因上游1kb處和MT-1基因上游7kb處的兩個糖皮質(zhì)激素反應(yīng)元件可分別調(diào)控MT-1/2表達。鋅指蛋白PZ120包含POZ結(jié)構(gòu)域,可與DNA序列結(jié)合參與基因表達調(diào)控,其多肽鏈被發(fā)現(xiàn)可特異性結(jié)合MT-2 DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄起始區(qū)序列,從而抑制啟動子的轉(zhuǎn)錄激活[21]。鋅指蛋白Sp1參與機體發(fā)育、細胞有絲分裂等表達調(diào)控,能和MT-2競爭性地結(jié)合鋅等二價離子[22],維持Apo-MT-2在細胞內(nèi)的穩(wěn)定存在[23],進而調(diào)控p53等下游信號通路[24]。其他轉(zhuǎn)錄因子如抗氧化反應(yīng)元件(anti-oxidative response element,ARE)[25],CUP1/2 (Cu-binding protein 1/2)[26]以及ras基因[27]等也被發(fā)現(xiàn)和MT蛋白表達密切相關(guān)。
環(huán)境中金屬離子是提高機體MT-2表達的重要因素。連續(xù)2天(每天1次)腹腔注射10 mg/kg ZnSO4可將大鼠貧化鈾損傷模型腎臟MT-2基因表達顯著提高2倍,并將死亡高峰時間平均推遲4天,生存率提高60.03%[28]。分別給予細胞不同濃度CdSO4、CuCl2和ZnSO4刺激,發(fā)現(xiàn)MT-2 mRNA最強表達出現(xiàn)在100μmol/L CuCl2處理4 h后[29]。給Caco-2細胞200μmol/L ZnSO4刺激,12 h后MT蛋白表達提高了2倍[30]。Kikuchi等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)500μmol/L ZnCl2或50μmol/L CdCl2孵育48 h可以顯著提高MT蛋白在人星形細胞瘤細胞中表達,且IL-1(100 U/m L)中加入10μmol/L ZnCl2可有效提高其對MT蛋白誘導(dǎo)的表達水平。
Ghoshal等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)感染流感病毒可將小鼠肝臟MT-2表達提高15~20倍,肺臟MT-2表達提高8~12倍,該效應(yīng)可由IL-6、IL-10和IL-12等白細胞介素激活JAK-STAT信號通路實現(xiàn),而皮質(zhì)激素受體抑制劑RU-486可拮抗MT-2表達增高。此外,利用聚丙烯管限制小鼠活動12 h可將小鼠肝臟MT-2蛋白表達提高10~20倍,皮下預(yù)先注射0.5 mg RU-486可降低MT-2表達至模型組的50%,但兒茶酚胺受體阻滯劑納多洛爾對其表達無影響[33]。
MT-2蛋白相互作用分子MT-2蛋白除了離子結(jié)合性和還原性,還可以通過配體受體相互作用傳遞信號,從而介導(dǎo)更廣泛的生物學(xué)作用。MT蛋白發(fā)現(xiàn)者之一Vallee實驗室曾發(fā)現(xiàn)ATP可與MT蛋白1∶1結(jié)合,參與鋅離子解離和蛋白巰基二硫鍵形成等生物學(xué)過程[34]。雖然Zangger等[35]對該發(fā)現(xiàn)提出過質(zhì)疑,但人們一直沒有停止對MT結(jié)合蛋白的探索。
Klassen等[36]利用表面等離子共振技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)腎遠端小管細胞表面megalin受體可以和MT蛋白結(jié)合并介導(dǎo)對蛋白內(nèi)吞攝取,MT多肽鏈序列SCKKSCC是上述反應(yīng)關(guān)鍵位點。Rao等[37]利用酵母雙雜交技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)MT-2和蛋白激酶C家族PKCmu相互作用,參與前列腺癌細胞增殖和化學(xué)耐藥性。Gon?alves等[38]利用酵母雙雜交技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)MT-2蛋白和轉(zhuǎn)甲狀腺素蛋白存在相互作用關(guān)系,并利用競爭結(jié)合測定、免疫共沉淀、交叉耦合和免疫印跡等多種技術(shù)證明這可能是阿爾茨海默病潛在的治療靶點。Cui等[39]同樣利用酵母雙雜交技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)食管癌相關(guān)基因2和MT-2相互作用,并利用GST pull down技術(shù)和免疫共沉淀技術(shù)加以確認。在乳腺癌上皮細胞中,野生型和突變無活性P53蛋白均能和MT蛋白相結(jié)合,參與細胞凋亡等生物學(xué)過程[40]。Xia等[41]也利用表面等離子共振技術(shù)證實P53和Apo-MT存在直接結(jié)合作用。
利用在線生物信息學(xué)基因蛋白相互作用檢索工具STRING(Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes and Proteins,http://string. embl.de),我們對MT-2潛在的直接或間接相互作用蛋白進行搜索和預(yù)測,發(fā)現(xiàn)該蛋白可能和基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶9(matrix metallopeptidase 9,MMP9),褪黑素受體1B(melatonin receptor 1B,MTNR1B)和G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體50(G protein-coupled receptor 50,GPR50)等存在相互作用關(guān)系(圖2),這為進一步研究MT-2蛋白機制提供了新的線索。
