王媛媛+曹建+鄧?yán)?陳勤+歐陽先國
[摘要] 目的 研究依達(dá)拉奉聯(lián)合烏司他丁對大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。 方法 將50只實驗動物隨機分為假手術(shù)組、缺血/再灌注組、缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組、缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組,采用墊扎球囊法結(jié)扎冠狀動脈制作大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型。測定心肌組織谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,采用TUNEL法進(jìn)行細(xì)胞凋亡檢測,用Western-blot方法測定凋亡因子Caspase-3、Caspase-9的表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 與假手術(shù)組比較,缺血/再灌注組的GSH明顯減少(P<0.01),MDA及心肌凋亡指數(shù)明顯升高(P<0.05),Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)增加(P<0.01);與缺血/再灌注組比較,各藥物組的GSH活性顯著增加(P<0.05),MDA含量及心肌凋亡指數(shù)明顯減少(P<0.05),Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)降低(P<0.05),聯(lián)合藥物治療組優(yōu)于單獨藥物治療組(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 依達(dá)拉奉聯(lián)合烏司他丁具有抗心肌缺血/再灌注損傷作用,其機制可能是通過調(diào)節(jié)Caspase-3和Caspase-9介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡而實現(xiàn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 心肌缺血/再灌注損傷;細(xì)胞凋亡;依達(dá)拉奉;烏司他丁
[中圖分類號] R541[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)04(c)-0018-04
The influence of edaravone combined with ulinastatin on ischemia/reperfusion myocardial cell apoptosis in rats
WANG Yuan-yuan1 CAO Jian2▲ DENG Li1 CHEN Qin1 OUYANG Xian-guo1
1.Department of Cardiology,the Third Hospital of Nanchang City,Nanchang 330009,China;2.Department of Anesthesiology,the Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University,Nanchang 330006,China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the influence of edaravone combined with ulinastatin on ischemia/reperfusion myocardial cell apoptosis in rats.Methods 50 cases of experimental rats were randomly divided into sham group,ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group,I/R+edaravon group,I/R+ulinastatin group and I/R+edaravon+ulinastatin group.The experimental model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats was established by ligating coronary artery with capsule.The content of myocardial tissue glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined.The cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and the expression of apoptosis factors Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 were determined by Western-blot.Results Compared with sham group,GSH in I/R group reduced remarkably (P<0.01),MDA and myocardial apoptotic index significantly increased (P<0.05),the expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 enhanced (P<0.01);Compared with the I/R group,GSH in each drug group improved (P<0.05),MDA and myocardial apoptotic index significantly decreased (P<0.05),the expression of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 decreased (P<0.05),the combined drug treatment group was superior to the single drug treatment group (P<0.01).Conclusion Edaravone combined with ulinastatin has the effect of anti-myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of apoptosis mediated by Caspase-3 and Caspase-9.
