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掌握“三大”法寶,快解現(xiàn)在完成時

2014-08-28 04:03:52李劍英
初中生之友·中旬刊 2014年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:短暫性時態(tài)臥室

李劍英

請同學(xué)們先看來自2013年的三道中考題:

1. Miss Lin ______ a lot of work for the poor area since 2010. (2013年北京市)

A. does B. did

C. has done D. will do

2. The highway from Zunyi to Renhuai ______ for about two years. (2013年貴州省遵義市)

A. has opened B. has been open

C. has been opened

3. —Wheres Mr Green?—He _____ to Changsha. (2013年湖南省湘西土家族苗族自治州)

A. have been B. has gone

C. has been

分析:上面的幾道中考題均是在考查同學(xué)們對現(xiàn)在完成時用法的掌握情況,答案分別是:1. C; 2. B; 3. B。

英語中, 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)是初中生必須掌握的重點語法之一,也是中考命題的必考點之一。不少中學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)這一時態(tài)時經(jīng)常弄混,其實,該時態(tài)的掌握并不難,三大法寶來幫你。

第一:準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時

1. 涵義不同。 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,也表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài);一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示過去經(jīng)?;蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作。例如:

My brother has cleaned his bedroom. 我弟弟打掃了他的臥室(我弟弟的臥室很干凈)。

My brother cleaned his bedroom a moment ago. 我弟弟剛才打掃了他的臥室(只說明剛才我弟弟打掃了他的臥室,不涉及到現(xiàn)在的情況)。

2. 謂語結(jié)構(gòu)不同。 現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞have (has) + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成;一般過去時由“was (were)...”或“行為動詞的過去式”構(gòu)成。例如:

I have already taught English for over twenty years. 我教英語已經(jīng)二十多年了。

He was here just now. 他剛才還在這里的。

Father arrived in Beijing at eight yesterday evening. 父親是昨天晚上8點鐘到達北京的。

3. 時間狀語不同。 現(xiàn)在完成時常與already, just, ever, never, yet, before, since..., for...等時間狀語連用;一般過去時常和yesterday, last night, in 2013, two weeks ago等表示過去的時間狀語連用。 例如:

I have already finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)完成了我的作業(yè)。

The visitors have been here since two days ago. 游客們兩天前就在這里。

The visitors came here two days ago. 游客們是兩天前來這里的。

4. 所用動詞不同。 現(xiàn)在完成時還可以表示從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),往往和表示一段時間的狀語連用,這時謂語動詞要用“延續(xù)性”的,而不用“短暫性”的;一般過去時則沒有這種限制。 試體會:

他離開家鄉(xiāng)已二十年了。

[誤] He has left his hometown since twenty years ago.

[正] He left his hometown twenty years ago.

[正] He has been away from his hometown since twenty years ago.

第二: 牢記have(has) gone to, have(has) been to與have (has) been in的區(qū)別

1. “have (has) been in + 地點名詞”表示“已在某地”或“在某地呆過”,其后常與for, since等表示一段時間的狀語或從句連用。例如:

The twins can speak good Chinese because they have been in China for five years. 這雙胞胎能說一口流利的漢語,因為他們在中國五年了。

2. “have (has) gone to + 地點名詞”表示“已去某地”,也許已到達目的地,也許還在途中,重點表達不在說話時的所在地。例如:

—Where is Tom? ——湯姆在哪兒?

—He has gone to Nanchang. ——他去南昌了。

3. “have (has) been to + 地點名詞”表示“去過某地”,指某人曾經(jīng)去過某地,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)返回。注意:have (has) gone和have (has) been后接地點副詞(如here, there, home等)時,則不需要用介詞to。 例如:

How nice youve come! Weve waited for you about twenty minutes! Where have you been, Mike? 你回來了真好!我們等了你大約二十分鐘了,湯姆,你去哪兒了?

第三:注意短暫性動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時中的正確使用

begin, start, buy, borrow, join, finish, die等動詞其動作的開始與結(jié)束都在很短的時間內(nèi)完成,即它們所表示的動作剛一發(fā)生便停止了。因此,這些動詞都稱為短暫性動詞(或終止性動詞)。該類動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時,但在用法上有兩點值得我們注意:

1. 在現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定句中不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如:

他的祖父已去世九年了。

誤:His grandfather has died for nine years.

析:上句中的die為短暫性動詞,在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能和表示一段時間的狀語如for nine years, since 2013, since nine years ago等連用。正確的翻譯有以下四種:

①用表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)延續(xù)性動詞來替換句中的短暫性動詞。

正:His grandfather has been dead for nine years.

以下是初中階段常見短暫性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動詞的表達法:

②改用“It is + 一段時間 + since...”句型來表示。例如:

正:Its nine years since his grandfather died.

【溫馨提示】在該句型中,主句須用現(xiàn)在時態(tài),since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句用一般過去時。上句還可譯為:

正:It has been nine years since his grandfather died.

③把誤句中表示一段時間的狀語改成表示過去時間的狀語,同時把現(xiàn)在完成時改為過去時。例如:

正:His grandfather died nine years ago.

④改用“一段時間 + has passed since ...”句型來表示。例如:

正:Nine years has passed since his grandfather died.

2. 短暫性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式已成為一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因此,可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如:

Jim hasnt heard from his parents for four months. 吉姆已有四個月沒收到父母的來信了。

The old man hasnt left here since 2000. 自從2000年以來,那個老人一直沒有離開過這兒。

【學(xué)以致用】

1. —Do you know the movie Lost in Thailand?

—Yes. I ______ it twice. Its funny. (2013年廣西壯族自治區(qū)貴港市)

A. saw B. see C. have seen D. will see

2. —Is Tom at home?

—No, he ______ to town. (2013年天津市)

A. has been B. has gone C. goes D. will go

3. —Are you a basketball player in your class?

—Yes. I ________ the team last year. I _______ in the team for one year.(2013年湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州)

A. have joined; have been B. joined; was

C. joined; have been

4. The Dongying-Hainan airline ________ for about 5 months. I have taken the flights three times. (2013年山東省東營市)

A. is open B. has opened

C. has been open D. has been opened

5. Jackson _______ school two years ago and he _______ for two years. (2013年新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)烏魯木齊市)

A. leaves; has gone B. left; has been away

C. leaves; has been away D. left; has gone

6. Great changes ________ in Daqing since the 1990s. (2013年黑龍江省大慶市)

A. took place B. were taken place

C. have taken place D. have been taken place

7. —______ your son ______ a camera?

—No. He ______ one this summer vacation. (2013年山東省威海市)

A. Has... bought; will buy B. Did... buy; bought

C. Does... buy; bought D. Does... buy; will buy

8. —Look at these stamps. I ________ them for five years.

—Wow, they are wonderful. (2013年湖南省衡陽市)

A. kept B. have kept

C. have bought

9. —Id like you to tell me something about Shen Nongjia.

—Im sorry, but neither Jack nor I ____ there. (2013年湖北省孝感市)

A. have been B. had been

C. have gone D. has gone

10. Your foreign teacher Miss Smith ______ us English since five years ago.(2013年新疆維吾爾自治區(qū))

A. taught B. in teaching

C. has taught D. teaches

Keys: 1-5 CBCCB 6-10 CABAC

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