蔡惠汝
【中圖分類號(hào)】G633.41 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2014)07-0108-02 “導(dǎo)學(xué)案”是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)、自主探究的學(xué)習(xí)方案。自主學(xué)習(xí)策略的核心是要發(fā)揮學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)性、積極性,充分體現(xiàn)學(xué)生的認(rèn)知主體作用,其著眼點(diǎn)是如何幫助學(xué)生“學(xué)”。導(dǎo)學(xué)案的編寫目的是要促進(jìn)學(xué)生有效學(xué)習(xí),不僅要讓學(xué)生學(xué)到知識(shí),還要讓學(xué)生知道怎樣學(xué),獲得初步的語言學(xué)習(xí)素養(yǎng),為終身學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。本文將結(jié)合導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)的幾個(gè)典型案例談一談導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)遵循的原則。
一、創(chuàng)建新舊知識(shí)鏈接
導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)首先應(yīng)注意新舊知識(shí)鏈接原則,鞏固前測知識(shí),構(gòu)建知識(shí)鏈,突出新的知識(shí)點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),須化解的難點(diǎn)。如,學(xué)習(xí)非限制性定語從句一課的案例設(shè)計(jì),老師第一步呈現(xiàn)限制性定語從句的相關(guān)例句,所含定語從句的知識(shí)點(diǎn)要全面,可采用單句翻譯法,漢譯英或英譯漢,挖空填關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞,讓學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí),再構(gòu)知識(shí)體系,第二步呈現(xiàn)非限制性定語從句的語料,學(xué)生判斷該類從句在形式上與前面的例句有什么差異,進(jìn)而探究語言表達(dá)含義的差異,通過真實(shí)語料,感受兩種定語從句在含義上潛在的區(qū)別。新舊知識(shí)鏈接主要是搭臺(tái)階讓學(xué)生在原有知識(shí)積淀的基礎(chǔ)上,依托舊知識(shí)學(xué)好新知識(shí)。Unit 8 Adventure Lesson 3 Marco Polo (北師大版)導(dǎo)學(xué)案案例片段:
1.舊知識(shí)鞏固
2.知識(shí)鏈接
從課文中找出含有定語從句的例句,分類,并說出兩者之間的區(qū)別。
3.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句區(qū)別歸納
4.非限制性定語從句難點(diǎn)突破
①Another traffic accident has happened this month, ____ makes him deep in sorrow.
A. which B. that C. what D. as
②____ is known to us, our country has become one of the most influencing countries in the world.
A. Which B. That C. What D. As
二、知識(shí)整體性的構(gòu)建
導(dǎo)學(xué)案區(qū)別于練習(xí)訓(xùn)練,它不能被設(shè)計(jì)成拼盤式的習(xí)題集。導(dǎo)學(xué)案應(yīng)該有貫穿于始終的中心任務(wù),有明確的目標(biāo),學(xué)習(xí)的重難點(diǎn),圍繞一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),分層遞進(jìn),進(jìn)行循序漸進(jìn)的學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)建,突出重點(diǎn),顯示沖突,學(xué)習(xí)者通過導(dǎo)學(xué)案的引領(lǐng),構(gòu)建知識(shí)體系,在實(shí)踐中提升能力。比如:北師大版模塊六18單元第一課What Is Beauty課文閱讀導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì),該節(jié)課的重點(diǎn)是學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用閱讀策略獲取主要信息,并以此推斷文章大意,同時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)議論文文體結(jié)構(gòu),學(xué)習(xí)議論文寫作。文章共有六段,信息量大,如何教學(xué)生處理紛繁復(fù)雜的信息,正確理解語句的意思是這節(jié)課的難點(diǎn)之一;怎樣把學(xué)習(xí)到的知識(shí)內(nèi)化為能力,變輸入為輸出是另一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。要突破這兩個(gè)難點(diǎn)主要有以下幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì):1.設(shè)計(jì)活動(dòng),指導(dǎo)學(xué)生提取主要信息;2.設(shè)計(jì)問題,理解要點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)信息;3.呈現(xiàn)議論文文體結(jié)構(gòu),讓學(xué)生掌握文體結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn);4.構(gòu)思寫作提綱,并通過交流來豐滿寫作內(nèi)容。具體步驟:
1.關(guān)鍵詞學(xué)習(xí)
Key Words: Describing Beauty
astonishing, attractive, awesome, beautiful, brilliant, elegant, good-looking, handsome, leave me breathless, lovely, a real masterpiece, perfect, powerful, pretty, scenic, superb, superior, a thing of great beauty, unbelievable