[Key words] Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury;Apoptosis;Edaravone;Ulinastatin
心肌缺血/再灌注損傷(myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury,MIRI)指短時間心肌血供中斷,一定時間內(nèi)恢復(fù)血供,原缺血心肌發(fā)生較血供恢復(fù)前更嚴(yán)重的損傷。研究表明氧自由基、鈣超載、心肌纖維能量代謝障礙、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞凋亡等因素均可能參與MIRI的發(fā)病過程[1-3]。本研究在冠狀動脈再灌注前給予注射依達(dá)拉奉、烏司他丁、依達(dá)拉奉聯(lián)合烏司他丁進(jìn)行藥物后處理,與缺血后處理對照,觀察其對大鼠MIRI的作用效果,并探討其機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物及材料
取10周左右雄性SD大鼠50只,體重(200±20) g,由南昌大學(xué)動物實驗中心提供。依達(dá)拉奉注射液(南京先聲藥業(yè)有限公司生產(chǎn),國藥準(zhǔn)字20031342)10 mg/支,烏司他丁(廣東天普生化醫(yī)藥股份有限公司生產(chǎn),批號03080806)100 000 U/瓶,谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)檢測試劑盒購自武漢亞法生物制品有限公司,Caspase-3、Caspase-9多克隆抗體購自美國Bioworld生物技術(shù)公司,堿性磷酸酶(AP)顯色底物,anti-NF-κB,小鼠單抗辣根酶標(biāo)記兔抗山羊IgG;anti-β-actin山羊單抗(SantaCruz 產(chǎn)品)。
1.2 模型制作及分組
將實驗動物50只隨機分為5組,假手術(shù)組(n=10),絲線穿過冠狀動脈左室支但不結(jié)扎,經(jīng)尾靜脈注射生理鹽水。其余4組參考趙秀梅等[4]的墊扎球囊法制作大鼠體心肌缺血/再灌注模型。將充盈的球囊(215 mm×10 mm)墊于冠狀動脈前降支與結(jié)扎線之間,用力結(jié)扎,觀察結(jié)扎區(qū)域變白,局部心肌運動減弱,兩個以上導(dǎo)聯(lián)上出現(xiàn)ST段明顯上抬,提示結(jié)扎成功,45 min后將球囊快速抽空便可即刻實現(xiàn)前降支血流再灌注(以心電圖相關(guān)導(dǎo)聯(lián)ST段明顯回落為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)),并持續(xù)再灌注3 h。缺血/再灌注組(n=10),結(jié)扎冠狀動脈后5 min分別通過尾靜脈接受靜脈注射生理鹽水,45 min后放松扎線使冠狀動脈再通形成再灌注3 h至實驗結(jié)束;缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組(n=10),結(jié)扎冠狀動脈后5 min通過尾靜脈接受靜脈注射依達(dá)拉奉1.5 ml/(kg·h),其余同缺血/再灌注組;缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組(n=10),結(jié)扎左冠狀動脈左室支前30 min靜脈注射烏司他?。?0 000 U/kg),其余同缺血/再灌注組;缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組(n=10),結(jié)扎左冠狀動脈左室支前30 min靜脈注射烏司他?。?0 000 U/kg),結(jié)扎冠狀動脈后5 min通過尾靜脈接受靜脈注射依達(dá)拉奉1.5 ml/(kg·h),其余同缺血/再灌注組。實驗結(jié)束后取大鼠左心室游離壁心肌組織迅速置液氮中冷卻并于-80℃凍存。
1.3 GSH、MDA含量測定
實驗結(jié)束后即刻分別取缺血區(qū)及正常供血區(qū)左心室心肌組織1.0 g,低溫狀態(tài)下生理鹽水沖洗干凈,制成心肌勻漿液,離心后取上清液,按GSH、MDA試劑盒說明書操作,檢測GSH、MDA的含量。
1.4 細(xì)胞凋亡的檢測(TUNEL法)
心臟標(biāo)本用中性甲醛溶液固定,石蠟包埋,制片,切片按試劑盒進(jìn)行細(xì)胞凋亡檢測。凋亡指數(shù)為計數(shù)1000個心肌細(xì)胞中染色陽性的凋亡細(xì)胞。
1.5 Western-blot法檢測Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白水平
分別取5組心肌組織,提取總蛋白,收集上清液,考馬斯亮藍(lán)法進(jìn)行蛋白定量。SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)分離樣品后電泳轉(zhuǎn)移至硝酸纖維膜上,TBST常溫下封閉過夜后,分別加入anti-NF-κB小鼠單抗(一抗)、室溫下免疫沉淀1 h,加入辣根酶標(biāo)記兔抗山羊IgG(二抗)2 h。洗膜,顯色。用Gel-ProAnalyzer分析軟件分析通道蛋白的灰度值。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計軟件對實驗數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計量資料用x±s表示,多組間比較應(yīng)用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較應(yīng)用q檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各實驗組GSH、MDA水平的比較
與假手術(shù)組比較,缺血/再灌注組的GSH含量明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與缺血/再灌注組比較,缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組的GSH含量顯著增加(P<0.05),缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組的GSH含量優(yōu)于缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。與假手術(shù)組比較,缺血/再灌注組的MDA含量明顯增加(P<0.01);與缺血/再灌注組比較,缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組的MDA含量顯著減少(P<0.05),缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組的MDA含量優(yōu)于缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(表1)。
