葛連干

近年來(lái)，筆者一直參加中考閱卷工作，有機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)考生在各種題型上的得失情況有充分的了解。現(xiàn)結(jié)合典型試題就中考常見(jiàn)客觀(guān)題的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分類(lèi)例析，以期幫助同學(xué)們?cè)诮衲甑闹锌贾斜荛_(kāi)這些“雷區(qū)”，進(jìn)而取得理想的成績(jī)。

一、聽(tīng)力題

在不少地區(qū)，聽(tīng)力試題仍然位于中考試卷的第一部分，所以聽(tīng)力解題的順利與否將直接影響考生的解題情緒。同學(xué)們要注意避免出現(xiàn)以下錯(cuò)誤：

1.因準(zhǔn)備不充分而導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)。

眾所周知，中考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試是中考所考科目中最需要良好心理素質(zhì)的考查項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)榫哂屑磿r(shí)性和不可重復(fù)性，錄音播放結(jié)束后無(wú)法再現(xiàn)答題所需信息，考生往往產(chǎn)生焦慮、畏懼心理，以至聽(tīng)力考試時(shí)尤其是起始階段心情難以平靜，注意力也難以集中，導(dǎo)致聽(tīng)錄音材料時(shí)，特別是聽(tīng)第一題或略有難度的題時(shí)大腦一片空白，什么內(nèi)容也聽(tīng)不進(jìn)去，或只聽(tīng)到只言片語(yǔ)造成答題出錯(cuò)。也有少部分考生缺乏答題常識(shí)，以為聽(tīng)力測(cè)試不需要做多少準(zhǔn)備，正式開(kāi)考時(shí)來(lái)得及讀題、聽(tīng)題和答題，于是試卷發(fā)下后，只顧游覽全卷甚至搶時(shí)間進(jìn)行其他內(nèi)容的讀題、答題工作，待聽(tīng)力考試開(kāi)始時(shí)才倉(cāng)促讀題，因準(zhǔn)備不充分導(dǎo)致答題出錯(cuò)。

【典型題例】Who is Simon Smith?

A. A computer engineer.

B. A bookseller.

C. A writer.

【聽(tīng)力錄音】W：I like to read Simon Smith.

M: So do I.I hear he writes on his computer. And his new book will come out next week.

W: Great!Ive got to get one as soon as its out.

【簡(jiǎn)析】無(wú)論是因?yàn)樾那檫^(guò)于緊張難以集中精神，還是因?yàn)閾寱r(shí)間答題未以期待性心理迎接聽(tīng)力考試，都有可能造成聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)大腦一片空白，或只聽(tīng)到computer, book等只言片語(yǔ)，導(dǎo)致誤選A或B。其實(shí)只要聽(tīng)到he writes on…或his new book…等簡(jiǎn)短句式，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案應(yīng)為C。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】參加聽(tīng)力考試前，考生應(yīng)調(diào)整好心態(tài)，自信而放松，使自己全身心進(jìn)入角色。同時(shí)，利用聽(tīng)力試音時(shí)間認(rèn)真讀題并適應(yīng)語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)調(diào)是做好聽(tīng)力題，尤其是第一題的關(guān)鍵。第一題順利答題的愉快心理有助于整個(gè)聽(tīng)力考試答題，而第一題答題不順利的沮喪心情很可能會(huì)對(duì)下面的試題有所影響。要注意的是：適度的緊張對(duì)應(yīng)試是有益的，千萬(wàn)不能因?yàn)榫o張而變得更緊張；萬(wàn)一有題目沒(méi)有把握好或聽(tīng)不懂，要及時(shí)調(diào)整好心態(tài)，可以來(lái)點(diǎn)“阿Q”精神，迅速放過(guò)該題，努力把后面的試題做好。

2.因先入為主而導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)。

聽(tīng)力試題一般依據(jù)所聽(tīng)信息在聽(tīng)力材料中出現(xiàn)的先后設(shè)項(xiàng)，不少考生了解這一命題原則，因此，當(dāng)先聽(tīng)到的信息在試題選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，不少考生立即下結(jié)論加以選擇，從而造成答題錯(cuò)誤。其實(shí)，如果耐心傾聽(tīng)，下文提供的信息很可能會(huì)推翻你的結(jié)論。

【典型題例】Whats the man doing?

