曹建海 溫政實(shí)
摘 要: 遵循里昂惕夫的投入產(chǎn)出模型,本文基于社會(huì)核算矩陣的研究框架,通過(guò)擴(kuò)展的收入產(chǎn)出循環(huán)體系清晰地闡釋了產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值、收入分配和最終需求的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)中國(guó)2010年的社會(huì)核算矩陣進(jìn)行了奇異值分解。結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)部的相互作用隱含了一組宏觀乘數(shù),每一宏觀乘數(shù)都對(duì)應(yīng)著一系列遵循相同路徑的產(chǎn)業(yè)組合,這些產(chǎn)業(yè)組合及其變化情況可以被識(shí)別和量化。這一方法的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義在于從需求層面探討了經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的制定及其目標(biāo)評(píng)估的可能性。
關(guān)鍵詞: 最終需求;宏觀乘數(shù);社會(huì)核算矩陣
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào): F56 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A 文章編號(hào): 1000176X(2014)04000308
最早的需求乘數(shù)分析可以追溯到Rasmussen的研究。Rasmussen[1]指出,整個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)出增長(zhǎng)必須與最終需求對(duì)j產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品需要量的增長(zhǎng)相匹配,i產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)出的增長(zhǎng)也必須符合最終需求對(duì)所有產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品需要量的增長(zhǎng)。近些年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的國(guó)外學(xué)者采用不同的方法對(duì)這一問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了不同程度的研究。Do Amaral等[2]采用“歐幾里德距離乘數(shù)”對(duì)西班牙、葡萄牙、巴利阿里群島和亞速爾群島的數(shù)據(jù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),最終需求的結(jié)構(gòu)變化比規(guī)模變化對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)產(chǎn)出的沖擊更為顯著。沈利生[3]利用投入產(chǎn)出模型研究了最終需求結(jié)構(gòu)和三次產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系,他認(rèn)為三次產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化必須依賴(lài)于需求結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整;劉瑞翔和安同良[4]基于最終需求的視角,通過(guò)非競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性投入產(chǎn)出模型分析了中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)力來(lái)源后發(fā)現(xiàn),最終需求是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要?jiǎng)恿?,但?dòng)力來(lái)源結(jié)構(gòu)卻不斷變化。
然而,現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)產(chǎn)出和最終需求的具體作用機(jī)制未能做出更為深入的解釋?zhuān)鄳?yīng)的實(shí)證分析更是缺乏。實(shí)際上,最終需求決定了總產(chǎn)出和產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值的形成,后者通過(guò)增值構(gòu)成要素產(chǎn)生國(guó)內(nèi)收入,國(guó)內(nèi)收入又通過(guò)居民、企業(yè)和政府等機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)形成收入分配,收入分配又會(huì)影響最終需求并使得這一過(guò)程得以閉合循環(huán)。本文采用奇異值分解的方法對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)的特征和產(chǎn)業(yè)互動(dòng)的增值現(xiàn)象做出了較為深入的解剖和透視,隨后定義并定量確定了一組宏觀乘數(shù)。這些乘數(shù)能夠反映經(jīng)濟(jì)內(nèi)部的相互作用和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量結(jié)構(gòu)以及后者對(duì)前者的潛在影響程度。在其他條件不變的情況下,如果將最終需求的變動(dòng)視為政策調(diào)控的結(jié)果,那么新的產(chǎn)出變動(dòng)即為政策調(diào)控所能達(dá)到的政策目標(biāo)。
一、投入產(chǎn)出的基本架構(gòu)
最初的投入產(chǎn)出問(wèn)題是在產(chǎn)業(yè)間結(jié)構(gòu)不變和固定價(jià)格的假設(shè)下,研究與最終需求相關(guān)的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)的均衡產(chǎn)出。產(chǎn)業(yè)間相互作用結(jié)構(gòu)不變是指固定系數(shù)假設(shè),Rose 和 Casler[5]指出,這意味著規(guī)模報(bào)酬不變和投入比例不變,后者反映了投入的非互補(bǔ)性,即對(duì)某一產(chǎn)業(yè)的投入替代不會(huì)引起相應(yīng)的產(chǎn)出增加。產(chǎn)出向量x由產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)預(yù)先給定的最終需求向量f誘導(dǎo)。均衡產(chǎn)出向量可表示為:
該調(diào)控政策及其政策目標(biāo)如圖2所示。由政策調(diào)控引起的機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)的需求增加擴(kuò)張了相應(yīng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的總產(chǎn)出;機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)最終需求的下降也使得除了產(chǎn)業(yè)3之外的其他產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)出出現(xiàn)下降,這表明消費(fèi)品制造業(yè)(產(chǎn)業(yè)3)具有需求剛性。值得一提的是,雖然機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)最終需求的下降使得總產(chǎn)出相應(yīng)減少,但是部分產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)出減少的幅度小于需求下降的程度,如產(chǎn)業(yè)4(裝備制造及重化工業(yè))和產(chǎn)業(yè)7(交通運(yùn)輸郵政及倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)業(yè))。