表1各實驗組GSH、MDA水平的比較(x±s,n=10)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.01;與缺血/再灌注組比較,#P<0.05;與缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組比較,△P<0.01
2.2 缺血/再灌注心肌凋亡細(xì)胞TUNEL法染色結(jié)果
凋亡的細(xì)胞核呈現(xiàn)為黃色、棕黃色或棕褐色,主要是心肌細(xì)胞,少數(shù)為浸潤的淋巴細(xì)胞和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。假手術(shù)組僅見極少數(shù)散在的凋亡細(xì)胞;缺血/再灌注組凋亡細(xì)胞明顯增加,凋亡細(xì)胞多位于心肌梗死區(qū)與非梗死區(qū)交界處,它主要來自于心肌細(xì)胞;缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組及缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組與缺血/再灌注組比較,凋亡細(xì)胞明顯減少。與假手術(shù)組比較,缺血/再灌注組心肌凋亡指數(shù)明顯增加(P<0.01);與缺血/再灌注組比較,缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組心肌凋亡指數(shù)明顯降低(P<0.05),缺血再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組優(yōu)于缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組(P<0.01)(表2)。
表2 各實驗組心肌細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)的比較(x±s,n=10)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.01;與缺血/再灌注組比較,#P<0.05;與缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組比較,△P<0.01
2.3 各實驗組Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)水平的比較
采用Western-blot法檢測Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白水平,用Gel-ProAnalyzer分析軟件分析通道蛋白的灰度值。與假手術(shù)組比較,缺血/再灌注組Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白增加,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與缺血/再灌注組比較,缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組心肌Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白明顯降低(P<0.05);缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉+烏司他丁組優(yōu)于缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(表3)。
表3 各實驗組Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)水平的比較(x±s,10)
與假手術(shù)組比較,*P<0.01;與缺血/再灌注組,#P<0.05;與缺血/再灌注+依達(dá)拉奉組、缺血/再灌注+烏司他丁組比較,△P<0.01
3 討論
MIRI患者心肌再灌注過程中細(xì)胞凋亡及氧自由基爆發(fā)性產(chǎn)生是造成再灌注損傷的主要因素之一,也是內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷的主要機制[5-6]。本實驗制作大鼠缺血/再灌注模型,并給予依達(dá)拉奉、烏司他丁干預(yù)處理,發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物處理后,可以減輕氧化應(yīng)激、降低心肌細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù),聯(lián)合治療組優(yōu)于單獨藥物治療組。
心肌缺血/再灌注時隨著大量氧的涌入,致使氧自由基大量產(chǎn)生,使膜電位不穩(wěn)定,觸發(fā)嚴(yán)重的心律失常[7-8]。缺血心肌再灌注時產(chǎn)生的大量氧自由基是導(dǎo)致心肌缺血/再灌注的主要因素。缺血/再灌注后由于氧自由基、髓過氧化物酶及彈性蛋白酶的大量產(chǎn)生和許多炎癥介質(zhì)如激活的補體C5a、白介素、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)等大量釋放[9-10],產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng),誘導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞穿內(nèi)皮遷移以及對缺血心肌的浸潤及損傷。依達(dá)拉奉是自由基最強的清除劑[11],通過清除自由基起到抑制細(xì)胞膜過氧化作用[11-12]。烏司他丁是從健康人尿中提取精制的糖蛋白,研究表明烏司他丁對于降低炎性介質(zhì)白細(xì)胞介素-6和白細(xì)胞介素-8有明顯的作用[13],能減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。
