吉海杰,劉 洋,王黎明,王建剛,吳明遠
慢性皮膚潰瘍又稱難治性皮膚潰瘍,是一種常見難治性疾病,具有病因復雜、病程長和反復發(fā)作特點,可引起皮膚表皮和部分真皮甚至皮下脂肪缺損。流行病學研究表明,我國住院患者人群中該病發(fā)生率為1.7‰,致病因素包括糖尿病、外傷、壓迫和感染等,其中糖尿病為主要原因[1]。目前,我國糖尿病患者約9 200萬[2],15% ~25%患者在其疾病過程中將發(fā)生足潰瘍[3]。間充質干細胞是來源于發(fā)育早期中胚層的一種成體干細胞,具有自我復制和定向分化潛能特點,由于其可通過旁分泌效應和向類皮細胞分化參與創(chuàng)傷愈合的各個階段[4],具有治療皮膚潰瘍的潛在價值?,F(xiàn)就皮膚創(chuàng)傷愈合機制及慢性皮膚潰瘍治療現(xiàn)狀、間充質干細胞生物學特性及其在治療慢性皮膚潰瘍研究方面的最新進展綜述如下。
1.1 皮膚創(chuàng)傷愈合機制 皮膚創(chuàng)傷愈合是一個多種細胞和細胞因子參與的復雜過程,包括炎癥期、增生期和重塑期3個階段,按照一定空間和時間順序有條不紊地發(fā)生。創(chuàng)傷發(fā)生后創(chuàng)面血管損傷血液滲漏,血液在凝固止血的同時釋放多種因子,趨化炎性細胞向創(chuàng)面遷移引起紅、腫、熱、痛,其周圍組織發(fā)生急性炎癥。增生期成纖維細胞、內(nèi)皮細胞和新生毛細血管共同構成肉芽組織填充裂隙,肉芽組織內(nèi)膠原纖維逐漸增多,使得其硬度與張力強度隨之增加,逐漸變?yōu)槔w維組織架接于斷裂的組織之間,即瘢痕修復;同時,上皮細胞、成骨細胞和成軟骨細胞等增生促進傷口邊緣上皮新生,直到傷口初步愈合。在重塑期,隨著機體狀態(tài)的好轉和活動恢復,瘢痕組織內(nèi)的膠原纖維含量和排列受到各種酶、運動應力的作用發(fā)生變化,恢復生理功能。一旦受到感染、組織壞死、缺血和炎癥等因素影響,創(chuàng)傷微環(huán)境發(fā)生紊亂,組織修復的愈合過程發(fā)生障礙,進而發(fā)生慢性皮膚潰瘍。
1.2 慢性皮膚潰瘍的治療現(xiàn)狀 目前,尚無慢性皮膚潰瘍治療指南,臨床上多采用清創(chuàng)術、負壓療法、抗感染藥物及敷料處理,這些方法都達不到兼具促進創(chuàng)面愈合和保護創(chuàng)面的作用,治療效果不盡人意。創(chuàng)傷愈合是細胞因子與效應細胞相互作用的結果,因此外源性細胞因子的局部使用可有效促進創(chuàng)傷愈合[5]。1997年美國食品和藥物管理局批準重組人血小板源生長因子凝膠用于糖尿病晚期肢端潰瘍愈合與修復。一項采用重組人血小板源生長因子凝膠治療慢性皮膚潰瘍臨床研究結果表明,治療組50%患者創(chuàng)面完全愈合,中位愈合時間86 d,而對照組為35%和127 d[6]。目前,國內(nèi)已經(jīng)有數(shù)種細胞因子藥物用于慢性皮膚潰瘍的治療,包括重組人表皮生長因子、重組人堿性成纖維細胞生長因子、重組牛堿性成纖維細胞生長因子、重組人粒細胞巨噬細胞刺激因子和重組人酸性成纖維細胞生長因子。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),富血小板血漿中含有高濃度的多種生長因子,自體來源的富血小板血漿在臨床上具有良好的應用前景[7]。另外,美國食品和藥物管理局按照Ⅲ類醫(yī)療器械先后批準Apligraf和Dermagraft-TM 2種組織工程皮膚用于慢性皮膚潰瘍的治療[8-9]。
早期發(fā)現(xiàn)骨髓中存在一種能貼附培養(yǎng)皿呈長梭形的成纖維樣細胞,由于該細胞培養(yǎng)時呈克隆生長,最初定義為成纖維細胞樣集落,后來證實骨髓來源基質細胞具有自我更新和分化能力并命名為間充質干細胞。除骨髓外,機體多種組織均含有間充質干細胞,如脂肪、肌肉、肝臟和臍帶[10]。目前,間充質干細胞尚無公認的生物學標志,國際干細胞治療協(xié)會發(fā)布了鑒定間充質干細胞的最低標準[11]:貼壁生長;表達 CD73、CD90 和 CD105,不表達 CD34、CD45、CD14、CD19和人類白細胞抗原-DR;體外可誘導分化為脂肪細胞、成骨細胞和軟骨細胞。另外,間充質干細胞可分泌可溶性物質、細胞外基質及細胞表面分子等蛋白參與細胞遷移、維持局部微環(huán)境[12],其中旁分泌的可溶性蛋白因子具有重要意義。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在人胚胎干細胞來源的間充質干細胞培養(yǎng)上清液中可檢測到201種因子,包括血管生成因子、造血因子、趨化因子等[13]。
