吳小玲

近年來中考英語閱讀理解試題非常注重對(duì)考生詞義推斷能力的考查，出現(xiàn)了代詞指代判斷題、熟詞新義判斷題和生詞詞義判斷題，其解題方法如下：

一、分析人稱演變過程，推斷代詞正確指代

代詞指代判斷題要求考生借助語境邏輯推斷人稱代詞和指示代詞的正確指代。人稱代詞指代判斷題主要要求考生判斷it（指代動(dòng)物、無生命事物、特定事件和人），they（指復(fù)數(shù)的人、動(dòng)物、物品和事件，屬主格），them（指復(fù)數(shù)的人、動(dòng)物、物品和事件，屬賓格），he，she等代詞的指代對(duì)象。指示代詞指代判斷題主要要求考生對(duì)this, these, that, those等代詞指代對(duì)象進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確判斷，以考查考生對(duì)特定的人、物和事件的再認(rèn)能力。歷年中考實(shí)踐表明代詞指代判斷題多出現(xiàn)在人稱轉(zhuǎn)換多、動(dòng)作變換頻的語境中。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀特定代詞所在句和前后鄰近句的內(nèi)容，弄清人稱轉(zhuǎn)換和動(dòng)作變換的詳細(xì)過程，把握其來龍去脈和前因后果，只有這樣才能準(zhǔn)確推斷其所指代的對(duì)象。

例1：（2013年南京卷）

原文：There are three parts to the Global Positioning System. The first part is the receiver. You can hold it in your hand, or have it fixed into your car, plane, etc. The second part is a group of satellites orbiting the Earth. The receiver contacts at least four of the satellites and calculates （計(jì)算） its position. The third part of the system is a network of ground stations. They are all over the world. They control the satellites and make sure they are working well.

試題：43. The underlined word “They” in paragraph 3 means “”.

A. ReceiversB. GPS devices

C. SatellitesD. Ground stations

解析：D。認(rèn)真閱讀分析畫線詞所在句及前兩句可知，前兩句為畫線詞所在句背景信息，因此畫線詞They就指前一句中的They，也指再前一句中的ground stations。

例2：（2013年南昌卷）

原文：Nathans work has appeared in museums around the world. Children love his art because it is made out of the same toys that they play with at home and adults love his work because it is fascinating. Since it began in 2007, Nathans exhibition “The Art of the Brick” has been very popular with museum visitors everywhere.

試題：84. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to?

A. Nathans work.

B. Nathans exhibition.

C. Nathans art.

D. Nathans selfportrait.

解析：B。認(rèn)真閱讀分析原文可知，it應(yīng)指代Nathans exhibition。

例3：（2013年揚(yáng)州卷）

原文：Bill Krejci, a web designer, felt that he needed to do something more for this amazingly honest man. So on February 18th, he set up a special page to raise money for him. In just four days, Billy received over $85,000 and there seems to be no end yet.

That is not enough. Billy is living with a person who is generous instead of living in the streets. And thats not all—Thanks to the news report, he got together again with his older brother, Edwin Harris who he had been unable to find for 27 years.

試題：40. The underlined word “That” in Paragraph 4 refers to（指代）“”.

A. returning the ring

B. setting up a page

C. living in the streets

D. receiving money

解析：D。由于原文第三節(jié)和第四節(jié)信息是連貫的，因此That應(yīng)指代第三節(jié)最后一句內(nèi)容即receiving money。

二、分析原始含義和所在句語境，推斷熟詞新義

眾所周知，英語單詞的詞義非常豐富，搭配能力很強(qiáng)，這樣一些熟詞隨語境不同就會(huì)產(chǎn)生新含義，這種新含義來自原含義又體現(xiàn)新特點(diǎn)。解題時(shí)同學(xué)們應(yīng)將原含義與新語境有機(jī)結(jié)合起來，綜合考慮，整體思維，從而準(zhǔn)確判斷熟詞在特定語境中的新含義。

例1：（2013年天津卷）

原文：The city is still an amazing mix（混合體）of people from different countries. The people from 150 countries live and work in Dubai, and foreigners now outnumber Dubai natives（本地人）by eight to one!

試題：63. What does the underlined word “outnumber” mean?

A. To be smaller in size than another group.

B. To be more in number than another group.

C. To be bigger in area than another group.

D. To be smaller in area than another group.

解析：B。by eight to one為outnumber所示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，結(jié)合其表面意義可知其意為“在數(shù)目上超過”。

例2：（2013年山西卷）

原文：You have waited 45 minutes for the valuable 10 minutes break. But when the bell for the next class rings, you cant believe how quickly time has passed. If you have this experience, youll know how time flies when you are having fun and drags when you are bored. Now scientists have come up with a reason why this happens.

試題：56. What does the underlined word “drags” probably mean?

A. passes slowlyB. runs quickly

C. moves actively

解析：A。原文第一節(jié)前兩句表明快樂會(huì)使人覺得時(shí)間過得快，而厭煩會(huì)使人覺得時(shí)間過得慢，可見drags應(yīng)為how time flies的反面意義，結(jié)合drag的本義“拖、拉”可知drags應(yīng)指時(shí)間過得慢。

三、分析語境邏輯，推斷生詞含義

分析近年中考英語閱讀理解題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，生詞詞義判斷題是中考英語閱讀理解詞義判斷題中考查最多的試題，因推斷力度大、分析要求高、解題難度較大。解題時(shí)考生必須借助上下文語境邏輯，利用轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)、條件、因果、讓步、并列、對(duì)比或定義解釋等語境邏輯仔細(xì)分析已知信息和生詞之間的關(guān)系，從而準(zhǔn)確推斷其正確含義。

例1：（2013年無錫卷）

原文：“Well, no. Does a boy get the opportunity to paint a fence every day? Youve never painted a fence, have you? Auntie says I have to do it with great care!”

試題：31. Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word “opportunity” in the passage?

A. Reward.B. Interest.

C. Ability.D. Chance.

解析：D。原文第六節(jié)中的Youve never painted a fence, have you?表明粉刷籬笆的機(jī)會(huì)不多，由此可以推出畫線詞與Chance意義最接近。

例2：（2013年南通卷）

原文：Using rainwater is another simple way to save clean water. You can use rainwater to wash your hands after gardening, flush the toilet, and wash your car, your pet, your driveway when they are dirty.

試題：36. The underlined word “flush” in Paragraph 4 means “”.

A. clean something with water

B. pour water over something

C. make something wet with water

D. get water out of something

解析：A。認(rèn)真閱讀分析畫線詞所在句可知，wash your hands after gardening, flush the toilet, and wash your car, your pet, your driveway when they are dirty都是用雨水可以做的事情，結(jié)合the toilet可知flush意為“用水沖洗”。

例3：（2013年武漢卷）

原文：Martin Lynch, an American businessman, had been going on vacation to a small Mexican fishing village for a number of years. One morning while going for a walk along the beach, he saw his friend Pablo Perez, a local fisherman. Martin watched Pablo unload his boat and pack the fish in a box.

試題：69. The underlined word “unload” in the passage means .

A. put… intoB. take… away from

C. break downD. set off

解析：B。認(rèn)真閱讀分析畫線詞所在句可知，pack the fish in a box為unload his boat后的結(jié)果，由此可見unload意為“卸貨”，即take… away from。