曹萬萬 李旭 姜丹 樸一龍
摘要
[目的]掌握我國延邊地區(qū)常見梨的采后生理特征。[方法]以延邊地區(qū)常見梨品種為供試材料,在室溫貯藏條件下,測定了果實(shí)的品質(zhì)、呼吸速率及乙烯發(fā)生量的變化情況。[結(jié)果]試驗(yàn)表明,延邊常見梨果實(shí)軟化速率因品種而異,貯藏性強(qiáng)的蘋果梨貯藏中硬度下降緩慢;而貯藏性較差的雜梨果實(shí)貯藏中硬度下降迅速。在貯藏中梨果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量和有機(jī)酸含量在軟化初期有小幅的增加,然后減少,其下降點(diǎn)與梨果實(shí)貯藏性有關(guān)。貯藏性較強(qiáng)的梨品種在貯藏中后期維生素C含量有小幅的增加,然后下降。總糖和還原糖含量變化總體上呈現(xiàn)出先上升后減少的趨勢。延邊常見梨果實(shí)中,謝花甜在貯藏14 d有一個(gè)非常明顯的呼吸峰,其他果實(shí)呼吸峰不明顯,且貯藏性差的品種在貯藏中呼吸速率均較高;南果梨和謝花甜在貯藏14 d出現(xiàn)明顯的乙烯發(fā)生高峰,發(fā)生量分別高達(dá)92.07和7743 μl/(kg·h),蘋果梨在貯藏21 d形成乙烯發(fā)生高峰,而延邊小香水梨和朝鮮洋梨貯藏過程中的乙烯發(fā)生量甚微,說明梨果實(shí)貯藏性與呼吸強(qiáng)度和乙烯敏感性有關(guān)。[結(jié)論]研究可為延邊地區(qū)梨的采收、貯藏和加工提供理論依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞 梨;貯藏;品質(zhì);乙烯;呼吸速率
中圖分類號 S661.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼 A 文章編號 0517-6611(2014)27-09537-03
Change of Physiological Characters of Pear during Storage in Yianbian Area
CAO Wanwan, LI Xu, JIANG Dan, PIAO Yilong*
(Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000)
Abstract [Objective] In order to understand the physiological characteristics of pear after harvesting in Yianbian area. [Method] The common pear in Yanbian area were used as the test material, stored at room temperature, ethylene and respiration rate, fruit quality changes were measured. [Result] The results show that: The common pear of Yanbian area fruit softening rate varies by species. The hardness of Pingguoli which has a strong storage was slowly decreased in the storage period. In the case, on the contrary, it is more rapidly hardness decreasing in this storage period for other else. At the early soften period, the soluble solid and the organic acid content has a little increase and then decrease for different fruit. This order of decline is connected with resistant to storing of peer fruit. The vitamin C content of higher storability peer variety has slight increase at the later stage of storing. Then it was decrease. The change of total sugar and reducing sugar content is unlike in different storage period, increased after the first reduce overall. In Yanbian common peer fruit, the climacteric was very obvious for the pear fruit when storage time is a 14day. However, it is not obvious in others. At the same time, the respiration rate were higher during storage for other pears that its storage stability was poor than apart in all. During storage, the peak of ethylene outputs was apparently discovered after storage 14day, its production were respectively as high as 92.07 and 77.43 μl/(kg·h), ethylene production of applepears has a peak at the 21 d storage, but ethylene generates was slowly and few during storage for Yanbian Xiaoxiangshui pear and Nanguoli, which means pear fruit storage was associated with respiratory intensity and ethylene sensitivity. [Conclusion] The study can provide theoretical basis for harvesting, storage and processing of pear in Yianbian area.