3.1 間充質干細胞治療皮膚潰瘍動物研究 骨髓是構建和維持造血、免疫系統(tǒng)的重要器官,其也參與維持皮膚組織的穩(wěn)態(tài)。一項研究證實,C57BL/6小鼠植入綠色熒光蛋白嵌合體小鼠骨髓后部分皮膚成纖維細胞可表達綠色熒光蛋白[14];另一項研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),C57BL/6小鼠植入氯甲基苯甲酰氨熒光染料標志的Flk-1+間充質干細胞(來源白色BALB/C小鼠骨髓)后背部出現(xiàn)白色毛發(fā)[15]。這2項研究結果表明,骨髓間充質干細胞是參與維持皮膚組織穩(wěn)態(tài)的效應細胞。不同來源間充質干細胞均可促進皮膚潰瘍面愈合。脂肪來源間充質干細胞皮內(nèi)注射可加速糖尿病大鼠創(chuàng)傷面愈合[16],接種有脂肪來源間充質干細胞的脫細胞基質移植皮膚全層缺損裸鼠后創(chuàng)面愈合明顯加快[17]。人羊膜間充質干細胞皮內(nèi)注射可促進表皮細胞再生,加速糖尿病小鼠創(chuàng)面愈合[18]。胎盤來源間充質干細胞皮內(nèi)注射可促進血管發(fā)生利于糖尿病大鼠傷口愈合[19]。骨髓來源間充質干細胞皮下注射可促進糖尿病大鼠創(chuàng)面愈合[20],接種同源異體骨髓間充質干細胞的膠原可促進糖尿病兔耳朵潰瘍血管發(fā)生和創(chuàng)面閉合[21]。人臍血間充質干細胞局部注射或全身靜脈注射均可促進糖尿病裸鼠創(chuàng)面愈合[22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),生物打印羊膜干細胞可促進大面積皮膚缺損創(chuàng)面愈合[23]。大動物研究也表明,皮內(nèi)注射同源異體間充質干細胞有利于比格犬全層皮膚缺損創(chuàng)面閉合,同時可下調創(chuàng)面前炎癥因子表達[24];全皮缺損羊移植同源臍帶間充質干細胞7 d創(chuàng)面完全上皮化,而空白組12 d上皮化仍程度不完全[25]。
3.2 間充質干細胞治療皮膚潰瘍臨床應用研究臨床研究表明,骨髓來源間充質干細胞可加速傷口愈合,促進組織重建[26]。糖尿病足傷口邊緣直接注射間充質干細胞可明顯縮小傷口面積,增加皮膚血管和傷口皮膚厚度[27]。骨髓間充質干細胞聯(lián)合纖維蛋白膠復合物局部貼敷傷口3次,非黑色瘤患者的皮膚傷口可在8周內(nèi)愈合;另外,超過1年不愈的慢性下肢傷口在20周內(nèi)完全愈合,傷口恢復程度與間充質干細胞數(shù)量成正比[28]。一項納入20例傷口不愈患者的臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)培養(yǎng)有自體骨髓間充質干細胞的膠原海綿體處理傷口后90%傷口完全愈合,并且能促進組織再生[29]。一項納入24例下肢不愈合患者的隨機對照臨床研究表明,在肌內(nèi)注射骨髓間充質干細胞的同時向傷口局部移植干細胞,12周后疼痛感明顯減輕,傷口面積減少[30]。糖尿病足患者一側下肢肌內(nèi)注射自體骨髓間充質干細胞或骨髓單核細胞,對側下肢注射生理鹽水作為對照,結果表明間充質干細胞和單核細胞均能顯著改善行走的疼痛,明顯促進傷口愈合,同時間充質干細胞組較單核細胞組創(chuàng)面愈合率高[31]。
4.1 間充質干細胞向表皮樣細胞分化 間充質干細胞可分化為中胚層細胞已經(jīng)得到公認,其跨譜系分化一直備受爭議。研究已經(jīng)證實,人骨髓間充質干細胞可分化為上皮樣細胞[32];人胚胎間充質干細胞可分化為皮膚組織細胞[33];脂肪來源間充質干細胞可分化為角質細胞,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)接種脂肪間充質干細胞的膠原-殼聚糖支架植入大鼠創(chuàng)傷面14 d可形成表皮和真皮[34]。
