廖文菊 唐德華 程曉彬
摘要 [目的]主要探討將β-環(huán)糊精(βCD)用于制備尿素緩控釋肥料的可行性。[方法]以βCD為主體分子,以尿素為客體分子制備環(huán)糊精包合物肥料,并且進(jìn)行紅外光譜和溶出度試驗(yàn)。[結(jié)果]紅外光譜證實(shí)了βCD對(duì)尿素的包合作用;當(dāng)尿素與βCD的摩爾比為1∶1時(shí),純水中尿素的初期溶出率為14.37%,微分溶出率為2.37%,28 d累積溶出率為42.57%;包合物中尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率和28 d累積溶出率均隨本底濃度增大而減小。[結(jié)論]包合物對(duì)尿素具有緩控釋作用。
關(guān)鍵詞 β-環(huán)糊精;尿素;包合物;肥料;緩控釋
中圖分類號(hào) S143.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 0517-6611(2014)13-03823-02
Abstract [Objective] The research aimed to study the application of βCD in the preparation of controlled release fertilizer. [Method] The inclusion complex was prepared by urea and βCD, and the dissolution and FTIR were studied. [Result] The result of FTIR indicated inclusion complex formation between βCD and urea. The preliminary solubility rate, differential dissolving rate and cumulative release rate in 28 days were 14.37%, 2.37% and 42.57%, respectively, when the mole ratio of urea to βCD was 1∶1. The preliminary solubility rate, differential dissolving rate and cumulative release rate in 28 days of urea decreased as the urea background concentration increased. [Conclusion]The urea could be controlled release by the inclusion complex.
Key words βcyclodextrin; Urea; Inclusion complex; Fertilizer; Controlled release
尿素是有機(jī)態(tài)氮肥, 屬于中性速效肥,由于其氮含量高而被廣泛應(yīng)用。但是,尿素在施用過程中普遍存在利用率低、淋失量大等缺點(diǎn)。這主要是由于尿素施入土壤中以后,除了部分被作物吸收外,其水解產(chǎn)物NH4+部分轉(zhuǎn)化為NO3-,部分被土壤膠體吸附,其余則以氨形式揮發(fā)掉,從而造成氮的損失。針對(duì)尿素施用中存在的問題,土壤學(xué)家做了大量工作,提出使用包膜技術(shù)[1-2]和脲酶抑制劑[3-4]等措施來降低尿素水解速率,提高尿素利用率。其中,包膜緩控釋肥料的應(yīng)用性能較好,但是僅能在一定程度上降低尿素的水解速率,難以根據(jù)作物生長(zhǎng)需求來控制養(yǎng)分的釋放,且用作包膜的有機(jī)材料或無機(jī)材料還可能對(duì)土壤環(huán)境造成污染。
筆者將β-環(huán)糊精(βCD)引入緩控釋肥料的制備,通過研究βCD對(duì)尿素的緩控釋性能及作用機(jī)理,探討將其用于制備尿素緩控釋肥料的可行性。環(huán)糊精是由環(huán)糊精葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶作用于淀粉所得到的環(huán)狀低聚糖,由于其特殊的分子空腔結(jié)構(gòu),可選擇性地結(jié)合各種有機(jī)小分子或離子,形成主客體包合物[5],并且可根據(jù)環(huán)境變化來緩慢釋放客體分子。環(huán)糊精的這一性能已在緩控釋藥物的制備中得到廣泛應(yīng)用[6-7]。將環(huán)糊精用于緩控釋肥料的制備,可實(shí)現(xiàn)肥料分子的緩控釋。作為緩控釋材料的環(huán)糊精分子本身也可被土壤微生物緩慢降解而成為土壤養(yǎng)分被植物利用。
1 材料與方法
3 結(jié)論與討論
采取固相包合法制備了βCD-尿素包合物。紅外光譜證實(shí)了βCD對(duì)尿素的包合作用。溶出度試驗(yàn)表明,包合作用可使尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率和累積溶出率保持在較低水平,且尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率和累積溶出率均隨著本底濃度的增加而減小,即包合物可根據(jù)環(huán)境中尿素的本底濃度控制尿素的釋放,環(huán)境濃度低時(shí)釋放多,反之,則釋放少。該研究充分證實(shí)了βCD包合物對(duì)尿素的緩控釋作用。
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