本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)依達(dá)拉奉、烏司他丁及聯(lián)合干預(yù)處理后,心肌細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)下降,同時凋亡因子Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)下降。Caspase-3是凋亡發(fā)生過程中所需要的一種重要的蛋白酶,也是介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的核心蛋白酶。在某些應(yīng)激損傷因素下,可激活Caspases的啟動子,主要是Caspase-9,Caspase-9接受到凋亡活化信號后通過被酶催化或自剪接而激活然后引起Caspase級聯(lián)反應(yīng)。Caspase-9在級聯(lián)反應(yīng)的上游,活化的Caspase-9進(jìn)一步激活其下游的Caspase-3促使細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡[14]。通過GSH、MDA的檢測,提示依達(dá)拉奉及烏司他丁均具有抗氧化損傷的作用,并且兩藥合用具有協(xié)同作用。凋亡因子Caspase-3、Caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)下降,心肌細(xì)胞凋亡指數(shù)降低,兩藥均可以通過抗氧化損傷,減少細(xì)胞凋亡的途徑,對大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌起到保護(hù)作用。聯(lián)合藥物治療組優(yōu)于單獨藥物治療組,合用可以同時發(fā)揮依達(dá)拉奉清除氧自由基的能力及烏司他丁改善炎癥反應(yīng)的作用,更好地改善MIRI,值得進(jìn)一步研究,并應(yīng)用于臨床。
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[8]Cao L,Huang C,Wang N,et al.ET-1/NO:a controversial target for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Cardiology,2014,127(2):140.
[9]Hadi NR,Al-Amran F,Yousif M,et al.Antiapoptotic effect of simvastatin ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].ISRN Pharmacol,2013,2013:815094.
[10]Poh KK,Xu X,Chan MY,et al.Safety of combination therapy with milrinone and esmolol for heart protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction[J].Eur J Clin Pharmacol,2014,70(5):527-530.
[11]Yang T,Zhang J,Sun L,et al.Combined effects of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (sivelestat sodium)and a free radical scavenger (edaravone) on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury inrats[J].Inflamm Res,2012,61(6):563-573.
[12]Kawasaki T,Ishihara K,Ago Y,et al.Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyra-zolin-5-one),a radical scavenger,prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrah-ydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra but not the striatum[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2007, 322(4):274-282.
[13]Song JE,Kang WS,Kim DK,et al.The effect of ulinastatin on postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Int Med Res,2011,39(4):1201-1202.
[14]Martin JG,Jo T.Genetic differences in airway smooth muscle function[J].Proc Am Thorac Soc,2008,5(1):73-79.
(收稿日期:2014-03-03本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[基金項目] 江西省衛(wèi)生廳科技計劃(20142041)
▲通訊作者
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]劉勝中.心肌缺血/再灌注損傷機制研究進(jìn)展[J].實用醫(yī)院臨床雜志,2007,4(1):88-90.
[2]李凱.心肌缺血/再灌注損傷與心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的研究進(jìn)展[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2008,14(1):6-8.
[3]Ito T,Muraoka S,Takahashi K,et al.Beneficial effet of taurine treatment against doxorubic induced cardiotoxicity mice[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2009,12(7):65-74.
[4]趙秀梅,孫勝,劉秀華.墊扎球囊法復(fù)制大鼠在體心肌缺血/再灌注模型[J].中國微循環(huán),2006,10(3):206-208.
[5]Chen JX,Zhao T,Huang DX.Protective effects of edaravone against cobalt chloride induced apoptosis in PC12 cells[J].Neurosci Bull,2009,25(2):67-74.
[6]Isotani E.Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Crit Care Med,2012,40(7):2233-2234.
[7]Koid SS,Ziogas J,Campbell DJ.Aliskiren reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by a bradykinin B2 receptor-and angiotensin AT2 receptor-mediated mechanism[J].Hypertension,2014,63(4):768-773.