A. Watching TV.

B. Turning down the TV.

C. Answering the phone.

【聽(tīng)力錄音】M: Would you mind turning down the TV a bit? Im answering the phone.

W: Not at all.

【簡(jiǎn)析】解答該題時(shí)，部分考生可能會(huì)直接選B，而沒(méi)有再去認(rèn)真聽(tīng)后面的內(nèi)容，其實(shí)如果聽(tīng)懂后面的“Im answering the phone”，就能正確做答，選擇C項(xiàng)了。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】一般聽(tīng)力材料都會(huì)聽(tīng)兩到三遍，一般第一遍先聽(tīng)完整段內(nèi)容，初步做答；第二遍時(shí)，再細(xì)聽(tīng)關(guān)鍵信息，在綜合考慮的基礎(chǔ)上確定答案并做驗(yàn)證。

3.因冗余信息誤導(dǎo)而出錯(cuò)。

由于命題的限制，中考聽(tīng)力測(cè)試中總有一些試題的干擾選項(xiàng)和正確選項(xiàng)很相似。而這些干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容往往在聽(tīng)力材料中又有所體現(xiàn)，許多考生往往被這些冗余信息所誤導(dǎo)而痛失寶貴的分?jǐn)?shù)。

【典型題例】What colour are Mimis eyes?

A. Grey.B. White.

C. Green.

【聽(tīng)力錄音】I have a cat. Its name is Mimi and it is three years old. It has short, grey fur and white paws. Its eyes are green. It weighs about two kilograms.

Usually, it eats cat food from a tin, but her favourite food is fish. It also likes milk if it is not too cold. It likes sleeping in a basket. When it is not sleeping, it often plays with balls and pieces of string.

I feed Mimi every day and give it clean water. Sometimes, I brush its fur and it enjoys it very much. It never worries because we take good care of it. Mimi is my good friend. I like it very much.

【簡(jiǎn)析】此題不少考生可能會(huì)誤選A項(xiàng)或B項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)菀资堋癐t has short, grey fur and white paws.”這個(gè)冗余信息的影響。其實(shí)上述信息屬起誤導(dǎo)作用的無(wú)用信息，聽(tīng)力錄音中的關(guān)鍵句“Its eyes are green.”表明本題答案應(yīng)為C。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】聽(tīng)力命題中的干擾項(xiàng)往往會(huì)選聽(tīng)力材料中出現(xiàn)過(guò)的類(lèi)似信息，考生要熟悉這一方法。遇到此類(lèi)試題時(shí)，要特別留心，要學(xué)會(huì)抓住有助于我們正確解答的關(guān)鍵詞句。中考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力測(cè)試約有一半試題可通過(guò)抓關(guān)鍵詞句而加以解答。聽(tīng)聽(tīng)力原文時(shí)，考生應(yīng)有強(qiáng)烈的利用關(guān)鍵詞句解題的意識(shí)，學(xué)會(huì)從眾多信息中挑選答題所需的有用信息。

4.因欠邏輯推理而導(dǎo)致出錯(cuò)。

中考英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力題中大多數(shù)試題都可以直接從聽(tīng)力材料中獲取信息作為答案，但也有少量試題需對(duì)聽(tīng)到的信息進(jìn)行合理的邏輯推理，從而準(zhǔn)確作答。部分考生對(duì)這一點(diǎn)缺乏必要的理解，只關(guān)注了聽(tīng)力材料中片斷信息的字面含義，而沒(méi)能對(duì)語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行邏輯推理，造成理解上的偏差。

【典型題例】What time did the woman get to the airport to meet her father?

A. 1:00B. 12:00C. 2:20

【聽(tīng)力錄音】W: Excuse me, sir.

M: Yes. What can I do for you, madam?

W: Its l oclock. I have been here for an hour to meet my father. But I saw all the passengers come out except him.

