黃 艷
(浙江越秀外國語學(xué)院英語學(xué)院,浙江 紹興 312000)
在翻譯前,譯者首先要和作者交際,理解其深層的文化內(nèi)涵,對(duì)原文進(jìn)行解碼,然后與讀者交際,進(jìn)行編碼,在特定的文化語篇實(shí)踐中選擇適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z類來達(dá)到文化交流的目的。在譯者編碼過程中,訓(xùn)練自己的篇章意識(shí),先以詞句為單位分析語篇中的語言特點(diǎn),判斷他們與語類和個(gè)人風(fēng)格的關(guān)聯(lián)度,運(yùn)用自上而下的處理順序,保持譯文語篇與原文語篇的文體對(duì)應(yīng)。然后根據(jù)譯文在目標(biāo)語文化語境中的可接受性或同一語類在譯語中表現(xiàn)方式上的特點(diǎn)做適當(dāng)調(diào)整,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)語用上的成功。理論要與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合,這不僅僅意味著翻譯時(shí)要懂理論,還意味著應(yīng)從理論的高度指導(dǎo)翻譯實(shí)踐,以便譯者在翻譯時(shí)能夠具有語類意識(shí),避免盲人摸象的現(xiàn)象。
例1:揚(yáng)州人熟諳養(yǎng)生之道,什么“皮包水”,什么“水包皮”。
譯文一:People living in Yangzhou know how to keep health.They eat Baizi in the morning and soak themselves in the evening.
譯 文二 :Yangzhou is well versed in the art of maintaining good health,which could be observed in such sayings as “eating Baozi in the morning”,while “being soaked in the evening”.(周領(lǐng)順,2012)
例2:慕名來揚(yáng)州,多半為的是“煙花三月”的揚(yáng)州、“二分明月”的揚(yáng)州和大運(yùn)河畔商賈云集的揚(yáng)州。
譯文一:I came to Yangzhou as a result of admiration to the city,which used to be covered in the two thirds of the moonlight of the world (from a poem of Xuning,a famous poet of Tang Dynasty)and had flowery days(from a poem of Li Bai,a famous poet in Chinese Tang Dynasty)in May and the Great Cannel where merchants used to gather in clouds.(周領(lǐng)順,2012)
譯文二:Attracted by this charming city,my family and I came to Yangzhou.This place has the most beautiful spring and early summer,with the endless flowery scenery among hazy vernal hues;the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal goes through Yangzhou has been prosperous since ancient time,with both sides of bank swarming with merchants.(周領(lǐng)順,2012)
針對(duì)這兩個(gè)例子譯者首先要和作者交流,理解當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕?xí)俗,例1中的“皮包水”、“水包皮”,說的是清晨去喝一杯揚(yáng)州早茶再品嘗一下?lián)P州特色點(diǎn)心,下午去揚(yáng)州的澡堂泡個(gè)澡,這就是揚(yáng)州人最好的享受。例2中的“煙花三月”指三月?lián)P州城處處柳枝輕拂,風(fēng)光綺麗。“二分明月”出自唐代詩人徐凝的詩《憶揚(yáng)州》:“天下三分明月夜,二分無賴是揚(yáng)州?!痹娦稳萘藫P(yáng)州城繁華昌茂的形象,然后運(yùn)用自己的語言敏感性,判定是散文語篇。兩句的譯文一和譯文二的翻譯各有其特點(diǎn),從表達(dá)效果來看,譯文一像是旅游景點(diǎn)的介紹說明而譯文二更像是輕松抒情的散文。因散文語篇的特點(diǎn)是具有一定的韻律和節(jié)奏,讀起來朗朗上口,例1和例2都采用了物作主語,以突出散文的特點(diǎn)。
Bhatia(2008)指出要用批評(píng)語類分析視角去分析不同語類的譯文,探索專業(yè)語類,專業(yè)實(shí)踐和專業(yè)文化,并指出專業(yè)語類中語類內(nèi)嵌,語類移植和語類混合的互為話語性現(xiàn)象。譯者需從語篇走向語境,從批評(píng)語類分析的視角探討互為話語性語言現(xiàn)象的翻譯技巧和方法。例如旅游景點(diǎn)介紹時(shí)運(yùn)用了詩詞歌賦借用法,這些詩詞歌賦包含了豐富的社會(huì)文化信息,它不僅對(duì)城市意象的塑造產(chǎn)生重要影響,同時(shí)又成為城市意象的一種傳媒因素。因此翻譯時(shí)要體現(xiàn)其詩詞的特點(diǎn)。
例3:玉泉觀魚,數(shù)百年來吸引著四方游客,并以“玉泉魚躍”列為西湖十八景之一。宋代有人題有一幅楹聯(lián),刻于池畔亭柱上:魚樂人亦樂;泉清心共清。
譯文:Enjoying fish in Jade Spring has attracted countless visitors all over the world,and Jumping Fish at the Jade Spring has been cited as the “18 Scenes of West Lake”.A poem written by a poet in the Song Dynasty is inscribed on the wood pillar of the pavilion near the pool:“Fish is as frolicky as men are happy;the heart is as clean as the spring is clear.”