2.Intensive Reading 精讀,獲取信息
分三次細(xì)讀:第一次盡量掌握課文信息;第二次在老師指導(dǎo)下理順信息;第三次確定信息,讀懂課文。老師主要用兩個(gè)圖表幫學(xué)生閱讀。
3.Reading check閱讀檢測
課文各細(xì)節(jié)清楚后,用四個(gè)問題的提問形式,把作者的主要觀點(diǎn)串起來,學(xué)生對(duì)文章所表達(dá)的信息從點(diǎn)到面都能掌握清楚了。這四道閱讀理解題是按閱讀策略幾方面設(shè)計(jì)的,第一道主題歸納,第二道細(xì)節(jié)串連,第三道句子的語義理解,第四道結(jié)論歸納。題目如下:
1)What is the authors view on beauty?(D)
A. Beauty changes with time.
B. Beauty changes with cultures.
C. Beauty can be divided into two kinds.
D. Beauty has more than one dimension.
2)Physical beauty includes ____. (C)
a. body shape b. clothes c. body art
d. a health conscience e. personal qualities
A. abe B. bca C. abc D. bde
3)If we take the same view on beauty, the society will ____. (B)
A. get better B. not exist
C. live on D. be more harmonious
4)Judging a persons inner beauty is much more subjective because ____. (A)
A. a persons inner beauty cant be judged by only one thing.
B. it is easy for people to judge it
C. inner beauty can be judged by the look
D. people are good at judging a persons inner beauty
4.寫作指導(dǎo)分為兩部分:1.分析文章結(jié)構(gòu);2.寫作指導(dǎo)。
1)分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)
老師將議論文的文體結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生,學(xué)生一起完成框架內(nèi)容的填空。
Argument: There was no consistent view on beauty
Evidence:①physical beauty (time, culture)—no precise criteria
②Inner beauty(kindness, warmth, healthy conscience)—subjective
Conclusion: Beautiful is in the eye of the beholder.
2)寫作指導(dǎo)
題目:①Students should wear school suits
②School suits are suitable for students
學(xué)生構(gòu)思寫作提綱,必須有三部分組成,論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論,最后完成寫作。
三、激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)思維
激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)思維是導(dǎo)學(xué)案的靈魂,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生形成正確的語言思維習(xí)慣是新課程重要目標(biāo)之一。導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)要有一定的思維空間,能促進(jìn)新問題的生成,拓寬知識(shí)緯度和深度,讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)的過程中不斷地產(chǎn)生問題,探究問題,解決問題。如:描寫文寫作指導(dǎo)導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì):
Make up a story according to the following guide.
Stage1. Make up two events with the words drawn from the boxes and complete the title.
Title:A ______(happy, exciting, romantic, funny, sad, embarrassing…) Day in __ s life
Stage 2 I. List the events in the order that they happened. Add one more event if you need.
II. Put the reason and feelings in your story.
Stage3 Use narrative skills
Task I. Add more details to each event by using vivid language. Task II. Think of the beginning sentence that can catch the readers attention successfully.
And expressions to share your feelings with the reader in your writing:
Task III. Brainstorm: linking words and adjectives you learned
時(shí)間:_______________________________
因果:______________________________________
轉(zhuǎn)折:_______________________________________
其他:luckily, unfortunately, suddenly, guess what?