結(jié)合圖1我們發(fā)現(xiàn),機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)對(duì)諸如制造業(yè)(尤其是裝備制造及重化工業(yè))的微小需求增加能夠引起該產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)出的大幅增加,而最終需求的減少卻未能引起該產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)出的相應(yīng)減少。這在一定程度上解釋了中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩難以消除的原因。
五、結(jié) 論
通過(guò)以上分析,本文展示了最終需求變動(dòng)對(duì)產(chǎn)出變動(dòng)的宏觀乘數(shù)效應(yīng)。在其他條件不變的情況下,如果將最終需求的變動(dòng)視為政策調(diào)控的結(jié)果,那么新的產(chǎn)出變動(dòng)即為政策調(diào)控所能達(dá)到的政策目標(biāo)。逆向考察的分析結(jié)果顯示,我們能夠找到一組政策調(diào)控措施,通過(guò)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)和機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)的內(nèi)在作用來(lái)提高服務(wù)業(yè)在三次產(chǎn)業(yè)中的比重。這些政策充分展示了內(nèi)生決定的多部門(mén)政策調(diào)控和多部門(mén)政策目標(biāo)的特征,也就是政策調(diào)控對(duì)多部門(mén)目標(biāo)變量的影響效應(yīng)。鑒于政策調(diào)控對(duì)政策目標(biāo)的總體影響可以根據(jù)宏觀變量構(gòu)成的波動(dòng)進(jìn)行量化,這為宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的政策設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)果評(píng)估提供了可行的方法。 參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]
Rasmussen, P N Studies in Inter-Sectoral Relations[M] Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1956134-136
[2] Do Amaral, J F ,Dias,J,Lopes,JC A New Kind of Production and Value-Added Multiplier for Assessing the Scale and Structure Effects of Demand Shocks in Input–Output Frameworks[J] The Annals of Regional Science, 2012,49(1):103-115
[3] 沈利生 最終需求結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng)怎樣影響產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變動(dòng)[J] 數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)研究, 2011,(12):82-95
[4] 劉瑞翔,安同良 中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)力來(lái)源與轉(zhuǎn)換展望[J] 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究, 2011,(7):30-41
[5] Rose, A, Casler, S Input–Output Structural Decomposition Analysis: A Critical Appraisal[J] Economic Systems Research, 1996,8(1):33-62
[6] Miller, R E, Blair, P D Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions[M] New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009243-257endprint
[7] Ciaschini, M, Socci, C Final Demand Impact On Output: A Macro Multiplier Approach[J] Journal of Policy Modeling, 2007,29(1):115-132
[8] Miyazawa, K Input-Output Analysis and the Structure of Income Distribution[M] New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 19761-129
[9] Pyatt, G Some Early Multiplier Models of the Relationship between Income Distribution and Production Structure[J] Economic Systems Research, 2001,13(2):139-163
[10] Oosterhaven, J, Polenske, K R 21 Modern Regional Input–Output and Impact Analyses[D] Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, 2009423-439
[11] Golub, G H, Reinsch, C Singular Value Decomposition and Least Squares Solutions[J] Numerische Mathematik, 1970,14(5):403-420
The Macro Multiplier Effects of Final Demand to Total Output:
Based on Social Accounting Matrix Perspective
CAO Jian-hai1,WEN Zheng-shi2
(1Institute of Industrial Economics of CASS,Beijing 100836,China;
2Graduate School of CASS, Beijing 102488,China)
Abstract: Following Leontief Input-Output model and based on Social Accounting Matrix, we illustrate the interrelationships among industrial value added, income distribution and final demand by an extended income-output cycle system Then, the spectral decomposition techniques of physic was applied to Chinas economic data analysis, which indicates the interactions in the economy create sets of clusters of industries that follow the same path and can be identified and quantified through macro multipliers Macro multiplier decomposition has important practical significance, since the method explores the possibility of formulating economic policies as well as evaluating the policy objectives