M: Are you sure of the time his flight

arrives?

W: Yes, I think so. He told me he would reach the airport at about 1:00 this afternoon.

M: Thats true. Flight BA506 has just

arrived.

W: What? BA506? Well, I dont think its his flight number.

M: Do you know his flight number?

W: Its VA407, I think… Oh, a moment, please. Here, I wrote it on my note book. Sorry, its VA408.

M: VA408? I see, Madam, the flight was supposed to arrive at 1:00, but it will be two hours and twenty minutes late because of the bad weather in New York.

W: OK. Then I will have to wait longer. Thank you very much, sir.

M: Good luck! Madam.

【簡(jiǎn)析】此題考生很可能不假思索地選A，因?yàn)樗麄兟?tīng)到了“Its l oclock.”其實(shí)這只是片斷信息的字面意思，結(jié)合下文“I have been here for an hour to meet my father.”可以作如下推斷：此刻是一點(diǎn)鐘，而“她”已經(jīng)在機(jī)場(chǎng)等候一個(gè)小時(shí)了。由此，“她”到機(jī)場(chǎng)的時(shí)間應(yīng)該是十二點(diǎn)，故B項(xiàng)正確。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】有些聽(tīng)力試題，如時(shí)間類(lèi)、故事結(jié)局、文章大意、文章標(biāo)題、作者的態(tài)度等，解答此類(lèi)試題時(shí)，不能只注重聽(tīng)力材料信息的字面含義，往往需要對(duì)所聽(tīng)到的信息進(jìn)行加工、整理或推斷才能得出答案。

二、單項(xiàng)選擇題

單項(xiàng)選擇題是各地中考的必考題型之一，主要考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法、詞匯、詞義辨析、習(xí)慣用法等在具體語(yǔ)境當(dāng)中運(yùn)用時(shí)的掌握情況。在中考中考生往往容易犯以下類(lèi)型的錯(cuò)誤：

1. 思維定式，犯經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義錯(cuò)誤。

英語(yǔ)中某些詞組的固定搭配或習(xí)慣表達(dá)考生往往記得比較牢固。受思維定式的影響，很多考生在解題時(shí)難免會(huì)“觸景生情”，從而忽略了其真正意義的表達(dá)而掉入“陷阱”。

【典型題例】China is bigger thancountry in Africa.

A. anyB. any other

C. otherD. others

【簡(jiǎn)析】許多考生一見(jiàn)此題，腦海中便浮現(xiàn)出“比較級(jí)+than+ any other+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”這一句型，于是直接選B項(xiàng)。其實(shí)不然，若在同一范圍內(nèi)比較時(shí)用上述句型，但該題中的China根本不在A(yíng)frica的范圍之內(nèi)，所以就不用other，選項(xiàng)A正確。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】平時(shí)在做題時(shí)，要注意養(yǎng)成分析、研究的好習(xí)慣，切忌死記硬背，更不要望文生義，做題時(shí)更要耐心細(xì)致，把題干和選項(xiàng)的全部信息盡收腦中，然后正確分析、對(duì)比，確定出題者意圖，進(jìn)而確定答案。

2.審題不清，誤入命題者的“陷阱”。

有一些試題具有很強(qiáng)的隱蔽性或迷惑性，命題者故意把一些條件隱藏在其中，來(lái)考查考生的理解能力、觀(guān)察能力和分析問(wèn)題的能力。

【典型題例】—What did you see, Mary?

—I saw a lot of tall trees onof the lake.

A. either sideB. all sides

C. both sidesD. other side

【簡(jiǎn)析】不少考生會(huì)誤選C項(xiàng)。解此題的關(guān)鍵是lake一詞，lake 無(wú)兩邊之說(shuō)，只能是“在周?chē)?，所以正確答案為B項(xiàng)。如果把lake改為street或river,則答案A項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)都正確。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】要根據(jù)上下文提供的信息來(lái)仔細(xì)分析句子的主干，盡量從語(yǔ)境中挖掘出有效信息來(lái)解題。運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法規(guī)則時(shí)，既要注意普遍性，也勿忽視其特殊性，對(duì)具體問(wèn)題要進(jìn)行具體分析。

3.考慮欠周，犯“管中窺豹”類(lèi)的錯(cuò)誤。

部分試題，特別是涉及時(shí)態(tài)的一致、語(yǔ)態(tài)的前后呼應(yīng)時(shí)，考生在解題時(shí)往往“毛手毛腳”、“顧頭不顧尾”，以致出現(xiàn)管中窺豹類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤。

【典型題例】Look! Someonethe floor. How clean it is!