[8]Cao L,Huang C,Wang N,et al.ET-1/NO:a controversial target for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Cardiology,2014,127(2):140.
[9]Hadi NR,Al-Amran F,Yousif M,et al.Antiapoptotic effect of simvastatin ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].ISRN Pharmacol,2013,2013:815094.
[10]Poh KK,Xu X,Chan MY,et al.Safety of combination therapy with milrinone and esmolol for heart protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction[J].Eur J Clin Pharmacol,2014,70(5):527-530.
[11]Yang T,Zhang J,Sun L,et al.Combined effects of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (sivelestat sodium)and a free radical scavenger (edaravone) on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury inrats[J].Inflamm Res,2012,61(6):563-573.
[12]Kawasaki T,Ishihara K,Ago Y,et al.Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyra-zolin-5-one),a radical scavenger,prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrah-ydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra but not the striatum[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2007, 322(4):274-282.
[13]Song JE,Kang WS,Kim DK,et al.The effect of ulinastatin on postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Int Med Res,2011,39(4):1201-1202.
[14]Martin JG,Jo T.Genetic differences in airway smooth muscle function[J].Proc Am Thorac Soc,2008,5(1):73-79.
(收稿日期:2014-03-03本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[基金項目] 江西省衛(wèi)生廳科技計劃(20142041)
▲通訊作者
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]劉勝中.心肌缺血/再灌注損傷機制研究進(jìn)展[J].實用醫(yī)院臨床雜志,2007,4(1):88-90.
[2]李凱.心肌缺血/再灌注損傷與心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的研究進(jìn)展[J].醫(yī)學(xué)綜述,2008,14(1):6-8.
[3]Ito T,Muraoka S,Takahashi K,et al.Beneficial effet of taurine treatment against doxorubic induced cardiotoxicity mice[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2009,12(7):65-74.
[4]趙秀梅,孫勝,劉秀華.墊扎球囊法復(fù)制大鼠在體心肌缺血/再灌注模型[J].中國微循環(huán),2006,10(3):206-208.
[5]Chen JX,Zhao T,Huang DX.Protective effects of edaravone against cobalt chloride induced apoptosis in PC12 cells[J].Neurosci Bull,2009,25(2):67-74.
[6]Isotani E.Pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Crit Care Med,2012,40(7):2233-2234.
[7]Koid SS,Ziogas J,Campbell DJ.Aliskiren reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by a bradykinin B2 receptor-and angiotensin AT2 receptor-mediated mechanism[J].Hypertension,2014,63(4):768-773.
[8]Cao L,Huang C,Wang N,et al.ET-1/NO:a controversial target for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Cardiology,2014,127(2):140.
[9]Hadi NR,Al-Amran F,Yousif M,et al.Antiapoptotic effect of simvastatin ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].ISRN Pharmacol,2013,2013:815094.
[10]Poh KK,Xu X,Chan MY,et al.Safety of combination therapy with milrinone and esmolol for heart protection during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction[J].Eur J Clin Pharmacol,2014,70(5):527-530.
[11]Yang T,Zhang J,Sun L,et al.Combined effects of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (sivelestat sodium)and a free radical scavenger (edaravone) on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury inrats[J].Inflamm Res,2012,61(6):563-573.
[12]Kawasaki T,Ishihara K,Ago Y,et al.Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyra-zolin-5-one),a radical scavenger,prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrah-ydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra but not the striatum[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2007, 322(4):274-282.
[13]Song JE,Kang WS,Kim DK,et al.The effect of ulinastatin on postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass[J].J Int Med Res,2011,39(4):1201-1202.
[14]Martin JG,Jo T.Genetic differences in airway smooth muscle function[J].Proc Am Thorac Soc,2008,5(1):73-79.
(收稿日期:2014-03-03本文編輯:郭靜娟)
[基金項目] 江西省衛(wèi)生廳科技計劃(20142041)
▲通訊作者