王培梅

摘要：“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”是英語(yǔ)中比較常用的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，它的句法功能、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)以及這種結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種變化形式歷來(lái)備受關(guān)注。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常用作狀語(yǔ)，表示伴隨情況、時(shí)間、原因、方式、條件、讓步等，也可放在名詞后作定語(yǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞：with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯意義

“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”雖然是一種附著成份，不能單獨(dú)成句，但它又不僅僅起簡(jiǎn)單的修飾作用。它和它所修飾的部分之間存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系。通常“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”的邏輯主語(yǔ)是它所修飾的句中的名詞或代詞、該名詞或代詞的行為或行為對(duì)象，在結(jié)構(gòu)上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)“句中句”或其他形式的短語(yǔ)。

1、相當(dāng)于主句

“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨情況時(shí)，表示句子主語(yǔ)的行為狀態(tài)，句子重心在該復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中其邏輯意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主句，而原主句部分起狀語(yǔ)作用。這種現(xiàn)象可以稱為“邏輯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)位”。如：

The teacher came in， with the students following him.

其邏輯意義是：The students followed the teacher when he came in.

2、相當(dāng)于從句

“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”作狀語(yǔ)（表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步等）及定語(yǔ)時(shí)，在邏輯意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)從句。如：

But already， with more than thirty-five years of life left to him， Edison had played a major part in many of the inventions. （S3B2： 93）

其邏輯意義是：But already， though there were still more than thirty-five years of life left to him， Edison had played a major part in many of the inventions.

3、相當(dāng)于并列句

“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”內(nèi)部本身含有邏輯主謂關(guān)系，還可在邏輯意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句。如：

He ran into the room with his face covered with sweat.

其邏輯意義是：He ran into the room and his face was covered with sweat.

4、相當(dāng)于分詞短語(yǔ)

許多“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”可相當(dāng)于分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。如：

①Cartoons are made up of thousands of drawings， with a different drawing to show each movement. （S2B1： 42）

其邏輯意義是：Cartoons are made up of thousands of drawings having a different drawing to show each movement.

②At the word “go”， the skier， dressed in a tight racing parka and with goggles to protect his eyes， races downhill from the starting gate. （S3B1： 118）

其邏輯意義是；At the word “go”， the skier， dressed in a tight racing parka and wearing goggles to protect his eyes， races downhill from the starting gate.

5、相當(dāng)于介詞短語(yǔ)

有些“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”可相當(dāng)于介詞短語(yǔ)。如：

With his parents to help him， he is likely to succeed.

其邏輯意義是：With the help of his parents， he is likely to succeed.

6、相當(dāng)于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

有些“with +復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”若省略with即稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Then， （with） her eyes still bright with tears， she ran out of the door and down the stairs to the street. （S3B2： 64）

7、表示邏輯主謂賓關(guān)系

當(dāng)with sth. to do 結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞與名詞之間為邏輯動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，其邏輯意義為“邏輯主語(yǔ)+have to do sth. ”。如：

She couldnt go to play with her homework to do.

其邏輯意義是：She couldnt go to play because she had to do her homework.

8、表示邏輯主謂賓補(bǔ)關(guān)系

當(dāng)“with+n. +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞”在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明人的行為狀態(tài)時(shí)，其邏輯意義相當(dāng)于“邏輯主語(yǔ)+have sth. Done”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

When she got home， with her small but well-chosen present concealed in her handbag， her parents were already at table having dinner. （S2B1： 96）

其邏輯意義是：When she got home and she had her small but well-chosen present concealed in her handbag， her parents were already at table having dinner.

9、作邏輯主語(yǔ)

使動(dòng)性較強(qiáng)的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在邏輯意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)動(dòng)作行為作主語(yǔ)。如：

With winter approaching， its getting colder and colder day by day.

其邏輯意義是：The approaching winter makes it get colder and colder day by day.

10、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中賓語(yǔ)的邏輯修飾語(yǔ)或限定詞

With復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中賓語(yǔ)的邏輯修飾語(yǔ)或限定詞通常是它所修飾或說(shuō)明的邏輯主語(yǔ)（通常為句中的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)）。如：

①She looked up at me with tears streaming down her cheeks.

Tears 的邏輯限定詞為her（she）。

②In the dinning-hall there is a table with one leg shorten than the other three.

one leg的邏輯限定詞為a table，相當(dāng)于“one leg of the table is……”。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]戴煒棟.高級(jí)中學(xué)課本——英語(yǔ)（1-6冊(cè)）.上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1997.

[2]陸谷孫.英漢大詞典.上海譯文出版社，1993.