王奇+吳華峰+李明全
摘要
污染的區(qū)域性特征要求地區(qū)之間開(kāi)展環(huán)境合作,不同地區(qū)在區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中的收益存在差異,需要基于公平考量進(jìn)行區(qū)域環(huán)境合作收益的地區(qū)分配設(shè)計(jì)。本文以雙主體的博弈分析為基礎(chǔ),分析具有不同屬性的兩個(gè)地區(qū)在環(huán)境合作與非合作情形下的效用變動(dòng)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),區(qū)域環(huán)境合作可以增加區(qū)域整體的收益;但是,對(duì)于具體區(qū)域而言,存在地區(qū)間環(huán)境合作共贏的臨界值。當(dāng)兩個(gè)地區(qū)的屬性差異小于臨界值時(shí),區(qū)域環(huán)境合作才可實(shí)現(xiàn)兩地區(qū)收益的同時(shí)提升;而當(dāng)兩個(gè)地區(qū)的差異超過(guò)臨界值時(shí),其中一個(gè)地區(qū)的收益在區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中反而會(huì)降低。針對(duì)區(qū)域環(huán)境合作存在的地區(qū)主體收益受損的情形,討論了在損失補(bǔ)償基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行合作剩余分配的收益分配思路,并進(jìn)行了不同補(bǔ)償原則的數(shù)值分析;最后,建議加大對(duì)參與合作主體受損的補(bǔ)償力度。
關(guān)鍵詞 環(huán)境合作;收益分配;博弈分析;補(bǔ)償
中圖分類號(hào) X22 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A
文章編號(hào) 1002-2104(2014)10-0011-06 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.10.003
隨著我國(guó)城市化、工業(yè)化進(jìn)程的不斷推進(jìn),大量人口及其相應(yīng)的生產(chǎn)與生活活動(dòng)向城市集聚,一個(gè)城市排放的污染物在污染擴(kuò)散傳輸作用下,常??缭叫姓吔缬绊懫渌鞘械沫h(huán)境質(zhì)量,環(huán)境污染逐漸呈現(xiàn)出區(qū)域性特征。
環(huán)境污染的區(qū)域性特征,使行政管理權(quán)限僅限于本轄區(qū)的地方政府難以通過(guò)自身努力實(shí)現(xiàn)本地環(huán)境質(zhì)量目標(biāo)。各地區(qū)主體僅考慮自身收益而進(jìn)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)與環(huán)境決策,容易導(dǎo)致在污染排放方面陷入“公地悲劇”,影響區(qū)域整體環(huán)境質(zhì)量。各個(gè)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、技術(shù)水平等方面存在差異,因此進(jìn)行區(qū)域環(huán)境合作,利于環(huán)境資源在整個(gè)區(qū)域的優(yōu)化配置,也有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域整體的環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)收益最大化[1]。
1 主要觀點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述
地區(qū)間合作的行為本質(zhì)上是地區(qū)間博弈的結(jié)果,Neumann[2]和Nash[3]等提出與發(fā)展的合作博弈與非合作博弈的經(jīng)典理論可以用來(lái)解釋地區(qū)間的合作與不合作行為。要使地區(qū)之間能夠合作,至少需要滿足兩個(gè)必要條件:一是地區(qū)之間必須能夠達(dá)成強(qiáng)有力的合作協(xié)議,這在有上級(jí)政府監(jiān)督的情況下容易滿足;二是地區(qū)之間的收益可以進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移支付使各地區(qū)能夠分享合作的收益。一些不同地區(qū)由于在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平、污染相互傳輸以及污染控制成本等方面存在差異,可能導(dǎo)致某地區(qū)在區(qū)域合作中的收益比非合作情形下小[4-8]??梢?jiàn),區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中可能需要某些地區(qū)犧牲個(gè)體收益以換取區(qū)域整體收益的增大,這會(huì)導(dǎo)致區(qū)域環(huán)境合作受到一定的阻礙,因此在區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移支付也就尤為重要。
考慮到各地區(qū)在區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中存在不同的收益,為促使各個(gè)地區(qū)均有動(dòng)力參與合作,需重新分配合作剩余,從而使各合作方均能從合作中受益。目前,已經(jīng)廣泛意識(shí)到需要對(duì)在區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中受損的地區(qū)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償[9];但如果僅是對(duì)受損方的損失進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,而沒(méi)有使其因?yàn)楹献鳙@得額外收益,則意味著區(qū)域環(huán)境合作的利益剩余被一方完全占有,因此如何基于公平考量探討區(qū)域環(huán)境合作各地區(qū)間的合作剩余分配顯得尤為重要?,F(xiàn)有研究較少專門(mén)針對(duì)區(qū)域環(huán)境合作剩余的分配原則進(jìn)行細(xì)致討論,較多僅分析合作的重要性和必要性。國(guó)際碳減排合作和公平性理論研究中涉及到的收益分配原則通??紤]各地區(qū)的人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模、富裕程度等因素[10-11]?;诖?,通過(guò)博弈分析,討論區(qū)域性環(huán)境污染所涉及的雙地區(qū)主體在非合作及合作兩種決策情形下的收益及其變動(dòng)情況。在此基礎(chǔ)上,深入探討不同公平分配原則下的收益分配和其對(duì)合作的影響。
2 區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中的地區(qū)收益變動(dòng)
2.1 效用函數(shù)設(shè)定
環(huán)境資源是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的重要生產(chǎn)要素,區(qū)域環(huán)境合作不僅應(yīng)關(guān)注減少區(qū)域污染,還應(yīng)關(guān)注污染控制對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響。為簡(jiǎn)化分析,假設(shè)地區(qū)為理性經(jīng)濟(jì)主體,其目標(biāo)為追求經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善,效用函數(shù)包括經(jīng)濟(jì)效用和環(huán)境效用兩方面。
進(jìn)一步假定經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、環(huán)境質(zhì)量改善帶來(lái)的效用均滿足邊際效用遞減規(guī)律。函數(shù)表達(dá)方面采用對(duì)數(shù)效用函數(shù)。則地區(qū)主體效用函數(shù)表達(dá)式為:
由式(6)可見(jiàn),兩地區(qū)均衡排放量均受到彼此的環(huán)境偏好系數(shù)Pi、污染物存留系數(shù)βi以及地區(qū)污染承受閾值EiC的影響。其一,考察環(huán)境偏好系數(shù)對(duì)均衡排放量的影響。當(dāng)其他條件不變時(shí),若地區(qū)1對(duì)環(huán)境的偏好程度增大,則通過(guò)博弈,將使得地區(qū)1的污染排放量減小,地區(qū)2的污染排放量則會(huì)增大,反之亦然。這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)一地區(qū)的環(huán)境偏好增大時(shí),其減少污染排放帶來(lái)的環(huán)境效用增量大于經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出減少損失的經(jīng)濟(jì)效用,所以地區(qū)主體會(huì)減少污染排放,而另一地區(qū)主體由于受到來(lái)自對(duì)方的污染傳輸減少,可供本地排放的環(huán)境容量增大,則會(huì)通過(guò)增加自身的污染排放量來(lái)擴(kuò)大經(jīng)濟(jì)收入從而最大化其效用。其二,考察污染物存留系數(shù)對(duì)均衡排放量的影響?;旧希廴疚锎媪粝禂?shù)βi與地區(qū)主體的環(huán)境偏好系數(shù)Pi表現(xiàn)出相同的性質(zhì),即地區(qū)1的留存系數(shù)增大時(shí),其污染排放對(duì)自身的影響將增大,對(duì)地區(qū)2的影響則減少,使得地區(qū)1的污染排放量減少,而地區(qū)2的污染排放量增加,反之亦然。第三,考察地區(qū)污染承受閾值對(duì)均衡排放量的影響。地區(qū)污染承受閾值EiC與上面兩個(gè)參數(shù)表現(xiàn)出相反的性質(zhì),當(dāng)?shù)貐^(qū)1的污染承受閾值增大時(shí),地區(qū)1有條件擴(kuò)大自身污染排放,以獲取更大的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益,而地區(qū)2由于受到更大的來(lái)源于地區(qū)1的污染影響,將會(huì)縮減自身排放量。需要說(shuō)明的是,在這一設(shè)定下,地區(qū)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平αi對(duì)兩個(gè)地區(qū)主體的均衡排放量沒(méi)有影響,但會(huì)影響地區(qū)的效用水平。
2.3 合作情形下地區(qū)主體的污染排放決策
環(huán)境合作情形下,各地區(qū)采取區(qū)域整體效用最大化的污染排放決策。這時(shí),區(qū)域整體效用為:
2的5倍左右,這也意味著經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平較低的地區(qū)獲得較大的合作剩余分配,將顯著縮小兩地區(qū)間的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平差異;由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平與環(huán)境偏好正相關(guān),這種合作收益的分配將導(dǎo)致兩地區(qū)的環(huán)境偏好水平也縮小,這有利于促進(jìn)未來(lái)區(qū)域環(huán)境合作的達(dá)成。而基于經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模原則的分配則不會(huì)改變兩地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平差異和環(huán)境偏好差異,對(duì)兩地區(qū)未來(lái)合作的促進(jìn)作用較小。
4 結(jié) 語(yǔ)
進(jìn)行區(qū)域環(huán)境合作,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域整體的環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)收益最大化;但是,由于地區(qū)之間存在經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境方面的差異,現(xiàn)實(shí)過(guò)程中各個(gè)地區(qū)并非都能直接獲益。本文基于雙主體博弈分析,針對(duì)不同情形下區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中各地區(qū)的損益情況進(jìn)行了研究,并對(duì)區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中的收益分配進(jìn)行了不同情形研究,以保障參與合作的主體都能從合作中受益。
研究表明相對(duì)于非合作情形,開(kāi)展區(qū)域環(huán)境合作可以降低區(qū)域整體污染排放,同時(shí)增大區(qū)域整體收益;但各個(gè)地區(qū)在合作中的獲益情況卻因地區(qū)屬性差異而不同。地區(qū)間環(huán)境偏好差異小于某一臨界值時(shí),地區(qū)間才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)合作中的雙贏,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)自發(fā)的合作;而差異超過(guò)臨界值時(shí),地區(qū)中的環(huán)境偏好相對(duì)較小地區(qū)將在合作中受損,進(jìn)而影響其合作意愿。這可以解釋珠三角城市群在區(qū)域大氣污染聯(lián)防聯(lián)控方面已有相對(duì)較多的成功做法,而京津冀城市群在區(qū)域大氣污染聯(lián)防聯(lián)控方面卻進(jìn)展緩慢。
針對(duì)區(qū)域環(huán)境合作中存在地區(qū)主體收益受損的情形,在比較不同分配原則及分配方案之后,認(rèn)為應(yīng)在損失補(bǔ)償?shù)幕A(chǔ)上開(kāi)展合作剩余的收益分配,這也意味著需要設(shè)計(jì)一套合理的補(bǔ)償機(jī)制,不僅需要補(bǔ)償那些經(jīng)濟(jì)較不發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)參與環(huán)境合作的損失,還要加大其占有的由于區(qū)域合作而增加的整體收益的份額,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)區(qū)域環(huán)境減排行為合作的達(dá)成。
(編輯:徐天祥)
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Study on Interests Allocation in Regional Environmental
Cooperation Based on Game Theory
WANG Qi WU Huafeng LI Mingquan
(College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China)
Abstract Regional environmental cooperation helps to increase regional revenue in the whole economyenvironment system. However, areas in regional environmental cooperation will gain (or loss) differently, which may impede cooperation. Therefore, the reallocation of regional environmental cooperation profits is necessary to be discussed. According to a double area game analysis, the profit difference between regional environmental cooperation and noncooperation is analyzed. The result shows that cooperation will increase regional overall profit, but there is a critical value for a winwin situation. When the property difference between two areas is less than the critical value, the profits of the two areas will both increase; but when the difference is larger than the critical value, the profit will reduce in one area while increase more in the other area. Focusing on the latter situation, loss compensation and cooperation interests allocation are studied. The distribution are based on principles of economic scale, environment preference and pollution transmission, and a numerical analysis is conducted accordingly.