A. has sweptB. is sweeping

C. are sweepingD. have swept

【簡(jiǎn)析】有些考生一看到句首的look一詞，就立即想到用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)而誤選B項(xiàng)。其實(shí)對(duì)試題進(jìn)行通盤(pán)的考慮后，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)后一句的How clean it is!說(shuō)明地已經(jīng)打掃好，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是A項(xiàng)。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】解答該類(lèi)試題時(shí)，要先揣摩命題者的意圖，再仔細(xì)讀題，分析試題所創(chuàng)設(shè)的語(yǔ)境，平時(shí)也要積累一些此類(lèi)素材，方可避免犯這類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤。

4.受母語(yǔ)影響，犯漢語(yǔ)式英語(yǔ)類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤。

初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的考生常常會(huì)受漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的影響，所以在解題時(shí)，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)“漢語(yǔ)式英語(yǔ)”類(lèi)的錯(cuò)誤。

【典型題例】As we all know China has apopulation and a long history.

A. manyB. large

C. muchD. high

【簡(jiǎn)析】部分考生會(huì)誤選A項(xiàng)，其實(shí)正確答案是B項(xiàng)。因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z(yǔ)中表示人口多時(shí)要用big或large（表示眾多）修飾population；表示人口少時(shí)要用small。進(jìn)行人口數(shù)量對(duì)比時(shí)，只能用large/ big或small的比較級(jí)，這與漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)大不相同。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中要注意對(duì)文化背景的了解和英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ)的積累，要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和英語(yǔ)思維來(lái)解題。

三、完形填空題

完形填空題是考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和各種解題能力的題型，其選材難度適中、知識(shí)覆蓋面廣、能力要求高、試題難度大。因此，它往往是同學(xué)們最為頭痛的一類(lèi)題型?？忌追傅腻e(cuò)誤常體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：

1. 因忽視首尾句信息，抓不住全文主旨而失分。

完形填空的選材通常用記敘文類(lèi)或夾敘夾議類(lèi)文體。首句通常不設(shè)空，目的是讓考生迅速進(jìn)入主題，幫助考生建立正確的思維導(dǎo)向。部分考生往往忽視這一點(diǎn)。

【典型題例】When I was nine years old, I used to go to the post office with my mother, sending greeting cards to my aunt in Singapore. To me, these trips were really 1 memories. And receiving mail through a mailbox outside our gate was just as exciting. My small hands could 2 get the mail without using a key! I always couldnt wait to see how much I was 3. Oh, a letter! From Singapore! I would run back home and show it to my 4. When there was a letter for me, I wouldnt run—I would open it right there…

That birthday postcard attracted me again to the post office and all its delights. I had 5 the post office all these years. Today I 6 send postcards to friends. And every time I am at the post office buying stamps, I cannot help but smile—how one postcard will make its way across the world and brighten up someones day.

6. A. justB. seldom

C. stillD. never

【簡(jiǎn)析】解答該題時(shí)，如果抓住文章的首尾句，可以快速得到試題的答案是C項(xiàng)。但是有些考生不能抓住關(guān)鍵信息句，而想當(dāng)然的錯(cuò)選B項(xiàng)或D項(xiàng)。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】根據(jù)命題原則，完形填空的首句和末句通常都不設(shè)空。因此，答題時(shí)要認(rèn)真研讀文章的第一句和最后一句以及每一段的第一句和最后一句，這些一般是完形填空的題眼所在。只有抓住了文章的中心思想，才能更好地理解上下文，從而就文章行文進(jìn)行判斷、分析、歸納和推理，使解題達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