Adjectives:____________________________
四、活化知識(shí),促進(jìn)能力生成
導(dǎo)學(xué)案的設(shè)計(jì)不僅關(guān)注知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)與鞏固,更要注重知識(shí)內(nèi)化與運(yùn)用的設(shè)計(jì)。復(fù)述或轉(zhuǎn)述語言是輸入性知識(shí)獲得內(nèi)化的體現(xiàn)。 如:一篇完形填空講評(píng)的導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)(2013年泉州市高三質(zhì)量檢查)
1)將完形填空的語篇縮寫后,在重要的語言點(diǎn)上留空,讓學(xué)生填寫,檢查學(xué)生對(duì)語篇理解的深化程度。
My parents as well as I came to Irvine when I was a young child. I totally e____ living here and got along well with people around here. However, in my parents opinion, every day in Irvine was b____ but dull. Growing up in Irvine I could speak English as f____ as a native. But my parents werent able to a____ to the life like me since they have trouble c____ with others. Due to this problem I often worked as a translator between my parents and customers to get their words a____ to customers. It made me feel that I entered a world which was s____ to my parents when I stepped outside.
In terms of my mother, C____ was her home rather than Irvine. Nothing could ever d____ her unless it was something related to China. There were times I felt g____ about my own happiness in Irvine. I wondered if the idea that we came to Irvine was wrong.
2)在范文訓(xùn)練的基礎(chǔ)上,學(xué)生自己再作二度創(chuàng)作,重述或縮寫文章,將輸入轉(zhuǎn)換成輸出,最終內(nèi)化為能力。
五、學(xué)習(xí)后的反思與評(píng)價(jià)
評(píng)價(jià)是導(dǎo)學(xué)案重要的組成部分,“評(píng)價(jià)先于教學(xué),評(píng)價(jià)與教學(xué)相融合”。課堂評(píng)價(jià)不僅關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)過程評(píng)價(jià),更要關(guān)注學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)達(dá)成的評(píng)價(jià)。評(píng)價(jià)要有核心問題,指向明確,易操作,一方面要有助于老師了解學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)情況,調(diào)整教學(xué)策略,提高教學(xué)效果,另一方面要有助于學(xué)生評(píng)價(jià)自己的學(xué)習(xí)效果,尋找差異,彌補(bǔ)缺漏。
如:描寫文寫作指導(dǎo)評(píng)價(jià)表設(shè)計(jì)
課堂教學(xué)導(dǎo)學(xué)案設(shè)計(jì)的五個(gè)原則是建立在課程目標(biāo)關(guān)于綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的5個(gè)維度上,將語言技能、語言知識(shí)、情感態(tài)度、學(xué)習(xí)策略和文化意識(shí)落實(shí)到導(dǎo)學(xué)案的設(shè)計(jì)里,符合新課改理念,有利于學(xué)生優(yōu)化英語學(xué)習(xí)方式,使他們通過觀察、體驗(yàn)、探究等積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法,充分發(fā)揮自己的學(xué)習(xí)潛能,形成有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略,提高自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力;有利于學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中,提高獨(dú)立思考和判斷能力,發(fā)展與人溝通和合作的能力??傊瑢?dǎo)學(xué)案的設(shè)計(jì)不僅要包含語言知識(shí)和語言能力的元素,更要滲透學(xué)生語言思維能力的培養(yǎng),為今后的發(fā)展奠定較扎實(shí)的、可持續(xù)性的基礎(chǔ)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]專著:崔允漷. 有效教學(xué)〔M〕上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2012.P30
[2]教育部2008. 普通高中英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))〔M〕北京:人民教育出版社. P2-3
[3]電子文稿: 北京大學(xué)教育技術(shù)參考手冊(cè),數(shù)字化教學(xué)研究中心.2005-2008 2.8教學(xué)模式與教學(xué)策略選擇
注:導(dǎo)學(xué)案部分案例選自于本市公開課