4.2 免疫調節(jié) 創(chuàng)面炎性微環(huán)境可激活間充質干細胞環(huán)氧酶-2,促進前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)分泌和抑制白介素(interleukin,IL)-2分泌,從而減少T細胞有絲分裂和增殖[35]。PGE2可刺激T細胞和巨噬細胞分泌IL-10,從而抑制巨噬細胞和T細胞分泌轉化生長因子發(fā)揮抗纖維作用[36],同時IL-10也可抑制IL-6和IL-8分泌從而減少膠原蛋白沉積[37]。另外,PGE2 是輔助 T 細胞(helper T cell,Th)亞群Th1向Th2轉化的協(xié)同因子,可引起T效應細胞 γ-干擾素(interferon-γ,INF-γ)分泌減少和IL-4分泌增加[38]。巨噬細胞是創(chuàng)面炎癥階段后期停留時間最長的一種免疫細胞,可促進創(chuàng)傷愈合由炎癥期向增生期轉化,是炎癥期向增生期轉化的重要標志,而INF-γ與IL-4比例的降低可加速傷口愈合[39]。
4.3 抗炎 間充質干細胞抑制機體免疫細胞分泌前炎癥因子腫瘤壞死因子-α和INF-γ,同時促進抗炎因子IL-10和IL-4的分泌[40]。中性粒細胞的浸潤是創(chuàng)面進入慢性炎癥的一種信號,而IL-10可抑制中性粒細胞向傷口浸潤,并阻止其產(chǎn)生自由基減少氧化應激損傷[41]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),間充質干細胞可分泌抗菌肽LL-37具有直接抗菌作用[42],同時分泌免疫調節(jié)因子可促進免疫細胞殺菌和吞噬能力[43]。
4.4 促進血管發(fā)生 表皮毛細血管循環(huán)為皮膚細胞提供血供,創(chuàng)面血管發(fā)生障礙可誘發(fā)慢性潰瘍,所以血管發(fā)生是傷口愈合的必要環(huán)節(jié)。間充質干細胞可分泌堿性成纖維細胞生長因子和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子-A,促進微細血管內(nèi)皮的增生、遷移和分化,具有維持血管穩(wěn)定和血管保護作用[44]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),來源于血管周圍的間充質干細胞具有重建血管微環(huán)境的功能[45]。體外研究表明,骨髓來源間充質干細胞可促進血管生成,并作為血管周圍前體細胞促進脈管系統(tǒng)形成[46]。
4.5 促進皮膚細胞功能 真皮成纖維細胞和表皮角質上皮細胞是創(chuàng)傷愈合過程中的主要功能細胞。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),間充質干細胞培養(yǎng)上清液可促進體外成纖維細胞和角質細胞的劃痕愈合[47]。真皮成纖維細胞與間充質干細胞共培養(yǎng)或加入間充質干細胞培養(yǎng)上清液可促進成纖維細胞Ⅰ型膠原的分泌[48],間充質干細胞培養(yǎng)上清液可趨化巨噬細胞、內(nèi)皮細胞、表皮角質細胞及真皮成纖維細胞的遷移[49]。
間充質干細胞通過與微環(huán)境的相互作用,一方面經(jīng)自分泌/旁分泌細胞因子作用于其他效應細胞促進皮膚創(chuàng)面修復(圖1)[50],另一方面間充質干細胞可分化為特定皮膚細胞而參與組織修復。
圖1 間充質干細胞旁分泌效應促進愈合作用機制
綜上所述,間充質干細胞對慢性皮膚潰瘍具有明確治療作用,其作用機制可以歸結為間充質干細胞的旁分泌效應和向類皮細胞分化潛能;同時,作者以“stem cell and cutaneous ulcer”為關鍵詞在網(wǎng)址為www.clinicaltrials.gov中檢索到21項臨床試驗,9項是間充質干細胞治療皮膚潰瘍臨床研究。這些都表明間充質干細胞已成為慢性皮膚潰瘍治療研究的焦點。由于間充質干細胞來源廣泛,培養(yǎng)簡單,圍繞間充質干細胞進行相關藥物或器械的開發(fā)具有可行性。同時,也看到美國食品和藥物管理局發(fā)布的《燒傷創(chuàng)面和慢性皮膚潰瘍治療藥物臨床研究指導原則》對于慢性皮膚潰瘍臨床研究中的終點評價指標要求苛刻[51],所以科學合理的臨床試驗方案對于最終能否獲批顯得十分關鍵[52]。
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