2.因忽視核心詞匯的重復(fù)暗示而失分。

每一篇文章都有其主旨，而主旨往往通過(guò)一些核心詞匯來(lái)體現(xiàn)，所以在一篇文章中，有些核心詞匯會(huì)不斷地重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，命題者一般喜歡考查這些具有上下文線(xiàn)索的核心詞匯。部分考生不了解這點(diǎn)，當(dāng)根據(jù)上文無(wú)法確定答案時(shí)，不懂得去下文尋找線(xiàn)索。

【典型題例】… Everybody moved quickly in order tothe seats they wanted. I was unable to get a seat near the tail…

A. fetchB. hold

C. keepD. get

【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)下文已有的暗示to get a seat near the tail可以知道空格處正確答案應(yīng)該是get。如果考生不能根據(jù)后置信息來(lái)做正確的選擇可能會(huì)誤選其他選項(xiàng)。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】完形填空的設(shè)題有點(diǎn)、線(xiàn)、面三個(gè)層面，“點(diǎn)”即通過(guò)句意層面設(shè)題，“線(xiàn)”是通過(guò)段落層面設(shè)題，“面”往往是對(duì)于語(yǔ)篇主旨的考查。解答“線(xiàn)、面”類(lèi)試題時(shí)，考生要緊抓文章主線(xiàn)，站在語(yǔ)篇的高度綜合處理各選項(xiàng)的取舍。通過(guò)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)選擇最佳答案是解決這類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。

3.因忽視詞匯搭配和語(yǔ)義辨析而失分。

完形填空題的考查雖然越來(lái)越淡化語(yǔ)法，但對(duì)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的考查依然存在，主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯搭配和語(yǔ)義辨析兩個(gè)方面。部分考生由于對(duì)詞匯搭配和語(yǔ)言意義不清楚而失分。

【典型題例】… My mother helped me to understand how much she had given me. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us, he wasme and would always take pride in everything good I do. Thats when I decided to change …

A. seeingB. noticing

C. helpingD. watching

【簡(jiǎn)析】根據(jù)上下文可以知道作者的父親雖然不與他們（作者和他的母親）在一起了，但他還在關(guān)注著作者，并為他做的每一件好事而自豪。watch意為“觀(guān)察、關(guān)注”，see表示“看見(jiàn)”，notice的含義是“注意到”，help表示“幫助”。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和這四個(gè)詞的辨析可以知道D項(xiàng)最佳。有些考生因?yàn)椴荒軠?zhǔn)確地辨析see, notice和watch這三個(gè)意思比較相近的詞而失分。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】新課標(biāo)明確要求加強(qiáng)對(duì)考生應(yīng)用能力的考查，在應(yīng)用中測(cè)試考生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的能力，這一點(diǎn)在近幾年中考完形填空中得到了淋漓盡致的體現(xiàn)。具體體現(xiàn)在文章在題目設(shè)置上相似項(xiàng)增多，迷惑性增強(qiáng)，考生必須通過(guò)尋找上下文隱含信息，感受語(yǔ)境，采用直接法和排除法等技巧才能找出符合題意的最佳選項(xiàng)。完形填空中對(duì)詞匯知識(shí)的考查，主要體現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣用法和同義詞、近義詞的辨析兩個(gè)方面。習(xí)慣用法是英語(yǔ)中一些固定的結(jié)構(gòu)，在考查習(xí)慣用法時(shí)，動(dòng)詞占主要地位，其次是副詞。近年來(lái)詞義辨析題的比重有加大的趨勢(shì)。要做好這種題目，必須盡量將詞語(yǔ)辨析與情節(jié)推理和邏輯推理結(jié)合起來(lái)，從詞匯意義入手，抓住情節(jié)線(xiàn)索解決問(wèn)題。

