王宗平
【摘要】本文通過具有代表性的閱讀理解命題實例,指出閱讀理解試題命制過程中常出現(xiàn)的幾個問題,闡述了如何編制科學有效的閱讀理解試題。文章強調(diào)了試題選項的編制要有干擾意義、考查信息要多元化、要切實考查學生從所給材料中獲取和處理信息的能力、要注意題干表述的多樣性。
【關鍵詞】選材 設題 閱讀理解 效度 信度
【中圖分類號】G633.4 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】2095-3089(2014)02-0126-02
教師幾乎每天都要面臨試題的選擇與命制問題。課堂例題、教學過程中的提問、課堂鞏固練習、課后作業(yè)和單元檢測等始終貫穿整個教學過程。
對學生進行閱讀能力的考查是各級英語考試的重要內(nèi)容。那么,編制科學有效的閱讀理解試題的過程中,應該注意哪些問題呢?
一、選項的設置要有意義,要有一定的干擾作用,保證試題的效度。
試看《仁愛英語》七年級上冊的一份試題:
Hello: My name is Helen. Im 14 years old. I am from England. (此處略去72個詞)
5. ____ is 14 years old.
A. Helen B. Helens sister C. Helens mother
一看便知本題的C選項是無效選項,沒有干擾意義。Helen的媽媽怎么可能是14歲?
二、要切實考查考生閱讀理解的能力,保證試題的信度。
試看《仁愛英語》七年級上冊的一份試題:
This is Jim. He is thirteen. He is from the U.S.A.(此處略去67個詞)
41. Jim and Jack are ____.
A. sisters B. friend C. from different countries
根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,我們可知Jim 和 Jack是好友,來自不同的國家。因此從語義上看,B和C都是正確的,但是B不符合語法規(guī)則,所以本題的答案只能是C。閱讀理解題考查的是學生讀懂文章,并從文中獲取信息的能力,溶入語法規(guī)則的考查會降低考試的信度。
三、所考查信息要多元化,要從不同層次和方面考核學生的閱讀理解能力,要切實考查學生對書面語言的理解能力,特別是從所給的材料中獲取和處理信息的能力。
試看2008年福建省寧德市中考試卷,閱讀理解B篇:
Take a look at our library!Our library is open to everyone and the library card is free.(此處略去124個詞)
61. The books in the library were published(出版) in ____ languages.
A. 26 B. 0. 36 C. 42 D. 50
62. What can you enjoy in the reading room?
A. Magazines B. Language cassettes C. Video films D. CDs
63. How much should you pay if you keep three videos for a week? ____.
A. 1 yuan. B. 2 yuan. C. 3 yuan. D. Nothing.
64. How long can you keep one cassette at a time? ____.
A. One day B. One week C. Two weeks D.Three weeks 65. Which of the following is true according to the form? ____.
A. The library card will cost you one yuan.
B. You can borrow as many CDs as you like at a time.
C. You can keep five books at a time for three weeks.
D. There aren't any rooms for you to enjoy music videos in the library.
本題考查信息單一,未考慮考查信息的多元化,61、63、64都考查了數(shù)字信息,62題是無效題。
四、要注意題干表述的多樣性。
試看2010年湖北省武漢市中考卷,閱讀理解B篇:
Relax and unwind in our new state of the Loch Ness Eatery. Whether you are looking for a snack or a full meal we can provide almost anything to suit everyone. (此處略去57個詞)
61. The above reading is most probably _____.
A. an advertisement B. a food report
C. a shopping list D. a menu
62. Its clear that the Eatery _____.
A. can hold 150 people at most
B. only provides Chinese food
C. was set up in the year of 1980
D. doesnt offer many choices
63. At the loch Ness Eatery, visitors can _____.
A. book comfortable room B. have a picnic
C. cook for themselves D. get a good relaxation
64. The reading also tells us _____.
A. the prices of food and drinks
B. the address of the Eatery
C. the name of the manager
D. the way of getting in touch with the Eatery
65. The Eatery provides almost everything to ____.
A. to serve people for a long time
B. meet the needs of different visitors
C. let people take away
D. help people learn about people
這道題在題干表述上過于單調(diào)。我們在設題時應考慮題干表述的多樣性,可采用不同句式,設成特殊疑問句時,還可考慮用不同的疑問詞。
總之,命題能力是一名優(yōu)秀任課教師應當具備的基本能力。提高教師的命題能力對構(gòu)建高效課堂具有十分重要的意義:首先,提高命題能力是提高教學有效性的重要因素;其次,提高命題能力是減輕學生課業(yè)負擔的重要途徑;再次,提高命題能力是促進教師專業(yè)成長的重要抓手。
參考文獻:
[1]禹明,《新課程命題技術與試題研究:初中英語》,吉林東北師范大學出版社,2005.04
[2]初級中學2013教師資格考試應試專用教材《英語學科知識與教學能力》第1版,光明日報出版社,2012. 12
[3]劉決生,《中考英語命題思路》第1版,上海遠東出版社,2007.08