Key words Pear; Storage; Quality; Ethylene; Respiratory rate
延邊地區(qū)以盛產(chǎn)蘋果梨而聞名國內(nèi)外,是吉林省的梨主產(chǎn)區(qū),其中蘋果梨為主栽品種,此外還有南果梨、延邊小香水梨、朝鮮洋梨、謝花甜等雜梨品種,這些品種對當(dāng)?shù)乩娣N類多樣化和填補(bǔ)梨淡季市場起到很重要的作用。目前有關(guān)梨采后生理方面的研究較多,崔成東等對晚香梨[1]、馬海軍等對大果水晶梨[2]、竇世娟等對黃花梨[3]、王志華等對園黃梨和黃金梨等[4]進(jìn)行了采后生理方面的研究。目前對延邊地區(qū)常見梨果實(shí)采后生理方面的研究較少,特別是對不常見的雜梨品種。于萍對蘋果梨貯藏特性進(jìn)行了研究[5],王軍虹等研究了蘋果梨果實(shí)貯藏中的生理生化變化[6],樸一龍等對蘋果梨和新高梨生理生化特性進(jìn)行過比較[7],吳震等對南果梨果實(shí)采后生理生化變化進(jìn)行了研究[8],莊曉虹等對南果梨營養(yǎng)成分變化進(jìn)行過研究[9]。為了比較延邊常見梨采后生理特性,筆者于2013年秋進(jìn)行了該項(xiàng)試驗(yàn),探討延邊常見梨采后生理方面的特性,為延邊地區(qū)梨的采收、貯藏和加工提供理論依據(jù),對延邊地區(qū)果樹產(chǎn)業(yè)和地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展具有非常重要的意義。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
供試材料為延邊大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院果樹試驗(yàn)場的蘋果梨、南果梨、延邊小香水梨、朝鮮洋梨和謝花甜果實(shí),試驗(yàn)樹為樹勢中庸、生長健壯、無病蟲害的60年生樹。
1.2 方法
于2013年9月21日梨果實(shí)采收后立即運(yùn)回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,分別挑選大小均一、無機(jī)械損傷及病蟲害的果實(shí)若干,置于(20±1)℃的室溫下貯藏。從采收當(dāng)日起,每隔7 d調(diào)查果實(shí)品質(zhì)、乙烯釋放量和呼吸速率。同時(shí)把部分果肉置于-80 ℃超低溫冰箱中保存,用來測定生理生化指標(biāo)。
果實(shí)硬度使用杭州托普儀器有限公司生產(chǎn)的手持式GY3型果實(shí)硬度計(jì)測定;可溶性固形物含量(SSC)采用手持式光折射型糖度計(jì)(WVF4)測定;可滴定酸用酸堿中和滴定法測定;二氧化碳釋放量及乙烯發(fā)生量采用日本產(chǎn)GV100型氣體測定儀測定;維生素C含量用分光光度計(jì)法[10]測定;總糖的測定用苯酚–濃硫酸法;用DNS法測定還原糖[11]。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 梨貯藏中品質(zhì)變化
2.1.1
梨貯藏中硬度變化。延邊常見梨果實(shí)貯藏中硬度變化如圖1所示,隨著貯藏天數(shù)的增加梨果實(shí)硬度逐漸下降,但果實(shí)硬度下降速度因品種而異。貯藏性強(qiáng)的蘋果梨貯藏中硬度下降緩慢;而貯藏性較差的雜梨果實(shí)貯藏中硬度下降迅速,特別是延邊小香水梨采收當(dāng)日硬度最大,但貯藏中下降最明顯,謝花甜的硬度下降也較明顯,朝鮮洋梨和南果梨硬度下降相對緩慢。延邊小香水梨和謝花甜在貯藏14 d、朝鮮洋梨貯藏21 d、南果梨貯藏28 d時(shí)果實(shí)硬度均達(dá)到3 kg/cm2以下。由此可見,延邊雜梨貯藏性從大到小的順序是南果梨(28 d)>朝鮮洋梨(21 d)>延邊小香水梨和謝花甜(14 d)。
2.1.2
梨貯藏中可溶性固形物含量的變化。延邊常見梨果實(shí)貯藏中可溶性固形物含量變化如圖2所示,梨果實(shí)在貯藏初期可溶性固形物含量有一個(gè)微小的增加過程,然后隨著貯藏天數(shù)的增加雜梨果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量有不同程度的下降。從可溶性固形物含量下降點(diǎn)來看,延邊小香水梨在貯藏7 d開始,謝花甜、朝鮮洋梨在貯藏14 d開始,而南果梨是在貯藏21 d開始??扇苄怨绦挝锖康倪@種變化趨勢與果實(shí)硬度變化基本吻合。
3 結(jié)論
延邊常見梨果實(shí)軟化速率因品種而異,貯藏性強(qiáng)的蘋果
梨貯藏中硬度下降緩慢;而貯藏性較差的雜梨果實(shí)貯藏中硬度下降迅速??扇苄怨绦挝锖亢陀袡C(jī)酸含量在軟化初期有小幅的增加,然后減少,其下降點(diǎn)與梨果實(shí)貯藏性有關(guān)。
貯藏性較強(qiáng)的梨品種在貯藏中后期維生素C含量有小幅的增加,然后下降;而貯藏性差的梨品種在貯藏后期緩慢下降??偺呛瓦€原糖含量變化總體上呈現(xiàn)出先上升后減少,其中謝花甜的總糖含量一直保持較高水平。
延邊常見梨果實(shí)中,謝花甜在貯藏14 d有一個(gè)非常明顯的呼吸峰,其他果實(shí)呼吸峰不明顯,貯藏性與呼吸強(qiáng)度有關(guān)。
延邊常見梨果實(shí)中,南果梨和謝花甜在貯藏14 d出現(xiàn)明顯的乙烯發(fā)生高峰,發(fā)生量分別高達(dá)92.07和77.43 μl/(kg·h);蘋果梨在貯藏21 d形成乙烯發(fā)生高峰;而延邊小香水梨和朝鮮洋梨貯藏過程中的乙烯發(fā)生量甚微。
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