4.因忽視邏輯關(guān)系，錯(cuò)用連詞而失分。

文章中如果沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬤B詞就會(huì)語(yǔ)義不清，無(wú)法構(gòu)成篇章。完形填空中空格所在的句子，與上下文構(gòu)成指代、列舉、因果、比較、對(duì)比、讓步和遞進(jìn)等邏輯關(guān)系。上下文邏輯關(guān)系的考查，是完形填空區(qū)別于單純的句子結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試中很重要的一點(diǎn)，考生往往容易忽視而導(dǎo)致失分。

【典型題例】… I still remember the beautiful afternoon I shared with Rose.we had a meal together only once, it was paid by Roses work…

A. SoB. But

C. ThoughD. Because

【簡(jiǎn)析】從選項(xiàng)可以很明顯地看出該題考查考生對(duì)邏輯關(guān)系的正確判斷。通過(guò)對(duì)空格前一句話(huà)及空格所在句意的分析，可以知道空格處應(yīng)該填Through來(lái)表示“讓步”。而有些考生由于不能真正讀懂這兩句話(huà)而誤選B項(xiàng)。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】完形填空中的邏輯連詞是由文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系決定的，只有正確理解文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，才能判斷出正確的邏輯連詞。平時(shí)閱讀文章時(shí)，要多梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)，關(guān)注邏輯連詞在文章中的作用。

四、閱讀理解題

閱讀理解題是各地中考必考題型之一，也是試卷中卷面分值最高的部分。它主要考查考生通過(guò)閱讀獲取信息、分析信息和處理信息的能力。可以說(shuō)，擁有足夠的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和一定的閱讀技巧是做好閱讀理解題的關(guān)鍵，也是考生在中考中取得好成績(jī)的關(guān)鍵所在。

1.因選項(xiàng)的形似或神似而失分。

由于閱讀理解題目中的某兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)從形式或意思看起來(lái)很相似，考生難以正確把握和辨別。考生不能從深層次上理解文章，而是僅憑文中的部分細(xì)節(jié)或憑選項(xiàng)與原文有著某些形似或神似來(lái)選擇，造成誤選答案。

【典型題例】

The Beijing Undergrounds Line Ten will soon have 40 “reverse vending machines（有償自動(dòng)回收機(jī)）”, which will pay people for their empty plastic bottles.

“We have placed two such machines at Beijing Capital International Airport and four at the citys underground stations. They will have been received so far.” Said Feng Juan, an engineer from the company which makes the machines. “ People are encouraged and paid for turning waste into treasure. More than 30,000 empty bottles have been collected since December,” she said.

If something else, such as waste paper, is thrown into the machine, the machine will spit （吐）it out.

“Supported by the government, the reverse vending machines will be introduced to colleges and universities soon,” Feng said.

The company is also considering covering more recycling materials, including used books and teaching materials.

“Longterm plans call for about 2,000 reverse vending machines to be placed throughout the city in the next few years, including 80 at colleges and universities, shopping malls, communities and office buildings,” Feng said.

Chang Tao, director of the company, said that if the new project works well in the city, the company will consider offering the wastetotreasure service to other developed cities in the eastern part of China.

Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?

A. Machines help turn waste into treasure

B. A new machine has become popular

C. A creative project works well in China

D. People are encouraged to collect bottles

【簡(jiǎn)析】該題的A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)都有machine這一關(guān)鍵詞，而且本題又是一道主旨題，所以難度較大，考生只有在通讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，才能得到正確答案A項(xiàng)。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】做這類(lèi)題時(shí)要特別注意題干中一些表示事物特征的詞，要通過(guò)分析確定哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中表示特征的詞最能夠表達(dá)段落主題或文章主題，從而選出正確答案。

2.因忽略選項(xiàng)信息與原文的差異而失分。

通常情況下，細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答案與原文掛鉤，在文中可直接找到答案，但出題者很多時(shí)候會(huì)在選項(xiàng)上對(duì)原文的表達(dá)做巧妙改動(dòng)，或截取原文詞語(yǔ)或原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)，如果考生不注意其細(xì)微變化，便會(huì)誤入陷阱，誤把錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)視為正確答案。

【典型題例】

Arthur sat at the desk in his room, pencil in hand. He had to write a story for his English class by Friday.“I dont know what to write about,” he complained to his dog Toby, who was asleep at his feet. Arthur was talkative when speaking to his friends, yet he had trouble finding words when he had to write.