此詩道出了觀魚者的心情,更提醒人們要建立人與自然的和諧關(guān)系,就是保持人與自然之間的平衡與協(xié)調(diào)。
例4:“千里冰封,萬里雪飄”的世界晶瑩剔透、銀裝素裹;“山舞銀蛇,原馳蠟像”的大地玉潔冰清,清爽而浪漫。
譯文:The ice-locked and snow-whirling world becomes crystal-like and wrapped in silver.The earth is whitened by the jade snow,clear and romantic,with the mountains becoming like silver serpent,while wax-made elephants gallop on the plains.(周領(lǐng)順,2012)
例4是散文語篇中嵌入了詩詞語篇,把毛主席的詩詞引入到北國雪景的介紹之中,如果把詩歌原封不動(dòng)地譯出,效果并不理想,因?yàn)闈h語散文句式松散,句間關(guān)系多是隱含的,詩歌翻譯出來會(huì)影響到交際,讀者無法體會(huì)到散文雪景之美。因此散文中的詩歌或典故在翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)淡化處理,以實(shí)現(xiàn)形式和內(nèi)容之間的和諧關(guān)系。
地域文化旅游材料的翻譯,首先要考慮到漢語旅游材料講究四言八句,言辭華美,文采濃郁,大多依靠華麗辭藻的渲染而不是物象的明晰展示。而英文的旅游景點(diǎn)介紹比較客觀,側(cè)重于真實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確的現(xiàn)狀描述。下面的例子就可以很好地證明上述特征。漢英旅游文體特征和表達(dá)風(fēng)格上的差異,在翻譯的理解與表達(dá)過程中,可以適當(dāng)?shù)卦鰷p。這是旅游翻譯能否實(shí)現(xiàn)其“營銷”功能,有效達(dá)到交際目的的關(guān)鍵所在。
例5.這里的泉水,水質(zhì)純凈,甘洌醇厚。
譯文:The spring water tastes pure,sweet,and cold.
例6:傳說白娘子曾經(jīng)在這里修煉。
It was said to be the very place where Lady White,the legendary heroine of The Story of the White Snake,cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine.
此句屬于旅游語篇。這句話如果完全按照原文翻譯,可譯作:Near the forest there once was a cave which was said to be the very place where Lady White cultivated herself。這樣的譯文外國人也能看懂,但很可能產(chǎn)生不解:白娘子是誰?為什么會(huì)在一個(gè)不足一平方米的洞里修煉?添加了legendary heroine of the Story of the White Snake,游客不但容易理解,還會(huì)對(duì)傳說故事有所了解,從而提高了旅游興趣,加深景點(diǎn)印象。在實(shí)踐中甚至還不時(shí)見到譯員將整個(gè)故事進(jìn)行介紹的情形。
由于東西方的歷史不同,人們的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)也不同,也直接帶來翻譯中的困難,但可以進(jìn)行文化移植,即文化不同但可用具有相同功能的文化進(jìn)行移植,以便于讀者理解。
例7:到此時(shí),韓文舉才后悔莫及,怨雷大空“口上沒毛,辦事不牢”
譯文:But HanWenju began to regret his indiscretion and complained toLeiDakong: “Downylipsmake thoughtless slips.”
例7中“口上沒毛,辦事不牢”的翻譯方法借用了西方的習(xí)語習(xí)慣表達(dá)了漢語的習(xí)語釋義這樣更易于深刻的理解。
例8:秋夜時(shí)分,在此縱目高眺遠(yuǎn)望,但見皓月當(dāng)空,水月相融,金風(fēng)送爽,湖天一碧,垂柳多姿,百花爭(zhēng)艷,人和月亮竊竊私語,不知今夕何夕。
譯文:At an autumn night,when you are looking out here,the moon is bright over the Calm Lake,the water and the sky merge in one color;cool breezes,the lake and the moon are of one;willows and flowers show different charms in moonlight.So immersed in this beautiful scenery,people can talk privately with the moon in whisper.
例8是杭州西湖景區(qū)平湖秋月的介紹。我們不難看出,漢語整個(gè)句子通常被幾個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開,用逗號(hào)來連接幾個(gè)動(dòng)作,且中間不多用連詞。而譯成英語時(shí)則喜歡把一整個(gè)句子譯成幾個(gè)小整句或者是句群,且中間多用連詞。要讓翻譯出的英語符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣,有著嚴(yán)密的句法結(jié)構(gòu)。因此地域文化翻譯中可根據(jù)語類特征,采用詞語補(bǔ)償、加注翻譯、文化移植、句子重構(gòu)等翻譯理念與方法。
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