Key words: final demand;macro multiplier;social accounting matrix;policy control
(責(zé)任編輯:劉 艷)endprint
[7] Ciaschini, M, Socci, C Final Demand Impact On Output: A Macro Multiplier Approach[J] Journal of Policy Modeling, 2007,29(1):115-132
[8] Miyazawa, K Input-Output Analysis and the Structure of Income Distribution[M] New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 19761-129
[9] Pyatt, G Some Early Multiplier Models of the Relationship between Income Distribution and Production Structure[J] Economic Systems Research, 2001,13(2):139-163
[10] Oosterhaven, J, Polenske, K R 21 Modern Regional Input–Output and Impact Analyses[D] Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, 2009423-439
[11] Golub, G H, Reinsch, C Singular Value Decomposition and Least Squares Solutions[J] Numerische Mathematik, 1970,14(5):403-420
The Macro Multiplier Effects of Final Demand to Total Output:
Based on Social Accounting Matrix Perspective
CAO Jian-hai1,WEN Zheng-shi2
(1Institute of Industrial Economics of CASS,Beijing 100836,China;
2Graduate School of CASS, Beijing 102488,China)
Abstract: Following Leontief Input-Output model and based on Social Accounting Matrix, we illustrate the interrelationships among industrial value added, income distribution and final demand by an extended income-output cycle system Then, the spectral decomposition techniques of physic was applied to Chinas economic data analysis, which indicates the interactions in the economy create sets of clusters of industries that follow the same path and can be identified and quantified through macro multipliers Macro multiplier decomposition has important practical significance, since the method explores the possibility of formulating economic policies as well as evaluating the policy objectives
Key words: final demand;macro multiplier;social accounting matrix;policy control
(責(zé)任編輯:劉 艷)endprint
[7] Ciaschini, M, Socci, C Final Demand Impact On Output: A Macro Multiplier Approach[J] Journal of Policy Modeling, 2007,29(1):115-132
[8] Miyazawa, K Input-Output Analysis and the Structure of Income Distribution[M] New York: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 19761-129
[9] Pyatt, G Some Early Multiplier Models of the Relationship between Income Distribution and Production Structure[J] Economic Systems Research, 2001,13(2):139-163
[10] Oosterhaven, J, Polenske, K R 21 Modern Regional Input–Output and Impact Analyses[D] Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, 2009423-439
[11] Golub, G H, Reinsch, C Singular Value Decomposition and Least Squares Solutions[J] Numerische Mathematik, 1970,14(5):403-420
The Macro Multiplier Effects of Final Demand to Total Output:
Based on Social Accounting Matrix Perspective
CAO Jian-hai1,WEN Zheng-shi2
(1Institute of Industrial Economics of CASS,Beijing 100836,China;
2Graduate School of CASS, Beijing 102488,China)
Abstract: Following Leontief Input-Output model and based on Social Accounting Matrix, we illustrate the interrelationships among industrial value added, income distribution and final demand by an extended income-output cycle system Then, the spectral decomposition techniques of physic was applied to Chinas economic data analysis, which indicates the interactions in the economy create sets of clusters of industries that follow the same path and can be identified and quantified through macro multipliers Macro multiplier decomposition has important practical significance, since the method explores the possibility of formulating economic policies as well as evaluating the policy objectives
Key words: final demand;macro multiplier;social accounting matrix;policy control
(責(zé)任編輯:劉 艷)endprint