By bedtime Arthur had drawn a picture of Toby smiling. He had drawn a tree with its branches blowing in a strong wind. He had also written a note asking his friend Lee to go to the movies on Saturday. But he had not written a single word of his story.

On Wednesday Mrs. Solomon, Arthurs English teacher asked the class to turn in the first draft of their stories. His heart sinking, Arthur turned in the only work he had—the page with his name, the drawings and the note…

Why did Arthur turn in the page with only his name, the drawings and the note at first?

A. Because he had no time to fit them together.

B. Because he had difficulty in writing a story.

C. Because he wasnt willing to do his

homework.

D. Because he wanted to show his talent for drawing.

【簡(jiǎn)析】解該題時(shí)，很多考生因?yàn)槭蹷y bedtime Arthur had drawn a picture of Toby smiling. He had drawn a tree with its branches blowing in a strong wind. He had also written a note asking his friend Lee to go to the movies on Saturday.這兩句話(huà)的干擾而誤選D項(xiàng)。其實(shí)通讀全文后可以知道Arthur之所以交這樣的作業(yè)是因?yàn)樗麩o(wú)話(huà)可寫(xiě)，也就是寫(xiě)作有困難，故B項(xiàng)正確。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】在做這類(lèi)細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)，一定要堅(jiān)持一個(gè)原則：原文對(duì)等，一定要回歸原文，切忌靠自己的感覺(jué)或自我的觀(guān)點(diǎn)而盲目選擇答案。

3.因常識(shí)誤用而失分。

有時(shí)候，出題者會(huì)利用生活常識(shí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)迷惑考生，有些選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容符合常識(shí)，但卻不是題目要求的內(nèi)容，并非正確答案，部分考生誤選失分，十分可惜。

【典型題例】

You have waited 45 minutes for the valuable 10 minutes break. But when the bell for the next class rings, you cant believe how quickly time has passed. If you have this experience, youll know how time flies when you are having fun and drags when you are bored. Now scientists have come up with a reason why this happens.

They have found that the brain changes its way to work according to how we direct our attention to a task. When we are bored, we pay more attention to how time is passing. And this makes our brains think the clock is ticking more slowly.

Recently some researchers who want to understand the conditions carried out an experiment. In the experiment, twelve volunteers watched a picture while researcher monitored（關(guān)注）their brain activity.

The volunteers were told to first notice how long a picture appeared, then the color of the picture, and thirdly, study the both. The results showed that the brain was more active when the volunteers paid attention to more subjects.

It is thought that if the brain is busy noticing many aspects（方面）of a task, it has to spread its resources, and pays less attention to the clock. Therefore, time seems to go quickly. If the brain is not so active, it spends its full energy on the passing of time. As a result, time seems to move slowly.

Next time you feel bored in class, perhaps

you should concentrate on what the teacher is

saying.

Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. We will be full of energy if were busy.

B. Concentrating on things is a way to make people less bored.

C. Time goes slowly when the brain is noticing many things at the same time.

【簡(jiǎn)析】解答該題時(shí)，如果僅僅看各選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)A、B、C三項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該都有符合常識(shí)的地方。但是結(jié)合文本來(lái)看，只有B項(xiàng)和文本項(xiàng)吻合，故B項(xiàng)才是正確答案。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】通常情況下，借助常識(shí)可以幫助我們提高解題的速度，有時(shí)甚至能直接得到正確答案。但是在中考中，為確保萬(wàn)無(wú)一失，考生答題時(shí)還是要忠于文本。

綜上所述，考生在中考中之所以在某些客觀(guān)題上失分，除了心理因素外，最主要的還是沒(méi)有夯實(shí)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)或者沒(méi)有形成科學(xué)的解題策略。在中考復(fù)習(xí)期間，考生要在構(gòu)建完整的知識(shí)體系的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)中考常見(jiàn)的客觀(guān)題進(jìn)行專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練，形成適合自己的解題思路和解題方法，這樣才能在考試時(shí)減少失誤。