MT-2蛋白參與癌癥、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病等多種重大疾患MT-2蛋白是多種癌癥標記物并參與腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展和調(diào)控[9]。Goulding等[42]分析100例原發(fā)性乳腺癌患者病理資料發(fā)現(xiàn)MT蛋白高表達和乳腺癌腫瘤類型、復(fù)發(fā)以及預(yù)后等密切相關(guān)。Martano等[43]利用免疫組化技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)MT表達和分泌腺腫瘤發(fā)病密切相關(guān),可能是潛在診斷標記物。MT-2蛋白在非小細胞肺癌組織中表達顯著性增強,結(jié)合Ki-67和微小染色體支持蛋白2(minichromosome maintenance protein-2,MCM-2)可對疾病預(yù)后作出判斷[44]。利用MT-1/2基因敲除小鼠模型,Majumder等[45]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MT蛋白能有效保護肝損傷并降低肝癌發(fā)生率。
MT-2蛋白參與呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病多種生理病理過程。Inoue等[46]利用雞卵蛋白致敏野生型和MT基因敲除小鼠,激發(fā)后24 h觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)肺泡灌洗液中IL-1β、嗜酸細胞活化趨化因子等表達顯著增強。Takano等[47]認為MT基因敲除小鼠比野生型小鼠更容易發(fā)生肺部炎癥和肺水腫。在鎳誘導(dǎo)肺損傷模型中,MT轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠平均生存時間為124.8 h,明顯高于對照組103.4 h和MT基因敲除組84.8 h,基因表達譜研究發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在機制涉及炎癥控制、纖維化和肺表面活性物質(zhì)平衡等生物學(xué)過程[48]。
小結(jié)MT-2作用廣泛,涉及多種生物學(xué)過程并參與機體多種重大疾病的發(fā)生,在今后的研究中需要在效應(yīng)機制和臨床應(yīng)用中給予更多關(guān)注。應(yīng)整合生物信息學(xué)、生物化學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)等方法和技術(shù),進一步研究其蛋白功能、表達調(diào)控和相互作用機制,以期對MT-2蛋白有更全面認識,并基于某一特定疾病進行系統(tǒng)性研究。
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The research progress of gene expression regulation and protein-protein interaction of metallothionein-2(MT-2)
YIN Lei-miao,WANG Yu,XU Yu-dong,WEI Ying,WANG Wen-qian,YANG Yong-qing△
(Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shanghai 200030,China)
Metallothionein-2(MT-2)is a protein with a variety of biological functions.This article describes the biological characteristics,expression regulation mechanisms and protein interaction studies of MT-2,which lays a solid foundation for further comprehensive study of the protein in a particular disease.
metallothionein-2(MT-2); expression regulation; protein-protein interaction
Q 51
B
10.3969/j.issn.1672-8467.2014.01.022
2012-11-30;編輯:張秀峰)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81001548,8117334,81173332,81202753);上海市青年科技啟明星計劃(12QA1403000);上海市教委和上海市教育發(fā)展基金會“晨光計劃”資助項目(10CG45);上海市衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)優(yōu)秀青年人才培養(yǎng)計劃(XYQ2013081)
△Corresponding author E-mail:dryqyang@163.com
*This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81001548,8117334,81173332,81202753);Shanghai Rising-Star program(12QA1403000);“Chen Guang”project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation(10CG45),and Science Foundation for the Excellent Youth Scholars of Shanghai Health System(13Y065).