Key words environmental cooperation; interests allocation; game analysis; compensation
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[13]戴玉才. 公眾環(huán)境意識(shí)的中日比較[J]. 林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì), 2007, (2):77-80. [Dai Yucai. The Comparison of Public Environmental Consciousness between China and Japan [J]. Forestry Economics, 2007, (2):77-80.]
[14]部金鳳. 中外生態(tài)價(jià)值發(fā)展階段系數(shù)的理論探討及對(duì)比研究[D]. 北京:北京工商大學(xué), 2006. [Bu Jinfeng. Study on Domestic and Abroad Development Stage Coefficient of the Ecological Value [D]. Beijing: Beijing Technology and Business University, 2006.]
Study on Interests Allocation in Regional Environmental
Cooperation Based on Game Theory
WANG Qi WU Huafeng LI Mingquan
(College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China)
Abstract Regional environmental cooperation helps to increase regional revenue in the whole economyenvironment system. However, areas in regional environmental cooperation will gain (or loss) differently, which may impede cooperation. Therefore, the reallocation of regional environmental cooperation profits is necessary to be discussed. According to a double area game analysis, the profit difference between regional environmental cooperation and noncooperation is analyzed. The result shows that cooperation will increase regional overall profit, but there is a critical value for a winwin situation. When the property difference between two areas is less than the critical value, the profits of the two areas will both increase; but when the difference is larger than the critical value, the profit will reduce in one area while increase more in the other area. Focusing on the latter situation, loss compensation and cooperation interests allocation are studied. The distribution are based on principles of economic scale, environment preference and pollution transmission, and a numerical analysis is conducted accordingly.
Key words environmental cooperation; interests allocation; game analysis; compensation
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Study on Interests Allocation in Regional Environmental
Cooperation Based on Game Theory
WANG Qi WU Huafeng LI Mingquan
(College of Environment Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China)
Abstract Regional environmental cooperation helps to increase regional revenue in the whole economyenvironment system. However, areas in regional environmental cooperation will gain (or loss) differently, which may impede cooperation. Therefore, the reallocation of regional environmental cooperation profits is necessary to be discussed. According to a double area game analysis, the profit difference between regional environmental cooperation and noncooperation is analyzed. The result shows that cooperation will increase regional overall profit, but there is a critical value for a winwin situation. When the property difference between two areas is less than the critical value, the profits of the two areas will both increase; but when the difference is larger than the critical value, the profit will reduce in one area while increase more in the other area. Focusing on the latter situation, loss compensation and cooperation interests allocation are studied. The distribution are based on principles of economic scale, environment preference and pollution transmission, and a numerical analysis is conducted accordingly.
Key words environmental cooperation; interests allocation; game analysis; compensation